1

KI MI A DA SA R
(FPU 617107)

BAGIAN 1

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2
SUMBER BELA JAR

Raymond Chang 2010. Chemistry 10th Edition. McGraw

Hill Higher Education, New York.

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3
I L MU K I M I A
APAKAH ILMU KIMIA ?
Ilmu yang mempelajari materi dan perubahan-
perubahan yang terjadi padanya

A B C

D E F
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 4
SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN (ILMU) KIMIA:
1. Kesehatan dan Kedokteran,
Sanitasi, Obat bius, antibiotic dan vaksin; terapi gen,
dan obat-obatan tanpa efek samping
2. Energi dan Lingkungan
Minyak bumi, Greenhouse gas; Renewable and green
energy
3. Material dan Teknologi
Polimer, keramik, liquid kristal, Coating; Komputer,
silikon chip.
4. Pangan dan Pertanian
Pupuk, pestisida, herbisida; Rekasaya genetik (GMF);
Pengolahan hasil-hasil pertanian.
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5
BAGAIMANA MEMPELAJARI (ILMU) KIMIA:

1. Baca materi kuliah terlebih dahulu sebelum masuk

kelas.
2. Datang kuliah teratur dan catat bahan yang
diajarkan dengan baik.
3. Ulang topic yang anda peroleh dikelas pada hari
yang sama.
4. Berpikir secara kritis, apakah anda benar-benar
sudah mengerti dengan suatu istilah atau suatu
persamaan.
5. Jangan ragu untuk bertanya pada dosen atau asisten
doses untuk mendapatkan bantuan

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K L A S I F I K A S I M AT E R I 6

MATERI (MATTER):
• Segala sesuatu yang menempati ruang dan mempunyai
berat
ZAT (SUBSTANCE):
• Salah satu bentuk dari materi yang mempunyai
komposisi tertentu (tetap) dan sifat tertentu
(berbeda) - emas, gula, air, oksigen
CAMPURAN (MIXTURE):
• Kombinasi (gabungan) dua zat atau lebih, dimana zat-
zat tersebut mempertahankan identitas masing-masing
1) Campuran Homogen:
• Susunan keseluruhan seragam - gula dalam air
2) Campuran Heterogen:
• Susunan tidak seragam - tepung dalam air
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 7
ZAT (SUBSTANCE):
1) Unsur (Element) - Atom
• Suatu zat yang tidak dapat dipisahkan lagi
menjadi zat-zat yang lebih kecil secara kimia.
• 117 unsur telah diketahui (Daftar Periodik), 83
alami, sisanya buatan manusia
• Penamaan dengan 2 huruf/abjad, dimana huruf
pertama selalu huruf besar.
2) Senyawa (Compound) - Molekul
• Gabungan dari beberapa unsur yang terikat secara
kimia dengan perbandingan tetap
• Dapat dipisahkan menjadi unsur-unsurnya (murni)
secara kimia Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian

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STRUKTUR ATOM DAN MOLEKUL 9

TEORI ATOM DALTON

1) Setiap unsur (element) tersusun partikel terkecil
disebut atom.
2) Setiap atom pada tiap unsur adalah identik (ukuran,
berat, dan sifat).
3) Senyawa (compound) tersusun dari atom lebih dari
satu unsur dengan jumlah kombinasi yang sederhana
dan utuh.
4) R e a k s i k i m i a h a n y a m e l i p ut i p e m i s a h a n ,
penggabungan, dan pengaturan atom, tidak untuk
menciptakan atau menghancurkan atom (hukum
kekekalan atom/massa)
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 STRUKTUR ATOM 10
1) Elektron.
SE_C02.QXD 1/15/10 10:50 PM Page 45
• Partikel dalam atom yang bermuatan negative.
2) Proton.
• 10:50
SE_C02.QXD 1/15/10 Pertikel
PM Page dalam
44 inti atom yang bermuatan positive
dan menentukan nomor atom.
3) Neutron.
• Partikel terdapat dalam inti, tidak bermuatan, dan 2-4 Chemical Elements 45
(bersama dengan proton) menentukan berat atom
pter 2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory

h research team discovered

TABLE 2.1 Properties a new element
of Three and,
Fundamental in fact, whether a discovery
Particles
made at all. However, international Electric Charge agreement has been reached on the first
Mass
sses of the proton
ements;
02.QXD each
on are different in one,
1/15/10 except
10:50
SI (C) element
PM 112,
Page
Atomic has
45 an
SI (g) official name
Atomic (u) and symbol. a
significant figure.
Proton + 1.6022 * 10-19 +1 1.6726 * 10-24 1.0073
es of the proton
opes
on, however, are
o be exactly equal
Neutron
Electron
0
- 1.6022 * 10-19
0
-1
1.6749 * 10-24
9.1094 * 10-28
1.0087
0.00054858
ude (but opposite
present the composition
he charges and
a
of any particular atom, we need to specify its
u is the SI symbol for atomic mass unit (abbreviated as amu). Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian

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e known much
ber of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e). We can do this with the
sely than suggested
olism
e precise values
on the inside
. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
number p *of number
The number protons in n a given atom is called the atomic number, or the
A
(2.1) 2-4 Chemical Elements 45
E
proton number, Z. The number of electrons symbol
in the atom isof element
also equal to Z
number
because the atom p neutral.Z The total number of protons and neu-
is electrically
trons in an atom is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons, the
arch teamindicates
ymbolism discovered
neutron number, is Aa-new
thatcarries element
An electron
theanZ.atom carries anand,
is element inoffact,
atomic unit
E and negative whether
atomicanum-
discovery
charge, a proton atomic unit of positive charge, and that it has
a neutron is
at
andall. However,
mass electrically international
number A. For
neutral. example,
Table agreement
an
2.1 presents the atom
charges has
of aluminum
and masses been
of protons, neu- reached onas
represented the first
trons, and electrons in two ways.
nts; each
has 13 one,
protons except
and
The 14mass
atomic element
neutrons 112,
inmore
unit (described its fully has
on pagean
nucleus isofficial
and
46) name
13 aselectrons
defined
1>12 of the mass of the atom known as carbon-12 (read as carbon twelve). An
exactly and symbol.
outside
11 the
us. (Recall that
NOMOR anATOM,
atomic atom
mass unit ishas
BERAT theATOM,
abbreviated same
as amu andnumber
denoted by of
ISOTOP electrons
the symbol u. As weas protons.)
see from Table 2.1, the proton and neutron masses are just slightly greater than
ntrary to1)what
Nomor Dalton
Atom. the mass of an electron is only about 1/2000th the mass of of an element
1 u. By comparison, thought, we now know that atoms
ot necessarily theall have
proton
• Jumlah the particles
or neutron.
proton same mass.
dalamconsidered In 1912, J. J. Thomson measured
inti (nucleous).
ent the composition
mass-to-charge
The three subatomic
ratios of of any
positive particular
ions atom,
should be we neonneed
in this section are the only ones
to us informed to From
specify itsBecause neon is the only
elektron.levelfrom atoms.
*
involved in the phenomena of interest this text. You aware,
• however,
C02.QXD 1/15/10 Untuk thatatom
a studynetral,
10:50 PM jumlahPage 45
protons
ratios he2) (p),
deduced
Berat
neutrons
thatsubatomic
Atom.
many additional (n),
aboutparticles.and
of matter at
91% of electrons
its most fundamental
The the
electronatoms had
is believed (e). We
must consider
to be aone can do this with the
mass and that the
truly fun- element with Z = 10, the
mining atoms• were
damental particle. However, modern particle physics now considers the neu-
about to be10% heavier. All neon symbols 20Ne, 21Ne, and
Jumlah
tron and proton proton dan
composed neutron
of other, more dalam inti.atoms
fundamental particles. have 10 protons in 22
nuclei, and most have 10 neutrons as well. A very few neon atoms, how- Ne convey the same mean-
3) Isotop. (2.1) as 20 21 22
number
have 11 neutrons p number
andyang n
somemempunyai
have 12. ing 10Ne, 10Ne, and 10Ne.
• 2-4
*
Atom Chemical A Wenomor can represent
symbol atom of
these three differ-
sama,
element
Elements Z E
ypes of neon atoms beratnya as
number berbeda.p
Now that we have acquired some fundamental ideas about atomic structure, Odd-numbered elements
*

4) Ion
we can more thoroughly discuss the concept of chemical elements.
olism indicates that
All atoms the
20
Ne atom
of a particular is element
21 have the same
elementNe E and that
22 atomic number, Z, and,
Ne it has atomic num- 2-4
tend Chemical
to have Elements
fewer isotopes 45
covery of element • conversely,
Atom yang 10kehilangan
all atoms sameatau
with the 10 number ketambahan
10 elektron.
of protons are atoms of the
than do even-numbered
mass number
cently been authen- same
• numbers
Dapat A. For
element. The
bermuatan example,
elements shown on
positive an
the atom
inside
atau
front of
cover
hasnegative.
aluminum represented as
have atomic
oms that have the same
from Z =atomic
1 to Z = 112number (Z)
. Each element but
a namedifferent mass numbers (A)
and a distinctive elements. Section 25-7 will
3earch
2 has not yetteam discovered a new inelement and, in fact, of whether a discovery
IUPAC. However,

me
protons
lled
been
isotopes.
or symbol.
and
symbol.
Of
name
14
all neutrons
Chemical
Ne
(usually
symbols
the atoms
are
on
English name).
itsor nucleus
one-
Earth,
two-letter
90.51%
The first (but
and
abbreviations
never the are
second)
2013
Ne. electrons
the
The
letter of
outside the
percentages explain why.
e at
Recall all. However,
that
22 the symbolinternational
an atom has the same
is capitalized; for example: agreement
carbon, C; oxygen,has
number of been
10
electrons
O; neon, Ne; and reached
as
Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian

on the first
protons.)
Ne and 10Nesilicon, are Si.0.27% andknown
Some elements 9.22%, respectively.
since ancient times have symbolsThese based on percentages
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%,nts;
y to
tomic each
0.27%,what
symbols not one,
Dalton
9.22% except
are
their Latin
theelement
thought,
names, such
percent we112,
as Fe for iron
naturalhas
now
(ferrum) and Pban
know official
abundances
for lead
thatname
(plumbum).
of
The
theand
atoms ofsymbol.
three an element
neon
English names element sodium has the symbol Na, based on the Latin natrium for sodium
pes.
cessarily Sometimes
u, Ag, Sn, Sb, Au,
the
allcarbonate.
have mass
the
Potassium numbers
the symbol K,of
same
has
mass. isotopes
based on the Latinare
In 1912, kaliumincorporated
J. J. Thomson
for potas- into the
measured Usually all the isotopes
*

ss of elements,siumsuch 1Z = 922 do
carbonate. The symbol for tungsten, W, is based on the German wolfram.
Elementsas neon-20
uranium (neon twenty). Percent natural abundances of an element share theneon is the only
to-charge ratios synthesized inof
beyond
positive ionsinformed
not occur naturally
from
and must
of the neon atoms. From
be
Because
*

particle accelerators (described Chapter 25). Elements

lways
ent the based onhighest
composition numbers,
atomic of not
any masses.
particular Thus, 9051
onlyatom, ofwe everyneed10,000
to andneon its
specify same name and atomic
s he deduced very
that about
atoms at a91%
numbers have
of the
been produced
atoms on
havehad
a limited
one
number
mass that the
symbol.
element
The
with
exception is
Z = 10, the
s are
of neon-20
protons atoms.
of occasions,
(p), neutrons Some elements,
a few
(n), and as they exist
time. Inevitably, controversies
electrons (e). inWe nature,
arisen about
can consist
do thisofwith
just the 220Ne, 21Ne, and
atoms symbols
gle
m and type ofwere atomabout and therefore10% heavier. do not have All naturally
neon atoms occurringhaveisotopes.*
10 protonshydrogen.
in 22
Isotope 1H is
ei, most have 10 neutrons
minum, for example, consists only of aluminum-27 atoms. as well. A very few neon atoms, called
how- Ne
deuterium convey
(symbol the
D),same mean-
11 neutrons
12 and 31H ising as 10Ne, 10Ne, and 22
tritium 20
(T). 21
10Ne.
numberand some nhave 12.
p * number A
We can represent these three differ- (2.1)
E symbol
y of element
of neon atoms as number p Z
n atoms lose or gain electrons, for example, in the course of a chemical Odd-numbered elements
*

bolism
on, the indicates that20the
species formed are atom 21 is
called element
ions and E and
22 carry netthat it has
charges. atomicannum-
Because tend to have fewer isotopes
10Ne 10Ne 10Ne
donmass numbercharged,
is negatively A. For example, an atom
adding electrons of electrically
to an aluminumneutral represented
atom as than do even-numbered
13
uces
thatprotons
a
have theandsame
negatively 14 neutrons
charged ion. in its nucleus
Removing
atomic number and
electrons
(Z) but 13 electrons
results
different mass outside
in a positively
numbers the
(A) elements. Section 25-7 will
ed ion. that
Recall The number
an atom ofhasprotons
the does number
same not change of when 20an atom
electrons as becomes
protons.) explain why.
isotopes. Of all20 Ne+ atoms on2+Earth, 90.51% are 10Ne. The percentages
n.
ryFor22 example,
to what and 22Newe
Ne thought,
Dalton are
nowions. The first
know thatoneatomshas 10
of protons,
an element
nd Ne are 0.27% and 9.22%,
10 and 9 electrons. The second one
utrons, respectively. Thesebut
also has 10 protons, percentages
12 neu-
ecessarily
27%, all have the same mass. In 1912, J. J. Thomson measured
and 8 9.22%
electrons.are
Thethe percent
charge on an natural
ion is equalabundances
to the number of of
the three neon
protons
-to-charge ratios of positive ions formed from neon atoms. From Because neon is the only
*

Sometimes
s the number the mass numbers
of electrons. That is of isotopes are incorporated into the Usually all the isotopes
*

os he deduced element with Z = 10, the

elements, such that about 91%
as neon-20 (neonof the atomsPercent
twenty). had onenatural
mass and that the
abundances
(2.2) In of an element
symbols 20Ne,
this expression, share the
# ;21indi-
*

gs atoms were about 10% A

heavier.
# All neon atoms have 10 protons in Ne, and
based on numbers, number
u Z
pnot masses. Thus, 9051 of every 10,000 neon cates that same name and
22 the charge is written atomic
ei, and most have 10 neutrons as well. A very few neon atoms, how-with theNe convey the same mean-
symbol. The
21 exception is

atoms as1mass number - atomic number2, and 10 electrons

neon-20 atoms. Some number (#) before the
16 elements, as ion,
they existare in 8nature, consist of just 20
and 22Ne.
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O 2-have differ-+ or -ing 10Ne, 10Ne,

asHowever,
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eother
11 neutrons
example andis thesome 12.this
ion. In We canthererepresent these three
protons (atomic sign.
hydrogen. when 2110
Isotope H is
pe 8),
ber of atom and therefore do not have naturally occurring isotopes.*
8 neutrons the charge is 1 + or 1 - , the
of neon called deuterium (symbol D),
m, for example,
10 = - 22. consists only of aluminum-27 atoms. number 1Odd-numbered
is not
3 included. elements
*

20 21 22
and 1 H is tritium (T).
10Ne 10Ne Ne a particular atomic number and tend to have fewer isotopes
lide is the general term used to describe an atom10with
umber. Although there are several elements with only one naturally occurring nuclide, it
than do even-numbered
msthatlose
sible tohave orthe
producegain same atomic
nuclidesnumber
electrons,
additional forthese
of (Z) but in
example,
elements different
the
isotopes mass
course
by numbers
of ameans
artificial (A)
chemical elements. Section 25-7 will
20 number of synthetic explain why.
nisotopes. Of all isotopes
25-3). The artificial
heexceeds
species Ne atoms on Earth,however.
are radioactive,
formed are called ions and carry net 90.51%Inareall, the
10 Ne. The percentages charges. Because an
es 22 the number of naturally occurring ones by several fold.
Ukuran Ion Positive dan Negative 13

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