I L MU K I M I A

KI MI A DA SA R I APAKAH ILMU KIMIA ?

(FPU 617107) Ilmu yang mempelajari materi dan perubahan-
perubahan yang terjadi padanya

THP/TIP, 3(2-1)

DOSEN PENGAMPU: A B C
RIBUT SUGIHARTO
TIRZ A HANUM
PRAMITA SARI ANUNGPUTRI
D E F
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SUMBER BELA JAR

SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN (ILMU) KIMIA:
1. Kesehatan dan Kedokteran,
Sanitasi, Obat bius, dan antibiotic dan vaksin; Obat-
obatan tanpa efek samping
2. Energi dan Lingkungan
Minyak bumi, Greenhouse gas; Renewable and green
energy
3. Material dan Teknologi
Petrucci, Herring, Madura, dan Bissonnette. 2010. Polimer, keramik, liquid kristal, Coating; Komputer,
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Application silikon chip.
10th Edition. Pearson Canada, Toronto.
4. Pangan dan Pertanian
Raymond Chang 2010. Chemistry 10th Edition. McGraw Pupuk, pestisida, herbisida; Rekasaya genetik (GMF);
Pengolahan hasil-hasil pertanian.
Hill Higher Education, New York. Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian
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 BAGAIMANA MEMPELAJARI (ILMU) KIMIA: K L A S I F I K A S I M AT E R I
MATERI (MATTER):
1. Baca materi kuliah terlebih dahulu sebelum masuk • Segala sesuatu yang menempati rang dan mempunyai
kelas. berat
2. Datang kuliah teratur dan catat bahan yang ZAT (SUBSTANCE):
diajarkan dengan baik. • Salah satu bentuk dari materi yang mempunyai
3. Ulang topic yang anda peroleh dikelas pada hari komposisi tertentu (tetap) dan sifat tertentu
yang sama. (berbeda)
4. Berpikir secara kritis, apakah anda benar-benar CAMPURAN (MIXTURE):
• Kombinasi (gabungan) dua zat atau lebih, dimana zat-
sudah mengerti dengan suatu istilah atau suatu
zat tersebut mempertahankan identitas masing-masing
persamaan.
1) Campuran Homogen:
5. Jangan ragu untuk bertanya pada dosen atau asisten
• Susunan keseluruhan seragam
doses untuk mendapatkan bantuan
2) Campuran Heterogen:
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ZAT (SUBSTANCE):
1) Unsur (Element)
• Suatu zat yang tidak data dipisahkan lagi menjadi
zat-zat yang lebbig keil secure kimia.
• 117 unsur telah diketahui (Daftar Periodik), 83
alami, sisanya buatan manusia
• Penamaan dengan 2 huruf/abjad, dimana huruf
pertama selalu huruf besar.
2) Senyawa (Compound)
• Gabungan dari beberapa unsur yang terikat secara
nimia tengan perbandingan tetap
• Daspat dipisahkan menjadi unsur-unsurnya (murni)
secara kimia

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 STRUKTU R AT OM DA N MOLEKUL

TEORI ATOM DALTON

1) Setiap unsur (element) tersusun partikel terkecil
disebut atom.
2) Setiap atom pada tia unsur adalah identik (ukuran,
berat, dan sifat).
3) Senyawa (compound) tersusun dari atom lebih dari
satu unsur dengan jumlah kombinasi yang sederhana
dan utuh.
4) R e a k s i k i m i a h a n y a m e l i p ut i p e m i s a h a n ,
penggabungan, dan pengaturan atom, tidak untuk
menciptakan atau menghancurkan atom (hukum
kekekalan atom/massa)
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STRUKTUR ATOM
1) Elektron.
• Partikel dalam atom yang bermuatan negative.
2) Proton.
• 10:50
21_10_SE_C02.QXD 1/15/10 Pertikel
PM Pagedalam
44 atom yang bermuatan positive dan
menentukan nomad atom.
3) Neutron.
• Partikel terdapat dalam inti (bersama dengan proton),
Chapter 2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory
tidak bermuaan, dan menentukan berat atom
TABLE 2.1 Properties of Three Fundamental Particles

Electric Charge Mass

he masses of the proton
neutron are different in SI (C) Atomic SI (g) Atomic (u)a
ourth significant figure.
Proton +1.6022 * 10-19 +1 1.6726 * 10-24 1.0073
charges of the proton
electron, however, are Neutron 0 0 1.6749 * 10-24 1.0087
eved to be exactly equal Electron -1.6022 * 10-19 -1 9.1094 * 10-28 0.00054858
magnitude (but opposite au is the SI symbol for atomic mass unit (abbreviated as amu). Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian
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gn). The charges and Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung
ses are known much
e precisely than suggested
. More precise values 11 12
given on the inside
k cover. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
 the mass-to-charge
are always based ratios of positive
on numbers, not ionsThus,
masses. formed9051 from
ofwe neon
every atoms.
10,000 neon
To represent
these ratios the composition
he neon-20
deduced thatSomeof
about any particular
91% ofasthe atom,
atoms had need
mass specify
to
one consist and th
atoms
number ofare
protons atoms.
(p), neutrons elements,
(n), and they
electronsexist in
(e). nature,
We can do of
this just
with
remaining atoms
a single were
type of atomabout 10% heavier.
and therefore All naturally
do not have neon atoms haveisotopes.*
occurring 10 proto
symbolism
their nuclei,
Aluminum,andfor
most haveconsists
example, 10 neutrons
only of as well. A very
aluminum-27 few neon atoms,
atoms.
NOMOR ATOM, BERAT ATOM, ISOTOP
ever, have 11 neutrons
numberand some nhave 12.
p * number A We can represent these three d(
Ionsof neon atoms as number p E symbol
y of element
1) Nomor Atom.
ent types Z
When atoms lose or gain electrons, for example, in the course of a chemical
• Jumlah proton dalam inti (nucleous). This reaction,
symbolism the indicates that20the
species formed are atom 21 is
called element
ions and E and
22carry netthat it has
charges. atomicannu
Because
• Atom netral, jumlah elektron. 10Ne 10Ne 10Ne
ber Zelectron
and mass numbercharged,
is negatively A. For example, an atom
adding electrons of electrically
to an aluminumneutral represented
atom
2) Berat Atom. 27
Al produces
has 13
13Atoms protons
that ahave andsame
negatively
the 14 neutrons
charged
atomic in its nucleus
ion. number
Removing and
electrons
(Z) but 13 electrons
results
different in outside
a positively
mass numbe
• Jumlah proton dan neutron dalam inti.
charged
nucleus.
are ion.
called (Recall The
thatOfnumber
anall
atom of protons
has theon does
same not change when an atom
number of electrons as protons.)
20 becomes
3) Isotop. isotopes. 20 Ne+ atoms 22 2+Earth, 90.51% are 10Ne. The percen
an ion. For
21Contrary to example, Ne and
22 what Dalton thought, we now Ne are ions. The first
know thatone has 10
atoms of protons,
an elem
• Atom yang mempunyai nomor atom of 10Ne
sama, and 10 Ne are 0.27% and 9.22%, respectively. These percenta
10 neutrons,
do not 0.27%,
necessarilyand 9 electrons.
all have The
thepercentsecond
same mass. one also has
In 1912, 10 protons,
J. J. Thomson but 12 neu-
measu
beratnya berbeda. 90.51%, 9.22% are the natural abundances of the three
trons and 8 electrons.
the mass-to-charge Theof
ratios charge on anions
positive ion isformed
equal to from
the number
neon of protons
atoms. Fr
4) Ion isotopes. Sometimes the mass numbers of isotopes are incorporated in
minus the number of electrons. That is
• Atom yang kehilangan atau ketambahan elektro.
these ratios he deduced
names of elements, such that about 91%
as neon-20 (neon of the atomsPercent
twenty). had onenatural
mass and that
abund
• Dapat bermuatan positive atau negative. remaining (2.2)
always atoms
based were about 10% heavier. AllThus,
neon 9051
atomsofhave 10 10,000
proton
A #
are on numbers,number
u pnot masses.
Z every
their nuclei, and most have 10 neutrons as well. A very few neon atoms, h
atoms are neon-20 atoms. Some elements, as they exist in nature, consist o
number 8), 8 neutrons 1mass number - atomic number2, and 10 electrons
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ever, have 11 neutrons

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and some
16 2-have 12. We can represent these three dif
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a single type of atom and thereforeion.

Another example is the O Innot
thishave
ion, there are 8 protons (atomic

18 - 10 = - 22.
do14 naturally occurring isoto
13 ent types of neon atoms as
Aluminum, for example, consists only of aluminum-27 atoms.
Ukuran Ion Positive dan Negative TA
20
NeB E L 10PNe
21
E R I O DI
22
K
10 10Ne
Ions *Nuclide is the general term used to describe an atom with a particular atomic number and
mass number.
Atoms that have • the
Diagram
Although there
same yang
are menunjukan
several
atomic elements
number unsur
with (elemen)
only
(Z) yang occurring
one different
but naturally nuclide, it
mass numbers
When isatoms
possible lose or
to produce gain electrons, for example,
mempunyai sifat fisik dan kimia yang sama 20
additional nuclides of these elements in the
isotopes course
by of
artificial a che
means
are called
reaction, isotopes.
the25-3).
(Section species Of all
formed
The artificial Ne atoms
aredalam
isotopes
dikelompokan
on
called
are Earth,
ions
radioactive,
group yang
90.51%
and
samacarry
however. are
In all, net
theNe. The
charges.
10 number percenta
Becau
of synthetic
21 22 the number
of Ne
electron and
isotopes Ne
exceeds
is negatively are 0.27%of and
naturally
charged, adding 9.22%,
occurring respectively.
ones
electrons by several fold.These percentage
10 10 • Pengelompokan Horizontal = Periodeto an electrically neutral
90.51%, 0.27%,
produces 9.22% charged
a negatively are the percent natural electrons
abundances of the
inthree n
• Pengelompokanion. Removing
Vertical = Group/Family. results a posi
isotopes.
charged Sometimes
ion. the mass
The number numbers
of protons doesof isotopes arewhen
incorporated
an atominto
• Group Metal, Non Metal, dannot change
Metalloid. bec
names of elements,
an ion. For example, such
20 as+neon-20
Ne1Aand 22 (neon
2+ twenty). Percent natural abundan
Ne are ions. The first one has 10 pro
are always based •onGroup (Alkali
numbers, notMetals)
masses. Thus, 9051 of every 10,000 n
10 neutrons, and 9 •electrons.
Group 2A The second
(Alkali Earth one also has 10 protons, but 12
Metals)
atoms are neon-20 atoms. Some elements, as they exist in nature, consist of
trons and 8 electrons. The charge
• Group on an ion is equal to the number of pr
a single type of atom and 7A (Halogen)
therefore do not have naturally occurring isotop
minus the number of electrons.
• GroupconsistsThat is
8A (Gas Mulia/Noble Gases)
Aluminum, for example, only of aluminum-27 atoms.
A #
Ions number p Z
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15
When atoms lose or gain electrons,
16 2- for
16
example, in the course of a chem
Another example is the O ion. In this ion, there are 8 protons (a
 M03_PETR4521_10_SE_C03.qx d 1/16/10 3:18 AM Page 70

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17 18

RU MU
70 S KIMIA
Chapter 3 Chemical Compounds • Model Molekul
70 Chapter 3 Chemical Compounds

- Berbagai cara penulisan rumus/model molekul: Empirical formula: CH2

• Rumus Molekul
Empirical formula: CH2O
- Menunjukan jumlah atom dari setiap unsur dalam
M03_PETR4521_10_SE_C03.qxd 1/16/10 3:18 AM
Page 70
Molecular formula: C2H
satuan terkecil suatu zat.
- H2O, H2O2, CO2, N2H4, Al2O3, C6H12O6.
Molecular formula: C2H4O2 Structural formula: H
• Rumus Empiris. 70 Chapter 3 Chemical Compounds
(H3C2OOH)
Molecular model
( ball and stick")
- Rumus molekul dengan jumlah atom terkecil. Empirical formula: CH2O FIGURE 3-1
- H2O, HO, CO2, NH2, Al2O3, CH2O. H O Several representations of the compound
In the molecular model, the black spheres are ca
Molecular formula: C2H4O2 white are hydrogen. To show that one H atom in
• Rumus Senyawa Ion Structural formula: H C C O H different from the other three, the formula of ace
(see Section 5-3). To show that this H atom is bo
- Terdiri dari unsur ion (bermuatan) Molecular
dan dalam model Molecular
CH3COOH and model
CH3CO2H are also used. For a f
H H O
bentuk rumus empiris ( ball and stick") (different
spaceversions
fillingof chemical
) formulas in differe

- Bermuatan netral (jumlah kation = kuilah anion)FIGURE 3-1

Structural formula: H C C O H
Molecular model Molecular model
H by lines or dashes ( + ). One of the bonds is
- NaCl, KBr, ZnI2, Al2O3, Mg3N2. ( ball and stick")
Several representations of the compound acetic acid
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( space filling )
and is called a double covalent bond. Diffe
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FIGURE 3-1 bonds are discussed later in the text. For n

In the molecular model, therepresentations
black spheres
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Several of theare carbon,acetic
compound the acid
red are oxygen, being a and the
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stronger or tighter bond than a sing
19 white are hydrogen. To show that one H atom in the20molecule is fundamentally structural formula, whic
In the molecular model, the black spheres are carbon, the red are oxygen, A
and condensed
the
white are hydrogen. To show that one H atom in the molecule is fundamentally alternative, less cumbersome way of showi
different from the other three,
different from the formula
the other three, theofformula
acetic acidacid
of acetic is often written
is often written as2H3HC
connected.
as HC 2H3O
O2Thus, the2acetic acid molecule i
 KO N SEP M OL ( AT OM/MOLEKUL)
• Massa Atom
- Massa atom (berat atom) = berat atom yang
dinyatakan dengan atomic mass unit (amu atau u)
- Total jumlah proton dan neutron dalam atom
• Massa Molekul.
- Massa molekul (berat molekul) = jumlah massa
atom (dalam amu) di dalam molekul.
- H2O = 18, Al2O3 = 102, C6H12O6 = 180.
• Konsep mol (mole)
- Banyaknya suatu zat yang dikandung oleh sebuah
benda/entitas (atom, molekul, partikel lainya)
- Massa molar (M) = berat (g stau kg)/mole sauté
zat Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian
• Massa molar (M)
- 1 mol C = 12 amu ≈ 12 g ≈ 6,022 x 1023 atom C
- 1 mol CO2 = 44 amu ≈ 44 g ≈ 6,022 x 1023atom
CO2
• Latihan:
a) 6,46 g He, berapa mol; b) 0,356 mole Zn, berapa g;
c) 16,3 g S, berapa jumlah atomnya; d) Berapa massa
molar C2H5OH
e) Berapa massa molar C8H10N4O2 (Caffein)
f) Berapa atom H pada 72,8 g C3H8O (isopropanol)
g) Berapa atom N pada 25,6 g (NH2)2CO (urea)
h) Berapa atom K dalam 225 ml susu, dimana 1,65mg

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• Persen Komposisi - %H = [(2 x 1g H)/(34g H2O2)] x 100% = 5,882%

- Rumus molekul menunjukan jumlah masing-masing
unsur/atom dalam molekul. - %O = [(2 x 16g O)/(34g H2O2)] x 100% = 94,118%
- Rumus molekul menunjukan persentase masing-
masing atom/unsur dlam molekul Latihan:
n x massa mol unsur a) Hitung persen komposisi H, P, O, pada H3PO4.
Persen Komposisi = —————————————————— x 100%
Massa molar senyawa
b) Hitung persen komposisi H, S, O, pada H2SO4.
- Contoh: Hitung persen komposisi H dan O pada
H2O2.
c) Hitung berapa kg Cu dalam 3,71x103kg CuFeS2
- Massa mol (berat/mol) masing-masing H2O2, H,
dan O adalah 34 g, 1 g, dan 16 g. Jadi persen
d) Hitung berapa g Al dalam 371g Al2O3
kompisinya adalah:

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• Penentuan Rumus Empiris dan Molekul
Jawab:
- Rumus empiris dan molekul dapat ditentukan bila
diketahui persentase masing-masing unsur. Diasumsikan mempunyai 100g Vit. C, maka mengandung
40,92g atom C, 4,58g atom H, dan 54,50g atom O.
- Langkah pertama adalah menentukan berat
Besarnya mol masing-masing atom/unsur adalah:
masing-masing unsur, kemudian ditentukan berapa
mol masing-masing unsur. nC = 40,92g C x (1 mol C/12g C) = 3,41 mol
- Kemudian besarnya mole diubah ke bilangan Bulat nH = 4,58g H x (1 mol H/1g H) = 4,58 mol
terkecil
nO = 54,50g O x (1 mol O/16g O) = 3,41 mol
- Untuk mengetahui rumus molekul, harus diketahui
Jadi Rumusnya adalah: C3,41H4,58O3,41
berat Molekul tersebut.
Nilai-nilai mol, dibagi dengan nilai mol terkecil (3,41).
Contoh:
3,41/3,41 = 1 dan 4,58/3,41 = 1,34
Tentukan rumus empiris vitamin C (asam askorbat)
yang mengandung 40,92% atom C, 4,58% atom H, dan C1H1,34O1 ≈ C3H4O3
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REAKSI KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN REAKSI

a) Tentukan rumus empiris senyawa yang mengandung
24,75% atom K, 34,77% atom Mn, dan 40,51% atom O. - Reaksi kimia adalah proses dimana suatu zat diubah/
berubah menjadi zat lainnya.
b) Pada sebuah percobaan, pembakaran 11,5g senyawa
- Persamaan kimia a dalah simbol-simbol yang
yang mengandung C, H, dan O menghasilkan 22,5g
digunakana untuk apa yang terjadi pada reaksi kimia
CO2 dan 13,5g H2O. Tentukan rumus empiris senyawa
- Contoh proses pembakaran gas hydrogen (H2) dengan
tersebut.
oksigen (O2) menghasilkna air (H2O).
c) Sampel yang mengandung 1,52g N dan 3,47g O serta - H2 + O2 H 2O
berat molekulnya sekitar 90g/mol. Tentukan rumus
- 2H2 + O2 2H2O
molekulnya dan berat molekul sesungguhnya.
- Untuk memberikan tambahan informasi, perlu
d) Sampel yang mengadung 6,4g B dan 1,8g H, tentukan ditambahkan kondisi fisik dari zat-zat yang bereaksi,
rumus molekulnya bila berat molekulnya adalah 30g/ superti l (liquit), g (gas), s (padat), dan aq (aqueous =
mol. dilarutkan dalam air).
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Reaksi kimia dan persamnaan kimia …………..
CARA PENULISAN PERSAMAN REAKSI
- 2CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)
c) Pertama, carilah elemen yang muncul hanya sekali di
- 2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
H 2O setiap sisi persamaan dengan jumlah atom yang sama
- NaCl(s) NaCl(aq) di setiap sisi. Rumus yang mengandung unsur-unsur
- KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s) ini harus memiliki koefisien yang sama. Oleh karena
itu, tidak perlu menyesuaikan koefisien elemen ini
CARA PENULISAN PERSAMAAN REAKSI pada saat ini.
a) Identifikasi semua reaktan dan produk dan tuliskan
d) Selanjutnya, cari elemen yang muncul hanya sekali di
rumusnya yang benar di sisi kiri dan sisi kanan
setiap sisi persamaan tapi juga jumlah atom yang
persamaan
tidak sama. Seimbangan/samakan unsur-unsur ini.
b) Mulailah menyeimbangkan persamaan dengan mencoba Akhirnya, seimbangan/samakan unsur-unsur lainnya.
koefisien yang berbeda untuk membuat jumlah atom
dari setiap elemen sama pada kedua sisi persamaan. e) Periksalah persamaan reaksi Anda untuk memastikan
Kita dapat mengubah koefisien (angka-angka yang bahwa jumlah total dari setiap jenis atom di kedua
mendahului formula) tapi bukan subskrip (angka di sisi panah persamaan adalah sama.
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a) KClO3 KCl + O2 JUMLAH REAKTAN DAN PRODUK (STOIKHIOMETRI)

➡ 2KClO3 • “berapa banyak produk yang dihasilkan” atau “berapa
2KCl + 3O2
reaktan diperlukan untuk menghasilkan sejumlah
b) Al + O2 Al2O3 produk”
➡ 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 • Untuk mengetahui jumlah produk, harus diketahui
jumlah mol reaktan (metode mol)
c) C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
➡ 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
d) Fe2O3 + CO Fe + CO2 1 mol N2 ≏ 3 mol H2 ≏ 2 mol NH3
➡ Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 ➡ Diketahui 6 mol H2, hitung berapa mol NH3
e) C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O dihasilkan.
➡ C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O ➡ mol NH3 = 6 mol H2 x (2 mol NH3/3 mol H2)
= 4 mol
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31 32
 Pendekatan umum untuk memecahkan masalah
• Diketahui 16g H2, hitung berapa g NH3 dihasilkan.
stoikiometri adalah:
a) Tuliskan persamaan (seimbang) untuk reaksi.
Gram H2 ➠ mol H2 ➠ mol NH3 ➠ gram NH3
b) Konversikan jumlah reaktan yang diberikan (dalam
gram atau unit lainnya) ke jumlah mol.
• mol H2 = 16g H2 x (1 mol H2/2g mol H2) = 8 mol H2
c) Gunakan rasio mol dari persamaan seimbang untuk
• mol NH3 = 8 mol H2 x (2 mol NH3/3 mol H2) menghitung jumlah mol produk yang terbentuk.
• = 5.33 mol NH3 d) Konversi mol produk menjadi gram (atau unit lain)
produk.
• gram NH3 = 5.33 mol NH3 x (17g NH3/mol NH3)
Contoh Soal:
= 90.67g NH3 Seseorang mengkonsumsi glukosa (C6H12O6) sebanyak
150g, hitung CO2 yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran
• Hitung berapa g N2 diperlukan. glukosa tesebut dengan reaksi sbb:
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33 34

1. 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) REAGEN PEMBATAS

Hitung O2 yang diperlukan, bila dihasilkan 25g NO2. • Yaitu reaktan yang membatasi jumlah produk yang
dihasilkan (bereaksi semua), menghasilkan produk
2. 2Li(s) + 3H2O(aq) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) lebih sedikit.
Bila dihasilkan 12g gas H 2 , hitung Li yang • Reaktan lainnya diberikan berlebihan (reagen
diperlukan.
berlebih), supaya reagent pembatasnya bereaksi
semua.
3. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
• Pada reaksi pembentukan metanol:
Hitung NH 3 dan O 2 yang diperlukan untuk
menghasilkan 100g gas NO. CO2 + 2H2 CH3OH

4. 200g metanol (CH3OH) dengan reaksi: 4 mol CO2 direaksikan dengan 6 mol H2, tentukan
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O reagen pembatas dan reagen berlebih.
Hitung: Produk (2CO2 dan 4H2O) yang dihasilkan
dan O2 yang diperlukan.
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35 36
 CO2 + 2H2 CH3OH Latihan 2:
Pada reaksi sbb:
➡ 4 mol CO2 x (1 mol CH3OH/1 mol CO2) = 4 mol CH3OH
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
➡ 6 mol H2 x (1 mol CH3OH/2 mol H2) = 3 mol CH3OH
direaksikan 126g Al dengan 600g Fe2O3,
Jadi reagen pembatasnya adalah H2
a) Tentukan reagen pembatas dan reagen berlebih.
Latihan 1: b) Hitung Al2O3 yang tebentuk.
Pada produksi urea [(NH2)2CO] dengan reaksi sbb: c) Hitung kelebihan reagen berlebih.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
YIELD (RENDEMEN/HASIL)
direaksikan 650g NH3 dengan 1150g CO2, • Reaksi tidak sempurna, ada kemungkinan reaksi
a) Tentukan reagen pembatas dan reagen berlebih. balik yang menyebabkan hasilnya tidak sama dengan
b) Hitung urea yang tebentuk. hasil perhitungan.
c) Hitung kelebihan reagen berlebih.
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37 38

Latihan 1:
Pada produksi Titanium (Ti) dengan reaksi sbb:
YIELD (RENDEMEN/HASIL)
TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2
• Hasil reaksi:
direaksikan 3,54x10 g TiCl4 dengan 1,13x107g Mg,
7
1. Theoretical Yield adalah hasil reaksi berdasarkan
a) Hitung theoretical yield Titatiun.
perhitungan
b) Bila actual yield Titanium 7,91x106g, hitung yield/
2. Actual Yield adalah hasil reaksi sesungguhnya.
rendemen Titanium.
• Yield (Rendemen):
Latihan 2:
Pada produksi Vanadium (V) dengan reaksi sbb:
Actual Yield 5Ca + V2O5 5CaO + 2V
Yield (Rendemen) (%) = ———————————— x 100%
Theoretical Yield direaksikan 1,54x103g V2O5 dan 1,96x103g Ca,
a) Hitung theoretical yield Vanadium.
b) Bila dihasilkan 7,91x106g Vanadium, hitung yield/
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39 40
 Si

and so he did not show that two of the valence electrons 13s 22 are paired and
Electron spin had not yet been proposed when Lewis framed his theory,

I KATA N KI MI A two 13p 2 are unpaired.

• 2Simbol Titik Lewis We will write Lewis symbols in the way Lewis did.
• Teori Elektron Lewis We will Adalah simbolonyang
place
➡ single dots ditulis
the sides dalam
of the bentuk
symbol, up to titik-titik
a maximum of four.
➡ Elektron yang berasal dari cangkang elektronik Then we pada atom dan satu titik untuk setiap elektron
will pair up dots until we reach an octet. Lewis symbols are com-
monly written for dalam
valensi main-group
sebuah elements
atom. but much less often for transition
terluar (valensi), penting dalam ikatan Gilbert kimia. Newton Lewis M10_PETR4521_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:11 AM Pag e 398
(1875 1946) elements. Lewis symbols for several main-group elements are written in
➡ Elektron dipindahkan dari satu atom ke atom • Struktur
Example 10-1. Lewis
Lewis s contribution to the
lainnya. Ion positif dan negatif study terbentuk
of chemical bonding dan is ➡ kombinasi
A Lewis structure is dari simbol Lewis
a combination of Lewisyang
symbols menunjukan
that represents either
saling menarik melalui kekuatan elektrostatik yang
evident throughout this text. the transfertransfer atau ofpembagian
or the sharing electrons in elektron
a chemicaldalam bond. ikatan
disebut Ikatan Ionik. Equally important, however, kimia
was his pioneering introduction
➡ Satu atau lebih pasang elektron dibagi di antara 398 Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
of thermodynamics into Ionic bonding Na* + Cl [Na]+[*Cl ], (10.1)
atom. Suatu ikatan yang dibentuk oleh pembagian
chemistry. (transfer of Lewis symbols
y Lewis structure
elektron di antara atom disebut Ikatan Kovalen. Solve electrons):
➡ Elektron ditransfer atau dibagi sedemikian rupa (a) Ba loses two electrons, and O gains two.
Covalent bonding H* + Cl H*Cl (10.2)
sehingga membentuk konfigurasi elektron yang
(sharing of
sangat stabil (konfigurasi gas mulia), yaitu delapan
M10_PETR4521_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:11 AM Pag e 398
electrons):
Lewis symbols
y
Ba * O
Lewis structure
[Ba]2*[ O ]2+
elektron terluar (oktet). Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian

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Lewis
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41
M10_PETR4521_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:11 AM (b)e A398
Pag Cl atom can accept only one electron
42 because it already has seven valence electrons. O
give it a complete octet. Conversely, a Mg atom must lose two electrons to have the electr
tion of the noble gas neon. So two Cl atoms are required for each Mg atom.
398 Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
IKATAN ION
Cl
Ikatan ion adalah kekuatan elektrostatik yang menahan
➡
Solve ion bersama dalam senyawa ionik.
Mg * [Mg]2*2[ Cl ]+
398 Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
(a) Ba loses two electrons, and O gains Untuk senyawa ionik, (1) simbol Cl
➡ two. Lewis dari ion
Lewis logam
structure
tidak memiliki titik jika semua elektron valensi hilang,
(c) The formula of aluminum oxide follows directly from the Lewis structure. The combi
Solve dan* (2)
Ba muatan
[Ba]2*ion dari kedua kation dan anion
]2+
Al atom,Owhich loses [ O electrons,
three and one O atom, which gains two, leaves an exce
ditunjukkan
(a) Ba loses two electrons, and O gains electron.
two. To matchLewis
the numbers
structure of electrons lost and gained, the formula unit must be
Al atoms and three O atoms.
(b) A Cl atom can accept only one electron because it already has seven valence electrons. One more will
Baa Mg
give it a complete octet. Conversely, O must[Ba]
* atom lose2* ]2+
[ Oelectrons
two to have the electron configura-
tion of the noble gas neon. So two Cl atoms are required for each Mg Al
atom. O
Lewis structure
* O 2[Al]3*3[ O ]2+
(b) A Cl atom can accept only one electron because Cl it already has seven valence electrons. One more will
give it a complete octet. Conversely, a Mg atom must lose2* two electrons to have the electron Lewisconfigura-
structure
Mg * [Mg] 2[ Cl ]+ Al O
tion of the noble gas neon. So two Cl atoms are required for each Mg atom.
Cl Lewis structure
Assess
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(c) The formula of aluminum oxide

Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung We almost never
follows write Lewis
directly from thestructures for ionic compounds,
Lewis+structure. TheFakultas Pertanianexcept
combination ofwhen
one we want to emphasi
Universitas Lampung

Mg * [Mg] 2* 2[ Cl ]
Al atom, which loses three electrons, and one O atom, which gains two, leaves an excess of one lost complicated than is
which the ions combine. The structures of ionic compounds are much more
43 the Lewis structure. See, forgained,
example, 44structure of NaCl shown in Figure 10-1.
electron. To match the numbers Cl lost andLewis
of electrons thethe
structure formula unit must be based on two
Al atoms and three O atoms.
 aThe
pair bond
ofof betweenininthe
electrons N atomsbond,in N2while
is a triple covalent bond ( + ). pairs
Double
aMultiple
pair
Now let s try ouraahand
electrons
Covalent covalent
covalent
Bonds bond,
at writing awhile
Lewis lone
lone pair
pair applies
applies
structure to to
for the N 2electron
electron
molecule. pairs
and
that
thatOur triple
are
arefirst covalent
not
notattempt
involvedbonds
involved
might in are
in again known
bonding.
bonding. as
Also,
Also,
involve multiple
in writing
in writing
a single covalent
Lewis
covalentLewis bonds.
structures
bond structures it is cus-
it is cus-
and the incorrect
In the preceding
tomary toreplace description
replacebelow.
bondpairs of thelines
pairs with
with Lewis
(( model
).).Thesefor covalent
features chemical
areare
shown inbond-
the
tomary to
structure
ing, we have
shown bond
used
lines These features
a single pair of electrons between two atoms to describe a
shown in the
following
following Lewis structures.
Lewis structures. (10.8)
single covalent bond. Often, Nhowever,
N * N
N more
N N
N than N one pair of electrons must
(Incorrect
)
IKATAN KOVALEN be shared if an atomHis * to attain anH octet (noble HgasHelectron configuration).

21g2 quite
H H or (10.3)
CO and are two H * H
molecules in H H or H Hthat (10.3)
Ikatan kovalen adalah ikatan di mana dua elektron dibagi The
Each2 N atomN
triple covalent bond in N
2 appears to have only is six outer-shell share
which
a very atoms
strong bond morenot
electrons, isthantheone
difficult pair
to
expected of
break

NCl21g2 coexists O21g2

➡ 2
electrons.
ineight.
a chemical reaction.
canThe unusual strength Bond pair
of this bondunpaired
makes N
oleh dua atom. The situation be corrected by bringing
Bond pair the four electrons
First,
into the let s
region
inert. As a result,apply the
between ideas
the N about
atoms Lewis
and usingstructures
them to
for CO . From
additional the
bond Lewis
pairs.
Cl with Cla in Clthe atmosphere and forms
2
➡ Senyawa ko valen a dalah senyawa yan g hanya symbols, we Clsee
* that the C Cl
atom can orshare valence Lone pairswith
electron (10.4)O
each
In all, we
oxides now
Cl show
of nitrogen* Cl the sharing
only Cl of
in trace three pairs
Clamounts or ofClelectrons
at between
highCltemperatures. the N
Lone pairs The atoms.
lack of
(10.4)

ness of N 1g2 also makes it difficult to synthesize

mengandung ikatan kovalen. atom, thusbetween
formingthe twoNcarbon-to-oxygen single bonds.
The bond atoms
reactivity of N2 with O2 is an essential in N 2
Bondis a triple covalent bond ( + ).
condition for life on Earth. The inert-
pair Double
➡ Struktur Lewis adalah representasi ikatan kovalen di and triple covalent bonds are known as
Bond multiple
pair covalent
nitrogenbonds.
compounds.
2 O C O O C O
mana pasangan elektron bersama ditunjukkan sebagai
Another molecule whose Lewis structure features a multiple bond is O2,
garis atau sebagai pasang titik antara dua atom, dan Coordinate
But this
which hasleaves
Covalent
the C
a double atomBonds
bond. and
N both
N O atoms
N still
N shy of an octet. The problem
(10.8)
pasangan tunggal ditunjukkan sebagai pasang titik pada Coordinate
The Lewisby
is solved Covalent
theory
shifting theBonds
of bonding describes
unpaired a covalent
electrons bond
into the as the sharing
region of the of a pairas
bond,

21g2 quite
atom individu. of electrons,
bybut this Odoes
* not necessarily mean
The Lewis
indicated theory
The triple theof red
covalent bonding
arrows.
bond indescribes
O N O aO
2 is a very strongthat
covalent Oeach
bond
bond atom
Oas
that is?the contributes
sharing
difficult of aan
to break pair
(10.9)

1g2 O21g2
➡ Pembentukan molekul ini menggambarkan aturan oktet, of electron
electrons,to the
in a chemical bond.
butreaction. A covalent
this does Thenot bondstrength
necessarily
unusual in which
meanofathis
single
that atom
each
bond contributes
atom
makes N both an
contributes
of the
electron electrons
toquestion
the to
bond. a shared pair is called a coordinate cov alent bond.
yitu atom selain hidrogen cenderung membentuk ikatan Theinert.
blueAs a result, ONA2C
mark covalent
O coexists
suggests bond
Owith
that inOwhich
Cthere inathe
is somesingleC atom
atmosphere
Odoubt about
O contributes
andvalidity
the forms both
of
(10.7)
sampai dikelilingi oleh delapan elektron valensi. ofstructure
the electrons
oxides of(10.9), to
nitrogen a shared
only inpair
traceis called
amounts a coordinate
at high cov alent
temperatures.
and the source of the doubt is illustrated in Figure 10-3. The bond.
The lack of

1g2
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reactivity
structure
In Lewisfailsof Nto2 with
structure O2 isthe
account
(10.7), anbonded
for essential
the condition
paramagnetism
atoms are seenfor lifeshare
of oxygen
to on Earth. The
thepairs
two inert-
O2 molecule
of elec-
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ness
must of
tronshaveN also makes it
of fourelectrons.
2unpaired
(a total difficult to synthesize
electrons)Unfortunately,
between them no nitrogen
completely
a double compounds.
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung
cov alent bond ( *Lewis
satisfactory ).
Another
Now let molecule
s try ourfor whose
hand Lewis structure features a multiple bond is O 2, is
45 structure is possible O2,atbutwriting a Lewis
in Chapter
46 11,structure
bonding for the O
in the N22 molecule
molecule. F
which has a double
Our first attempt bond. Par
described in a waymight again involve
that accounts a single
for both thecovalent
double bondbond andand the
theincorrect
observed Liqu
structure shown
paramagnetism. below.
O * O O O O O ? (10.9) the
We could continue applying ideas introduced in this section, but our ability mag
N * N N N (Incorrect)
toThe
write
blueplausible
question Lewis structures
mark suggests thatwill
therebeis greatly
some doubt aided by athecouple
about validityofofnew
ideas
Each that
structure we
N atom introduce
appears
(10.9), and the in Section
tosource
have only 10-3.
of thesixdoubt
outer-shell electrons,
is illustrated not the
in Figure expected
10-3. The
eight. Thefails
structure situation can be
to account forcorrected by bringing
the paramagnetism of the four unpaired
oxygen electrons
the O2 molecule KE
into the region between the N atoms and using them for additional
must have unpaired electrons. Unfortunately, no completely satisfactory Lewis bond pairs. th
In all, we now
structure show the
is possible for sharing
O2, but ofin three
Chapterpairs11,ofbonding
electronsinbetween the N atoms.
the O2 molecule is ap
The bond between the N atoms in
described in a way that accounts for bothN 2 is athe double bond and the+observed
triple cov alent bond ( ). Double do
and triple covalent bonds are known as multiple cov alent bonds.
paramagnetism. co
Pr
We could continue applying ideas introduced in this section, but our ability
co
to write plausible Lewis structures
N N will be N greatly
N aided by a couple of new (10.8) ev
ideas that we introduce in Section 10-3.

in a chemical reaction. The unusual strength of this bond makes N21g2 quite
The triple covalent bond in N2 is a very strong bond that is difficult to break

inert. As a result, N21g2 coexists with O21g2 in the atmosphere and forms
oxides of nitrogen only in trace amounts at high temperatures. The lack of

ness of N21g2 also makes it difficult to synthesize nitrogen compounds.

reactivity of N2 with O2 is an essential condition for life on Earth. The inert-

Another molecule whose Lewis structure features a multiple bond is O ,