SDGs Center

Travel Cost Method

Dr. Zuzy Anna
Deputy Director EEI Indonesia
Universitas Padjadjaran

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 1 Konsep Dasar TCM

2 TCM dan Surplus Konsumen

Pendekatan TCM
OUTLINE 3

4 Studi Kasus

5 Kelebihan dan Kelemahan TCM

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Travel Cost Method
• Merupakan salah satu metode revealed preference untuk non-use
value, yang didasari pada perilaku yang diamati, yakni pengeluaran
individu untuk perjalanan.
• Metode ini biasanya digunakan untuk menilai komponen non-use
value dari tempat rekreasi.
• Komponen yang diamati adalah perjalanan ke tempat rekreasi yang
dikeluarkan seseorang.
• Metode ini pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Wood and Trice (1958)
dan Clawson and Knetsch (1966).

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Konsep Dasar Travel Cost Method
• Prinsip dasar metode ini dari teori permintaan konsumen, yaitu nilai
lingkungan (merupakan atribut yang tidak dipasarkan) yang
diberikan seseorang merupakan biaya yang dikeluarkan orang tsb
untuk mengunjungi lingkungan.
• Biaya “konsumsi” layanan jasa lingkungan ini dapat berupa biaya
transportasi, biaya masuk, pengeluaran di tempat rekreasi, dan
biaya korbanan waktu yang dikeluarkan oleh seseorang.
• Asumsi dasar dari model TCM adalah bahwa perjalanan dan tempat
rekreasi bersifat komplementari lemah (Weak Complementary),
sehingga nilai tempat rekreasi dapat diukur dari biaya perjalanan.

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 TCM dan Surplus Konsumen
Biaya/trip/orang

C max

Fungsi permintaan perjalanan Trip Generation Function (Hubungan antara jumlah

kunjungan dan besaran biaya):

Surplus konsumen V=f(TC,X)

A
C0 dimana V = Jumlah kunjungan ke suatu lokasi
Pengeluaran wisata X = variabel sosial ekonomi lainnya

x
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Pendekatan TCM
Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM)
Didasarkan pada survei pada pengunjung tempat rekreasi.

Zone Travel Cost Method (ZTCM)

• Pendekatan yang didasarkan pada data sekunder, dimana jumlah kunjungan
diduga merupakan fungsi dari biaya perjalanan yang didasarkan pada zona
wilayah relatif terhadap tempat wisata.
Random Utility Model (RUM)
Metode ini lebih kompleks dan memerlukan pendekatan ekonometrika yang juga
kompleks.
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 ITCM dan ZTCM
Model Formula Keterangan
ITCM Vij = Jumlah kunjungan individu i ke
𝑉𝑖𝑗 = 𝑓(𝑇𝐶𝑖𝑗 , 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ൯ lokasi j
Xij = variabel sosial ekonomi
individu i, seperti rata-rata jumlah
penduduk di j

ZTCM Vzj = jumlah kunjungan dari zona z

Vzj = f (TCzj , Popz , X z ) ke lokasi j
Pop = jumlah populasi
X = variabel sosial ekonomi, seperti
rata-rata jumlah penduduk di zona z
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 Formula Berbagai Model TCM
Fungsi TGF Formula Fungsi Formula Surplus Konsumen Rataan Surplus Konsumen
TGF
Linear 𝑉 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑇𝐶 𝛽0 − 𝛽1 𝑇𝐶ҧ 2
𝐶𝑆 𝛽0 − 𝛽1 𝑇𝐶ҧ
𝐶𝑆 = =
2𝛽1 𝑉 2𝛽1
ln𝑉 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑇𝐶 𝑉 𝑒 𝛽0 −𝛽1 𝑇𝐶ҧ 𝐶𝑆
=
1
Log Linear 𝐶𝑆 = = 𝑉 2𝛽1
2𝛽1 2𝛽1
Inverse Log 𝑉 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 ln𝑇𝐶 𝛽0 𝛽0
൘ ൘
𝐶𝑆 = 𝛽1 𝑒 𝛽1 − 𝑇𝐶ҧ − 𝛽0 𝑇𝐶ҧ + 𝛽1 𝑇𝐶ln𝑇
ҧ 𝐶ҧ 𝐶𝑆 𝛽1 𝑒 𝛽1 − 𝑇 𝐶ҧ
= − 𝑇 𝐶ҧ
𝑉 𝛽0 − 𝛽1 ln𝑇𝐶 ҧ

Notes:
V=Jumlah Kunjungan; TC=Total Cost; 𝑇𝐶= ҧ Choke Price (besaran biaya maksimum); 𝛽0 , 𝛽1 =Konstanta dan
Coeff regresi cost pemilihan model tergantung best fits secara statistik

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Studi Nilai Ekonomi Pariwisata Dari Taman Nasional
(Anna and Saputra, 2017)

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Cendrawasih Bay National Marine Park (TNTC):
Potentials dan Opportunities
• TNTC is a part of The Bird’s Head Seascape (BHS), which is the global
epicenter of the tropical shallows sea biodiversity
• BHS has more than 600 species of coral reefs and 1,638 species reefs fish,
and endangers species of sea turtles and cetaceans.
• TNTC has its own advantages on whale sharks aggregation all year round
• Opportunity of TNTC: small population, relatively wealthy resources,
customary rights system is strong, Local communities can collaborate
with the government to manage natural resources and environmentally
sustainable manner, and ensure long-term food security, and in
accordance with the aspirations of the local community.

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Whale Sharks: TNTC’s Tourism
Attraction Potentials
• Species in red list IUCN 2014 and CITES
• Experienced a decline in population due to IUU
fishing, slow growth rate.
• Need to change the pattern management, from
hunting, to a spectacle.
• The value of the whale shark which is the value of
biodiversity, may be higher than the value when
consumed (anthropocentric value).
• Economic valuation studies need to be done to
understand the value of whales sharks, including the
value of the habitat (TNTC).
• The purpose of the study is to measure value of the
whale shark tourism and the trade offs and future
development of TNTC.

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Objectives, Output and Research Methods
Blue whales Living
Measure the value Values (Environment
al Services :Tourism):
of TNTC CS
Vij = f(Cij, Iij, xij)
Where:
Vij= No of visit per year
Travel Cost Cij= Tourist’s Cost/ Expenditure per visit
Methods (TCM) Iij= Income
xij= Sociodemography variables: age,
education, dummy gender and dummy
tourist origin

Value get by the

Market Price
tourist operator

WTPij = f(Iij, Aij, Eij, Gij, DTij)

WTP for Contingent WTP linear Function is:
management Valuation Y = α0 + α1 I + α2 A + α3 E + α4 G + dummyα4 T
area of TNTC Methods (CVM) the semi-log model formula is:
ln Y = α0 + α1 I + α2 A + α3 E + α4 G + dummyα4
Measure the value T
of TNTC ( − 1 C )
2
0
WTP = CS =
21
Productivity
e( 0 1 )
 + TC
The value of local WTP = CS =
V
=
Approach 21 21
artisanal fisheries
(Market Price)
Measure the total
economic value TEV = (DUV + IUV + XV)
of TNTC
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 Tourists Visit 2011-2015
Number of Tourists /Year Non Tax National Revenue
Year
Local Foreign Total (PNPB)Rp
2011 408 339 747 80.250.000
2012 933 831 1764 221.605.000
2013 756 1046 1802 249.793.000
2014 872 1434 2306 369.999.000
2015 3144 2564 5708 586.160.000
Total 6113 6214 12327 1.507.807.000
Sumber:BBNTC
Source: 2013
BBTNC (2016)

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TNTC Tourist Respondent’s Descriptive Statistic
Local Variable Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Total Cost (Rp) 1600000.00 8000000 4096666.67 1771117.48
Age (Year) 20.00 55 32.2500 8.81030
Distance (Km) 90.00 3181 292.639 510
Income (Rp) 1000000 10000000 4438888.889 2038245
Education 12 18 13.58 2.05
No of Visit 1 15 2.0000 2.52982

Foreign Variable Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Total Cost 5650000 25000000 18878571.43 5982272.35
Age 25 78 45 16.69
Distance 5.02 29.43 20.7756 11.61411
Income 5000000.00 22000000.00 17142857.1429 5347280.29
Education 18 18 18 .00000
No of Visit 1 3 1.2857 .72627

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 Regression Analysis Result:
Number of visit to sociodemography variables
Linier Model Semilog Model
PREDICTOR
Coeffisien P Value VIF Coeffisien P Value VIF WTP Individu and Regression Model
Constant 0.256 0.951 0.017 0.988 Total (Rp/th) Linear Model Semilog Model
Age 0.05815** 0.097 2.28 0.0126 0.177 2.278 CS/WTP per Individu 134,926.81 123,385.96
Gender 1.1816** 0.075 1.26 0.3136** 0.076 1.262
Education -0.0593 0.735 2.58 -0.00342 0.942 2.576
Total CS/WTP 770.162,239.63704,289,325.67
Cost -0.00000014* 0.013 5.82 -0.00000005** 0.063 5.82
Income 0.00000019* 0.011 7.31 0.00000003 0.344 7.314 Value of F at the table has a probability of less than
Distance -0.00009637 0.169 6.85 -0.00001398 0.45 6.851 0.05 or 5% for both models, meaning that all the
Tourist Local -0.298 0.88 9.42 -0.1242 0.814 9.419 variables jointly affect the dependent variable number
R2 45.70% 48.60% of visits. Value Durbin Watson statistic (DW) at 1:57 and
2 34.40% 38%
Adj R 1:41 (-2 <DW <2), indicating that there is no interference
F Statistic 2.12 2.26
autocorrelation on both models. And VIF value below
Prob F stat 0.043 0.048
10 indicates no multicolinearity.
Durbin Watson 1.57 1.41

Notes: * significant at the interval confidence 95 %, **

significant at the interval confidence 90%

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 Total Economic Value TNTC/Year
Utilization Methods Values (Rp)

Proxy WTP (CS) environmental services whale Travel Cost Methods

shark tourism. 770,162,239.63

Value of TNTC (Tourist WTP to TNTC area) Contingent Valuation Methods

35,445,812,154,345.00
(CVM)
Value of Fisheries economic local artisanal in Productivity Approach/Market
TNTC Value 2,578,036,578.95

Resources rent (PNBP) Secondary data 586,160,000.00

Tour operator Interview/Market price 400,000,000.00
Total Value of TNTC 35,450,146,513,163.60

Compare with the value of whalesharks Rp. 11,80 usd/kg

Regeneration of whalesharks is on average 24 -30 years
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So, what is the importance of knowing the value?
• Increase our awareness of how high the value of environmental
services whale sharks, and also TNTC region, when compared with
the value of its extractive.
• The Value of TNTC, can be a proxy for the cost of management,
mitigation cost, damage cost / compensation / restoration or for
payment for environmental services.
• Directives policy extractives or conservatives?

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 TNTC Economic Development: Why Marine
Tourism?
• Tourism is a principal export for developing countries and least
developed countries (LDCs): it is growing rapidly and is the most
significant source of foreign exchange after petroleum. (UNWTO, 2002,
p. 9).
• Marine tourism can be a major source of growth and jobs.
• tourism activities aimed to see a whale shark sightings, considered to be
less destructive and provide greater economic benefits than the hunting
of the whale shark (Cagua et.al, 2014; Bentz, 2013; Davis et al, 1997; O
'Malley et.al, 2013).
• Study of economic valuation of O'Malley et al., (2013, found that fish
Manta ray, worth US $ 1 Million dollars in tourism activities, compared
with earned income for only $ 40- $ 500 USD if fish captured and killed.
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 Future Direction for TNTC Development
• Community based fisheries management: rationalization input output,
IUU Fishing surveillance, fisheries data collection and mapping.
• Knowledge based Management: public awareness and the importance
of the region's biodiversity, to tourists and community.
• Public awareness and education for social engineering, behavioral
changes of local communities, so that the existing transaction costs can
be eliminated or minimized, so that the certainty becomes higher and
more and more tourists are interested, come to the area CBNP.
• Diversity tourism destinations development, including inovative culture
based tourism.
• Development of Responsible tourism.
• Assessment of TNTC Tourism carrying capacity.

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Kelebihan dan Kelemahan TCM
TCM adalah model yang relatif mendekati teori ekonomi konsumen

Dalam pendekatan ITCM sulit memisahkan terjadinya multiple trip

Perbedaan antara pelancong dan penduduk (resident).

Masalah ekonometrika pemilihan variable dependent yang bisa bersifat truncated dan censored.
Truncated adalah karena ITCM hanya mencatat pengunjung yang datang ke lokasi pada saat survey
dilakukan. Censored karena variabel dependent tidak boleh mencatat kunjungan kurang dari satu
kali, sehingga bisa saja hasil koefisien OLS bersifat bias (Hanley dan Spash 1995).

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https://tinyurl.com/tcm-eeii

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SDGs Center

TERIMA KASIH
EEI-Indonesia member of EEPSEA
http://sdgcenter.unpad.ac.id/eei-indonesia/
www.eepseapartners.org/indonesia-home/
indonesia.eei@gmail.com

SDGs Center - Universitas Padjadjaran

www.sdgcenter.unpad.ac.id

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