Dwi Setyati 2020

• Hormones • Other growth regulators

– Auxins – Brassinosteroids
– Cytokinins – Salicylic acid (SA)
– Gibberellins (GA) – Jasmonic acid (JA)
– Ethylene (ethene) – Systemin
– Abscisic acid (ABA)
Canary grass coleoptiles
 Under normal When not at tip,
Without light on the
conditions, shoot tips collar doesn’t
tip, no bending
bend towards the light prevent bending

Conclusion: Light is sensed at the tip, but response not at tip

New hypothesis: A substance or chemical is transported

Auxin later isolated from shoot tips and established to be involved
in cell elongation
•Dalam tubuh tumbuhan dijumpai dlm bentuk :
bebas (IAA)
terikat dg molekul lain
sebagai prekursor : indol asetaldehid, indol asetonitril,
indol etanol, triptamin
Plant Hormone: Auxin

Auxin role:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zctM_TWg5Ik

ALL Pea

Mustard and Corn

Naturally occuring Auxin

 IAA
◦ IBA (indol asam butirat) Banyak digunakan untuk
memacu perakaran More stable than IAA;
 PAA (phenil asam asetat) more abundance but has a
low auxin activity :
 4-Cl-IAA (found in pea, more active than
IAA)
*promote pea pod development
*increase the expression of PsGA3ox1 mRNA in
pea pod
Biosintesis auksin

 Jalur biosintesis auksin:

◦ 1. Jalur indol asam piruvat

◦ 2. Jalur triptamine
◦ 3. Jalur indol acetaldoxime
 Jalur sintesis: IPA
 Triptofan Triptofan
transaminasi dekarboksilasi

indol asam piruvat Triptamin

dekarboksilasi oksidasi

indol 3-asetaldehid indol 3-asetaldehid

oksidasi oksidasi

Indol-3-Acetic Acid Indol-3-Acetic Acid

*Jalur triptamin dijumpai pada tanaman tembakau,

gandum, tomat, barley
http://users.ugent.be/~pdebergh/pri/pri4et04.htm
Auksin metabolisme

 Biosynthesis,
 Perombakan/inactivation other auxins
 Hidrolisis IAA & IAA konjugate
 Transport,
Metabolisme Auksin

Ada tiga macam mekanisme yang mengatur :

1. Oksidasi oleh cahaya (foto oksidasi)

chy
IAA → → indol asam karboksilat, indol asam glikolat (in aktif)

2. Oksidasi oleh enzim

IAA oks / Peroksidase
IAA → → → → → → → → → metilen oksindol

3. Terikat oleh molekul organik sehingga inaktif

Berikatan dengan gugus amida:
IAA-aminoacid
IAA-proteins
IAA-peptides
Berikatan dengan gugus ester :
6-O-IAgluc, IAA-Inos, IAA-glycoproteins
IAA + As. Aspartat → → indol asetil aspartat (tidak aktif).
Site of synthesis & transport

*Jaringan meristematik, bagian-bagian

yang sedang tumbuh

•Transport : polar, terutama melalui sel-

sel parenkim yang berhubungan dengan
berkas pengangkut
 Auxin is the only plant
hormone known to be
transported polarly.
 Polar transport is
basipetal (toward the
base).
 Transport Active
 Sensitivitas jaringan tumbuhan terhadap IAA

promotion batang

akar
inhibition

10-11 10-9 10-7 10-5 10-3 10-1

Molar concentration of IAA
Efek Fisiologis Auksin
 abscission - loss of leaves
 flower initiation
 sex determination
 fruit development
 apical dominance
 Rooting of Cuttings
Propagation
Greenhouse and Nursery Crops
Hormodin, Rootone, etc.
Commercial preps of 2,4-D
 Herbicide
 High Concentration 2,4-D
 Dicots more sensitive
 Monocots less sensitive
 Weed control in cereal crop production
 Prevent Abscission of Leaves and Fruit
 Older leaves
 Ripe Fruit
 Endogenous production of IAA stops
 Replaced by exogenous NAA
 Fototropism

 Tropism-
directional
growth in
response to
an external
stimulus.
 Plants in a window usually bend toward the light.
 Tropisms are controlled by a plant hormone called auxin
 Auxin is produced at the growing tips of plants.
 .
 When light strikes
coleoptile on one side 
auxin moves laterally to
other side
 cell growth increases on
that side
 Seedling bends toward
light
◦ If a shoot is tipped over, even in dark, auxin will
move to the lower side
 cell growth results in bending of shoot so that it grows
up — gravitropism.
 Upward gravitropic response of shoots is negative
gravitropism; downward response of roots is positive
gravitropism
 The amount of auxin in the cells controls the
amount of cell elongation.
Experiments show that auxin is
sensitive to light.
As a result, auxin concentrations are
always higher on the shaded side of a
stem.
 Fenomena penghambatan terhadap tumbuhnya tunas lateral oleh tunas
pucuk disebut sebagai dominasi apikal.

• Auksin yang disintesis di pucuk batang yang bertanggung jawab terhadap

penghambatan pertumbuhan tunas lateral.
 Control

 Auxin production &

transport from tip inhibits
lateral bud growth
 Pinching the tip releases
buds for growth
 The actual mechanism is
not simplistic: IAA may
induce ethylene
production which inhibits TwoOne week
weeks
lateral bud growth.
Cytokinins which move
apically may actually be of
greater importance.
 High auxin
concentration

Low auxin
concentration

Drawings depicting Coleus (Lamiaceae family)

 Apical Dominance

•Apical dominance is thought to

be caused by the apical bud
producing IAA (auxin) in
abundance. This auxin is
transported basipetally from the
apical bud. The auxin causes
the lateral buds to remain
dormant. How could a lower
concentration cause lateral
buds to remain dormant and a
higher concentration cause the
apical bud to grow? This is
explained in the following
graph:

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/apical/apical.html
When the apical bud is
removed, the source of IAA is drop in auxin concentration (see
removed. Since the auxin graph). Thus, decapitating (pruning) a
concentration is much lower, the shoot will cause it to branch!
lateral buds can now grow. In
fact their growth will be
stimulated by a relativley small
Fruit development normally depends on
fertilization of the egg
◦ If unfertilized ovaries are treated with auxin
or gibberellins, fruit will form —
parthenocarpy
◦ Some plants spontaneously form
parthenocarpic fruits (e.g., grapes, bananas,
some cucumbers).
 Parthenocarpic fruit- by treating a female
flower parts (carpels) of certain species with
auxin it is possible to produce a fruit (without
fertilization- a virgin fruit) i.e. seedless
tomatoes, cucumbers and eggplants.
 Developing seed is a source of auxin
Applications of plant hormones
Auxins can be sprayed onto flowers so
that the fruits develop without
pollination or fertilisation.
These fruits are seedless.
PROCESS: PARTHENOCARPY

www.beauchamp.leics.sch.uk/ast/resource/tctc/Student%20Resources/Powerpoints/tropism.ppt
 Normal All achenes Band of achenes
conditions removed removed
Without seed formation, fruits do not develop. Developing seeds are a
source of auxin.
What do you expect?
Not shown: Auxin replacement restores normal fruit formation and can be
used commercially to produce seedless fruits
However, too much auxin can kill the plant and thus synthetic auxins used
commercially as herbicides
Fragaria (Rosaceae family)
 Karakteristik

 Umumnya diaplikasikan lewat daun, tetapi bisa

meninggalkan residu di tanah
 Aktivitasnya tergantung konsentrasi yang diaplikasikan
 systemic
 Aktifitasnya sebagai herbisida bervariasi untuk masing-
masing spesies
 Primarily broadleaf activity but can affect grasses
 Gejala yang timbul akibat herbisida

 Tanaman berdaun (broadleaf plant) lebar tumbuh

memutar (twisting) dan melengkung (curling)
 Untuk rumput-rumputan (grasses)dapat
menunjukkan daun yang menggulung (leaf
rolling), pertumbuhan akar yang abnormal, serta
mengakibatkan sterilitas bunga dan bulir yang tak
berisi.
 Digunakan sebagai
herbisida

A mixture of 2,4,-D and 2,4,5-T was the "agent orange"

used by the U.S. military to defoliate the forest in parts of
South Vietnam.
PEMANJANGAN SEL
Figure 37.13 Cellulose in the Cell Wall
 IAA stimulates H+ pumps in the cell membrane.
 H+ pumps secrete H+ into the cell wall, decreasing its pH.
 This acidifies the cell wall which activates pH-dependent enzymes and breaks
bonds between cellulose microfibrils.
 The wall "loosens" because of the broken bonds and the turgor pressure
expands the cell.
Auksin
menginisiasi pemanjangan sel dengan cara
mempengaruhi pengendoran /pelenturan dinding sel.

Bagaimana dinding sel menjadi lebih LUNAK/LENTUR di

bawah pengaruh auksin? ADANYA perubahan sifat fisik dari
dinding sel, yaitu :
1. elastisitas yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan peregangan
yang dapat balik (reversible)
2. plastisitas yang tidak dapat balik (irreversible).

ELASTISITAS
Auksin
menginisiasi pemanjangan sel dengan cara
mempengaruhi pengendoran /pelenturan dinding sel.

ELASTISITAS

Auksin memacu protein tertentu yang ada di membran

plasma sel tumbuhan → menginduksi POMPA PROTON
untuk memompa ion H+ ke dinding sel (pH sitoplasma
netral → di dinding sel pH menurun/ asam). Keasaman
dinding sel meningkatkan elastisitasnya
Acidified cell walls have increased elasticity
 PLASTISITAS

•Ion H+ ini mengaktifkan enzim tertentu sehingga memutuskan

beberapa ikatan silang hidrogen rantai molekul selulosa penyusun
dinding sel/ putusnya ikatan kimia antara mikrofibril dengan matrik
dinding sel
•pelarutan material dinding sel oleh enzim hidrolisis.

orientasi mikrofibril dibawah tegangan berubah

Orientation of cellulose
microfibrils determines direction
of cell expansion
◦ For cells to expand, wall must loosen and
stretch, and new polysaccharides and
cellulose microfibrils deposited
◦ Plant cell walls recover incompletely from
being stretched.
◦ Reversible stretching is elasticity;
irreversible stretching is plasticity