MODUL 8

DISTRIBUSI NORMAL MENGGUNAKAN R/RSTUDIO

Tujuan

1. Mampu menggunakan software R/R Studio untuk menghitung distribusi NORMAL

2. Mampu menggunakan software R/R Studio untuk membuat grafik distribusi NORMAL

Alat dan Bahan

1. PC
2. Software R/R Studio

Tahapan Praktikum

1. Distribusi Normal

Distribusi Normal adalah fungsi probabilitas yang digunakan dalam statistik yang menceritakan tentang
bagaimana nilai-nilai data didistribusikan. Ini adalah fungsi distribusi probabilitas paling penting yang
digunakan dalam statistik karena kelebihannya dalam skenario kasus nyata. Misalnya tinggi badan
penduduk, ukuran sepatu, tingkat IQ, melempar dadu, dan masih banyak lagi.

Ada 4 fungsi distribusi normal menggunakan R:

Fungsi Deskripsi
dnorm(x, mean, sd) Normal density
(Probability Density Function)
pnorm(x, mean, sd) Normal distribution
(Cumulative Distribution Function)
qnorm(p, mean, sd) Quantile function of the Normal distribution

rnorm(n, mean, sd) Normal random number generation

 x is a vector of numbers.
 p is a vector of probabilities.
 n is number of observations(sample size).
 mean is the mean value of the sample data. It's default value is zero.
 sd is the standard deviation. It's default value is 1
dnorm function

Dalam R, Anda dapat menggunakan fungsi dnorm untuk menghitung fungsi density dengan rata-rata dan
standart deviasi untuk setiap nilai x, μx, μ and σ.

dnorm syntax
dnorm(x, # X-axis values (grid)
mean = 0, # Integer or vector representing the mean/s
sd = 1, # Integer or vector representing the standard deviation/s
log = FALSE) # If TRUE, probabilities are given as log

Praktekkan :

Pertimbangkan, misalnya, bahwa Anda ingin mendapatkan PDF untuk x∈(−4,4),

dengan mean 1 dan standar deviasi 3. Secara berurutan untuk menghitungnya,
Anda bisa mengetik:

x <- -4:4
# x <- seq(-4, 4, length = 100) # More data points
dnorm(x, mean = 1, sd = 3)

output:

[1] 0.03315905 0.05467002 0.08065691 0.10648267 0.12579441 0.13298076

0.12579441
[8] 0.10648267 0.08065691

Membuat Plot dnorm di R

Praktekkan :

par(mfrow = c(1, 2))

# Grid of X-axis values

x <- seq(-4, 8, 0.1)

#-----------------------------------------
# Same standard deviation, different mean
#-----------------------------------------
# Mean 0, sd 1
plot(x, dnorm(x, mean = 0, sd = 1), type = "l",
ylim = c(0, 0.6), ylab = "", lwd = 2, col = "red")
# Mean 3, sd 1
lines(x, dnorm(x, mean = 3, sd = 1), col = "blue", lty = 1, lwd = 2)

# Adding a legend
legend("topright", legend = c("0 1", "3 1"), col = c("red", "blue"),
title = expression(paste(mu, " ", sigma)),
title.adj = 0.9, lty = 1, lwd = 2, box.lty = 0)

#-----------------------------------------
# Same mean, different standard deviation
#-----------------------------------------
# Mean 1, sd 1
plot(x, dnorm(x, mean = 1, sd = 1), type = "l",
ylim = c(0, 1), ylab = "", lwd = 2, col = "red")
# Mean 1, sd 0.5
lines(x, dnorm(x, mean = 1, sd = 0.5), col = "blue", lty = 1, lwd = 2)

# Adding a legend
legend("topright", legend = c("1 1", "1 0.5"), col = c("red", "blue"),
title = expression(paste(mu, " ", sigma)),
title.adj = 0.75, lty = 1, lwd = 2, box.lty = 0)

par(mfrow = c(1, 1))

output plot :
pnorm function

Fungsi pnorm memberikan Fungsi Distribusi Kumulatif (CDF) dari distribusi

Normal di R, yang merupakan probabilitas bahwa variabel X mengambil nilai
lebih rendah atau sama dengan x

pnorm syntax
pnorm(q,
mean = 0,
sd = 1,
lower.tail = TRUE, # If TRUE, probabilities are P(X <= x), or P(X > x)
otherwise
log.p = FALSE) # If TRUE, probabilities are given as log

Praktekkan :

# creating a sequence of values

# between -10 to 10 with a difference of 0.1
x <- seq(-10, 10, by=0.1)
  
y <- pnorm(x, mean = 2.5, sd = 2)

output :

[1] -10.0 -9.9 -9.8 -9.7 -9.6 -9.5 -9.4 -9.3 -9.2 -9.1 -9.0 -8.9
-8.8
[14] -8.7 -8.6 -8.5 -8.4 -8.3 -8.2 -8.1 -8.0 -7.9 -7.8 -7.7 -7.6
-7.5
[27] -7.4 -7.3 -7.2 -7.1 -7.0 -6.9 -6.8 -6.7 -6.6 -6.5 -6.4 -6.3
-6.2
[40] -6.1 -6.0 -5.9 -5.8 -5.7 -5.6 -5.5 -5.4 -5.3 -5.2 -5.1 -5.0
-4.9
[53] -4.8 -4.7 -4.6 -4.5 -4.4 -4.3 -4.2 -4.1 -4.0 -3.9 -3.8 -3.7
-3.6
[66] -3.5 -3.4 -3.3 -3.2 -3.1 -3.0 -2.9 -2.8 -2.7 -2.6 -2.5 -2.4
-2.3
[79] -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1
-1.0
[92] -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2
0.3
[105] 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.6
[118] 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
2.9
[131] 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1
4.2
[144] 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
5.5
[157] 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7
6.8
[170] 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0
8.1
[183] 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3
9.4
[196] 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0
Membuat Plot pnorm di R

Praktekkan :

par(mfrow = c(1, 2))

# Grid of X-axis values

x <- seq(-4, 8, 0.1)

#-----------------------------------------
# Same standard deviation, different mean
#-----------------------------------------
# Mean 0, sd 1
plot(x, pnorm(x, mean = 0, sd = 1), type = "l",
ylim = c(0, 1), ylab = "", lwd = 2, col = "red")
# Mean 3, sd 1
lines(x, pnorm(x, mean = 3, sd = 1), col = "blue", lty = 1, lwd = 2)

# Legend
legend("topleft", legend = c("0 1", "3 1"), col = c("red", "blue"),
title = expression(paste(mu, " ", sigma)),
title.adj = 0.9, lty = 1, lwd = 2, box.lty = 0)

#-----------------------------------------
# Same mean, different standard deviation
#-----------------------------------------
# Mean 1, sd 1
plot(x, pnorm(x, mean = 1, sd = 1), type = "l",
ylim = c(0, 1), ylab = "", lwd = 2, col = "red")
# Mean 1, sd 0.5
lines(x, pnorm(x, mean = 1, sd = 0.5), col = "blue", lty = 1, lwd = 2)

# Legend
legend("topleft", legend = c("1 1", "1 0.5"), col = c("red", "blue"),
title = expression(paste(mu, " ", sigma)),
title.adj = 0.75, lty = 1, lwd = 2, box.lty = 0)

par(mfrow = c(1, 1))

output :
 Tugas Laporan Praktikum Modul 8

1. Carilah data berdistribusi normal

2. Tampilkan grafik dnorm dan pnorm dari data tersebut
3. Lampirakn syntax-nya