4.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Isu sosiosaintifik dalam sektor pengurusan sisa dan air sisa
Socio-scientific issues in the waste and wastewater management sector
STM
Kontekstual
1 Kaji rajah yang diberikan tentang isu sosiosaintifik dalam sektor pengurusan sisa dan air sisa.
Kemudian, cadangkan Teknologi Hijau yang boleh menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. TP2
Study the given diagram about the socio-scientific issues in the waste and wastewater management
sector. Then, suggest Green Technology than can solve the problems.
(a) Isu sisa pepejal/Solid waste issues
Penyelesaian
Solution
Video
Teknologi Hijau
Green Technology
1. Mengitar semula/Recycle
BAB
2. Mengguna semula/Reuse
3. Baja kompos/Compost fertiliser
liser
Sisa kertas
Paper waste
Barangan elektronik
Electronic items 4. Sumber tenaga biojisim
Biomass energy source
4
1. Pencemaran air
Water pollution
2. Menyebabkan penyakit
Cause diseases
Sisa air Sisa air domestik
3. Membunuh organisma akuatik
Wastewater Domestic wastewater
Kill aquatic organisms
Penyelesaian Solution
Teknologi Hijau
Green Technology
1. Mengitar semula/5R
Recycle/5R
Sisa air pertanian Sisa air longkang
Wastewater from Wastewater from 2. Guna air hujan
agriculture drains Use rainwater
33
4.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Isu sosiosaintifik dalam sektor pertanian dan perhutanan
Socio-scientific issues in the agriculture and forestry sector
STM
Kontekstual
1 Berdasarkan gambar yang diberi, tuliskan isu sosiosaintifik yang dihadapi dalam sektor pertanian dan
perhutanan. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) Teknologi Hijau yang boleh menyelesaikan masalah tersebut.
Based on the given diagram, write the socio-scientific issues faced in the agriculture and forestry sector.
Then, mark ( ✓ ) Green Technology that can solve the problems. TP2
Penerokaan hutan Sembur racun serangga dan baja Pembakaran terbuka /Pembakaran hutan
Forest exploration Spraying pesticide and fertilisers Open burning/Forest burning
Pembukaan tanah untuk pertanian /Land clearing for agriculture
(a) (b)
BAB
4
Pembukaan tanah untuk pertanian Sembur racun serangga dan baja
Land clearing for agriculture Spraying pesticide and fertilisers
(c) (d)
Penyelesaian/Solution
Praktis Kendiri
Teknologi Hijau/Green Technology
(a) (b) (c)
✓ ✓ ✓
34
4.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Isu sosiosaintifik dalam sektor pengangkutan
Socio-scientific issues in the transportation sector
STM
Kontekstual
Isu sosiosaintifik
Socio-scientific issues
Gas rumah hijau seperti
karbon dioksida menyebabkan
pemanasan global dan
seterusnya menyebabkan Membebaskan
perubahan iklim. Releases
Greenhouse gases such as carbon
BAB
dioxide cause global warming
leading to climate change.
Penyelesaian 4
Solution Nota Ekstra Video Praktis Kendiri
4 Stesen gas 5
Gas station
Motor Bateri
Motor Battery
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek (PBP) 2: Teknologi Hijau dalam kehidupan (rujuk silang m.s. 159)
Project-Based Learning (PBL) 2: Green Technology in life (cross reference p. 160)
35
Kertas 2
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instruction: Answer all the questions.
Bahagian B/Section B
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah kereta hibrid.
Diagram 1 shows a hybrid car.
Bateri Motor
Battery Motor
Tangki minyak Enjin
Fuel tank Engine
Rajah 1/Diagram 1
36
BAB
(iii) Nyatakan dua fenomena yang disebabkan oleh gas rumah hijau di 1(b)(i). TP1
State two phenomena caused by greenhouse gases in 1(b)(i).
Kesan rumah hijau/Pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim. 4
Greenhouse effect/Global warming and climate change.
[2 markah/2 marks]
Bahagian C/Section C
2 Kemajuan dan perkembangan teknologi manusia telah membawa kesan buruk kepada alam sekitar. Teknologi
Hijau ialah inisiatif manusia untuk meminimumkan kesan buruk tersebut.
The advancement and development of human technology has brought adverse effects to the environment. Green
Technology is the human initiative to minimise these adverse effects.
(a) Pada masa kini, pelbagai alat elektrik yang dijual di kedai elektrik telah mengaplikasikan Teknologi Hijau
yang mesra alam sekitar. Nyatakan dua ciri peralatan elektrik tersebut. TP2
Nowadays, various electrical appliances sold in electrical shops have incorporated the environmentally friendly
Green Technology. State two characteristics of the electrical appliances. [2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan tiga contoh Teknologi Hijau dalam pengangkutan. TP4/KBAT
Diagram 2 shows three examples of Green Technology in transportation.
Berkongsi kereta
Car pooling
Teknologi Hijau dalam
Kenderaan hibrid pengangkutan
Hybrid vehicles Green Technology in
transportation Basikal elektrik
Electric bicycles
37
5 Genetik
Genetics
Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts
Peta Buih
Kromosom dan
ciri-cirinya
Jenis variasi iaitu Chromosomes and
variasi selanjar their characteristics Peringkat mitosis
dan tak selanjar dan kepentingannya
Types of variations, Stages of mitosis
i.e. continuous and and its importance
discontinuous
variations
Keturunan ialah pemindahan maklumat genetik daripada ibu bapa kepada anak mereka. Variasi ialah perbezaan
ciri yang wujud antara individu dalam spesies yang sama. Tahukah anda perbezaan rupa antara adik-beradik
adalah disebabkan oleh keturunan dan variasi?
Heredity is the transfer of genetic information from parents to their offspring. Variation is the differences in
characteristics which exist among individuals of the same species. Did you know that the difference of
appearance between siblings is caused by heredity and variation?
3838
BAB
Pembahagian Sel secara Mitosis and Meiosis Cell Division by Mitosis and Meiosis
1. Mitosis ialah proses pembahagian sel yang berlaku di
dalam sel soma manusia (sel badan) dan di hujung
1. Mitosis is a process of cell division which takes place
in the somatic cells (body cells) of humans and at the 5
akar dan pucuk. tips of roots and shoots.
2. Mitosis membentuk sel-sel baharu untuk proses 2. Mitosis forms new cells for growth and to replace
pertumbuhan dan menggantikan sel-sel rosak. damaged cells.
3. Meiosis ialah proses pembahagian sel untuk 3. Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces
menghasilkan gamet dan hanya berlaku di dalam organ gametes and only occurs in the reproductive organs.
pembiakan. 4. Meiosis in humans takes place in the male's testes and
4. Meiosis dalam manusia berlaku dalam testis lelaki dan the female's ovary. While meiosis in plants takes place
ovari perempuan. Manakala meiosis pada tumbuhan in the anter and the ovary.
berlaku dalam anter dan ovari.
Mutasi Mutation
1. Mutasi ialah perubahan yang berlaku secara spontan 1. Mutation is the spontaneous change in the structure
kepada struktur gen atau kromosom suatu organisma. of genes or chromosomes of an organism.
2. Mutasi gen melibatkan perubahan dalam struktur 2. Gene mutations involve changes in the structure of a
satu gen. Contoh: buta warna. gene. Example: colour blindness.
3. Mutasi kromosom melibatkan perubahan dalam 3. Chromosome mutations involve changes in the
bilangan kromosom atau urutan gen dalam suatu number of chromosomes or arrangement of genes in
kromosom. Contoh: sindrom Down. the chromosomes. Example: Down syndrome.
Nota Grafik
39
5.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Gen, DNA dan kromosom
Genes, DNA dan chromosomes
PBD
Masteri
Sel manusia
Human cell
(a) P: Kromosom seks
BAB
5 (1 pasang/pair)
Autosome
Kromosom/Chromosome
(22 pasang/pairs)
A T
terdiri daripada P
made up of
P
T A (e) Gen/Gene
ialah unit asas
P
P
dibina daripada C G
A G
hereditary unit.
(c) DNA dan protein
dalam bentuk heliks ganda dua.
DNA protein (d) Unit nukleotida
and in a Nucleotide
double helix form. unit
40
5.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pembahagian sel secara mitosis
Cell division by mitosis
PBD
Konstruktivisme
BAB
shorten Two chromatids are bonded
nucleus arrange at the centre of the cell. The
thicken at the centromeres . centromeres start to divide.
and .
5
(c) Anafasa/Anaphase (d) Telofasa/Telophase
Gentian gelendong menarik kromatid-
kromatid supaya berpisah dan
bergerak ke hujung kutub sel yang
bertentangan (pengutuban). Pada masa
yang sama, sel mula membahagi. Dua sel anak
Spindle fibres pull the chromatids so that they separate yang sama terbentuk.
and move to the opposite poles of the cell (polarisation). At the Two identical
same time, the cells begin to divide. daughter cells are formed.
To produce new
cells for growth and to replace damaged cells
• Untuk memastikan bilangan kromosom pada sel anak dan sel induk adalah sama
To ensure that the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is the same as that in the
parent cells
41
5.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pembahagian sel secara meiosis
Cell division by meiosis
PBD
Konstruktivisme
42
daripada sel induk./A cell division that produces gametes with half of the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell.
BAB
• Menghasilkan
To produce gametes or reproductive cells for reproduction
• Membolehkan berlakunya variasi
43
5.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Alel dominan dan alel resesif
Dominant and recessive alleles
PBD
Kontekstual
2 Trait dominan dikawal oleh alel dominan manakala trait resesif dikawal oleh alel resesif. Berdasarkan
pernyataan tersebut, nyatakan jenis alel yang mengawal trait pada manusia di bawah. TP1
Dominat traits are controlled by dominant alleles while recessive traits are controlled by recessive alleles.
Based on the statement, state the types of allele that control the human traits below.
(a) (b)
5
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Berlesung pipit Tidak berlesung pipit Bulu mata pendek Bulu mata panjang
Dimples No dimples Short eye lashes Long eye lashes
Alel dominan Alel resesif Alel resesif Alel dominan
Dominant allele Recessive allele Recessive allele Dominant allele
44
5.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Mekanisme pewarisan ciri pada manusia
The mechanism of inheritance of traits in humans
PBD
Konstruktivisme
Kajian Gregor Mendel terhadap tumbuhan pea dapat menerangkan pewarisan ciri
pada organisma.
The studies of Gregor Mendel on the pea plant were able to explain the nature of
inheritance in organisms.
Berpandukan Hukum Mendel, tunjukkan mekanisme pewarisan monohibrid pada anak yang dilahirkan
dengan menggunakan rajah skema. Tentukan kebarangkalian untuk mendapatkan anak dengan trait yang
berlainan./Based on Mendel’s law as a guide , show the monohybrid inheritance mechanism for the progeny
using schematic diagrams. Determine the probability of getting children with different traits. TP2
T : Alel membawa trait tinggi (dominan)/Allele carry the tall trait (dominant)
t : Alel membawa trait kerdil (resesif)/Allele carry the dwarf trait (recessive)
BAB
Meiosis/Meiosis
Gamet/Gamete T T t t 5
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation
Genotip anak F1 Tt Tt Tt Tt
F1 offspring genotypes
Fenotip anak F1 Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi
F1 offspring phenotypes Tall Tall Tall Tall
Meiosis/Meiosis
Gamet/Gamete T t T t
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation
Genotip anak F2 TT Tt Tt tt
F2 offspring genotypes
Fenotip anak F2 Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi Kerdil
F2 offspring phenotypes Tall Tall Tall Dwarf
45
Gamet/Gamete K k k k
Persenyawaan/Fertilisation
Genotip anak Kk Kk kk kk
Offspring genotypes
5 Lengkapkan rajah skema penentuan jantina pada manusia. Kemudian, jawab soalan-soalan. TP2
Complete the schematic diagram of sex determination in a human being. Then, answer the questions.
Induk/Parents Bapa/Father Ibu/Mother
Info
erii In
aler
Gal fo
Genotip/Genotype 44 + XY 44 + XX
Bapa menentukan
seks anaknya. Hal ini
Proses X/Process X demikian kerana
jantina anak
bergantung pada
Gamet/Gamete 22 + X 22 + Y 22 + X 22 + X
jenis kromosom yang
terdapat dalam sperma.
The father determines
Proses Y/Process Y the gender of the
offspring. This is
Genotip anak 44 + XX 44 + XX 44 + XY 44 + XY because the gender of
Offspring genotypes the offspring depends
on the type of
Jantina anak Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki chromosome that is
Sex of offspring found in the sperm.
Female Female Male Male
46
5.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Mutasi gen dan mutasi kromosom (penyakit keturunan)
Gene mutation and chromosome mutation (hereditary diseases)
PBD
STM
4 Nyatakan jenis mutasi gen berdasarkan penerangannya dalam jadual di bawah. TP1
BAB
State the types of gene mutations relating to their explanations in the table below.
Anemia sel sabit
Sickle cell anaemia
Albinisme
Albinism
Talasemia
Thalassemia
Hemofilia
Haemophilia
Buta warna
Colour blindness 5
Jenis mutasi gen Penerangan
Types of gene mutation Explanation
(a) Albinisme Gen mutan tidak dapat menghasilkan pigmen kulit.
Albinism The mutated gene is unable to produce skin pigments.
(b) Anemia sel sabit Biasa/Normal Gen mutan menghasilkan hemoglobin yang
Sickle cell anaemia mencukupi tetapi abnormal dan kurang cekap
untuk mengangkut oksigen.
The mutated gene produces sufficient haemoglobin but
is abnormal and less efficient for transporting oxygen.
47
(a) Sindrom Down Lebihan satu kromosom pada Bahu sempit, testis kecil,
Down syndrome kromosom ke-21 (autosom) mandul
One extra chromosome at the Narrow shoulders, small
21st chromosome (autosome) testes, sterile
(b) Sindrom Klinefelter Lebihan satu kromosom seks X Tiada kitar haid dan
Klinefelter pada lelaki mandul
syndrome One extra X chromosome in Absence of the menstrual
males cycle, sterile
(c) Sindrom Turner Kekurangan satu kromosom X Terencat akal, mata sepet,
BAB
7 Tandakan (✓) bilangan kromosom dan kandungan kromosom bagi mutasi kromosom dalam jadual di
bawah./Tick (✓) the number of chromosomes and the chromosome contents of the chromosome mutations
in the table below. TP2
8 Kaji kandungan kromosom dalam sel soma bagi seseorang yang mengalami mutasi kromosom.
Study the chromosome contents of a somatic cell of a person who suffers from chromosome mutation.
48
5.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Aplikasi penyelidikan genetik
Application of genetic research
PBD
STM
BAB
Genetic research can explain gene disorders.
(a) Contoh: Albinisme yang disebabkan oleh gen resesif pada autosom yang diwarisi.
Example: Albinism caused by recessive genes in inherited autosomes.
TP2
5
Suami/Husband (Normal) × Isteri/Wife (Normal)
Induk/Parents A : Alel normal
Aa Aa (dominan)
Meiosis/Meiosis Normal allele
(dominant)
Gamet/Gametes a : Alel albino
A a A a
(resesif)
Persenyawaan Albino allele
Fertilisation (recessive)
Genotip anak AA Aa Aa aa
Offspring
genotypes Normal Normal Normal Albino
Normal tetapi tetapi Albino
Fenotip anak merupakan merupakan
Offspring pembawa pembawa
phenotypes Normal but Normal but
is a carrier is a carrier
Individu yang mempunyai satu alel dominan (normal) dan satu alel resesif
(albino) dikenali sebagai pembawa trait albino. Walaupun individu ini tidak menghidap
albinisme, dia boleh menurunkan
trait ini kepada anak-anaknya.
An individual who has one dominant allele (normal) and one recessive allele
(albino) is known as a carrier of albino trait. Even though this individual is not
suffering from albinism, he/she can pass this trait to his/her children.
49
Meiosis/Meiosis
XBY × XBXb
Gamet/Gametes XB Y XB Xb
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation
Genotip anak XBXB XBXb XBY XbY
Offspring genotypes
Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki buta
Fenotip anak normal normal tetapi normal warna
Offspring phenotypes Normal girl pembawa Normal boy Colour blind
Normal girl boy
but is a carrier
BAB
(c) Contoh: Hemofilia yang disebabkan oleh penyakit warisan terangkai seks. TP2
Example: Haemophilia caused by the sex-linked hereditary diseases.
XH : Alel normal (dominan)/Normal allele (dominant)
Xh : Alel hemofilia (resesif)/Haemophilia allele (recessive)
Gamet/Gametes Xh Y XH Xh
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation
Genotip anak XHXh XhXh XHY XhY
Offspring genotypes
Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki yang Lelaki yang
normal bersifat normal bersifat
Fenotip anak tetapi hemofilia Normal boy hemofilia
Offspring phenotypes pembawa Girl who has Boy who has
Normal girl haemophilia haemophilia
but a carrier
50
5.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penyelidikan dan teknologi kejuruteraan genetik
Research and genetic engineering technology
PBD
STM
BAB
2 Kenal pasti aplikasi penyelidikan genetik dan teknologi kejuruteraan genetik di bawah.
Identify the application of genetic research and genetic engineering technology below. TP1
Sains forensic
Forensic science
Ganeologi genetik
Genetic ganeology
Teknologi DNA rekombinan
Recombinant DNA technology
Nota Ekstra
5
Terapi gen Organisma termodifikasi genetik
Gene therapy Genetically modified organism (GMO)
Video
(a) Gen baharu
(b) (c)
New gen
Bakteria
Bacteria
51
5.9 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Variasi
Variation
PBD
Masteri
3 Berikan maksud variasi selanjar dan variasi tak selanjar dalam jadual di bawah. TP2
Give the meaning of continuous variation and discontinuous variations in the table below.
(a) Variasi selanjar Variasi yang menunjukkan perbezaan yang tidak ketara dan tidak
Continuous jelas ./The variation that shows differences that are not distinct
variation clear
and not .
BAB
(b) Variasi tak Variasi yang menunjukkan perbezaan yang ketara dan jelas .
selanjar distinct
5
The variation that shows differences that are and
Discontinuous clear
variation .
4 Kelaskan jenis-jenis variasi berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi. Kemudian, tandakan ( ✓ ) faktor yang
mempengaruhi variasi. TP1
Classify the types of variation from the given information. Then, tick ( ✓ ) the factors that affect variation.
Kumpulan darah Berat badan Cap jari Jenis cuping telinga Warna kulit
Blood group Body weight Fingerprint Type of earlobes Skin colour
Kepintaran Lebar bahu Kidal Panjang tapak kaki Jenis rambut
Intelligence Shoulder width Left-handedness Length of sole Type of hair
Ketinggian Warna iris mata Kadar denyutan jantung Kebolehan menggulung lidah
Height Colour of iris Rate of heartbeat Ability to roll the tongue
52
5.10 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Variasi selanjar
Continuous variation
PBD
Penemuan Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 104 – 108
2009 BHG. A, S1, 2018 BHG. A, S3
Tujuan Mengkaji variasi selanjar di kalangan murid/To study continuous variation among students
Radas Penimbang/Scale
Prosedur 1 Timbang jisim murid dalam kelas./Measure the body mass of the students in the class.
2 Rekod bilangan murid yang mempunyai jisim badan pada selang kelas tertentu dalam
jadual.
Record the number of students with a body mass within a fixed range in a table.
BAB
bilangan murid melawan jisim badan. TP3/KBAT
Based on the results in the table, draw a histogram to show the number of students
5
against body mass.
Bilangan murid
Number of students
30
20
10
✓ Genetik/Genetic ✓ Persekitaran/Environment
53
5.11 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Variasi tak selanjar
Discontinuous variation
PBD
Penemuan Inkuiri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 104 – 108
2005 BHG. A, S4 2002, 2010, 2011 & 2016 BHG. A, S1
Tujuan Mengkaji variasi tak selanjar di kalangan murid
To study discontinuous variation among students
erii Innfo
aleer
Gal fo
Bahan Kertas putih, pad dakwat/White paper, ink pad Variasi membolehkan spesies
yang sama dibezakan dan
menyesuaikan diri kepada
perubahan alam sekitar.
Variation enables the same
species to be differentiated
and adapt to environmental
changes.
Lengkung Gelung Sepusar Komposit
Curve Loop Whorls Composite
Prosedur 1 Minta murid-murid dalam kelas menekan ibu jari pada pad dakwat dan kemudian
menekankan ibu jari mereka di atas sehelai kertas putih.
Ask the students in the class to press their thumbs on an ink pad and then press their
thumbs onto a piece of white paper.
2 Kenal pasti jenis cap ibu jari murid dengan merujuk kepada rajah yang ditunjukkan
BAB
di atas.
Identify the types of thumbprints of the students by referring to the diagrams shown above.
5 3 Rekodkan bilangan murid yang mempunyai jenis cap ibu jari yang berbeza dalam jadual.
Record the number of students having different types of thumbprints in the table.
Keputusan
Jenis cap ibu jari Lengkung Gelung Sepusar Komposit
Types of thumbprints Curve Loop Whorl Composite
Bilangan murid
2 30 6 2
Number of students
(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)
Analisis 1 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual, lukis carta bar (carta palang) untuk menunjukkan
bilangan murid melawan jenis cap ibu jari./Based on the results in the table, draw a
bar chart to show the number of students against the types of thumbprints. TP3/KBAT
Bilangan murid/Number of students
40
30
20
10
0
Lengkung Gelung Sepusar Komposit Jenis cap
Curve Loop Whorls Composite ibu jari
Types of
thumbprints
2 Nyatakan jenis variasi./State the type of variation. TP1
Variasi tak selanjar/Discontinuous variation
Kesimpulan Cap ibu jari ialah satu contoh variasi tak selanjar .
Praktis Kendiri
Thumbprint is an example of discontinuous variation.
54
BAB
What is process P?
A Mutasi 5 Antara yang berikut, yang D Anemia sel sabit
5
Mutation manakah disebabkan oleh Sickle cell anaemia
B Mitosis mutasi gen? 8 Rajah 3 menunjukkan buah
Mitosis Which of the following is caused kelapa sawit X dibiakbakakan
C Meiosis by gene mutation? dengan buah kelapa sawit Y
Meiosis A Albinisme/Albinism untuk menghasilkan buah
D Persenyawaan B Sindrom down kelapa sawit Z.
Fertilisation Down syndrome Diagram 3 shows the oil palm
KLON SPM 2012
C Sindrom Klinefelter fruit X is bred with oil palm fruit
Klinefelter syndrome Y to produce oil palm fruit Z.
2 Pernyataan yang manakah
D Sindrom Turner
benar tentang meiosis?
Turner syndrome
Which statement is true about
KLON SPM 2006/2018 ×
meiosis?
A Dua sel anak terhasil 6 Rajah 2 menunjukkan histo-
X Y
Two daughter cells are formed gram suatu variasi.
Diagram 2 shows a histogram Kulit Sabut
B Pindah silang berlaku Mesocarp
for a variation. Skin
Crossing over takes place Isirung
C Terlibat dalam pertumbuhan Bilangan murid Kernel
Number of students
Involved in growth Tempurung Z
D Berlaku dalam sel soma Shell
55
5 10
bagi kumpulan darah. TP1
Based on the bar chart in 1(b), state the type of variation
for blood group.
Variasi tak selanjar/Discontinuous variation
[1 markah/1 mark]
5
(d) Nyatakan satu contoh lain variasi yang dinyatakan di
1(c)./State one other example of the type of variation
stated in 1(c). TP1
Jenis cuping telinga/Type of earlobe
0 Kumpulan darah
A B AB O Blood groups [1 markah/1 mark]
[2 markah/2 marks]
Bahagian C/Section C
2 Terdapat dua jenis pembahagian sel iaitu mitosis dan meiosis.
There are two types of cell division which are mitosis and meiosis.
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan mitosis? TP1
What is meant by mitosis? [2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan bahagian-bahagian manusia yang mengalami pembahagian sel. TP4/KBAT
Diagram 2 shows the parts of a human that undergo cell division.
Ginjal/Kidneys Rambut/Hair
Pembahagian sel
Cell division
Hati/Liver Tulang/Bones
Rajah 2/Diagram 2
Kaji bahagian-bahagian yang mengalami pembahagian sel seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2 dan
bina konsep mitosis.
Study the parts which undergo cell division as shown in Diagram 2 and construct a concept of mitosis.
[6 markah/6 marks]
(c) Meiosis berlaku di dalam organ pembiakan untuk menghasilkan gamet bagi pembiakan seks.
Terangkan ciri-ciri proses meiosis yang membezakannya daripada proses mitosis. TP2
Meiosis occurs in the reproductive organs to produce gametes for sexual reproduction. Explain
the characteristics of the process of meiosis that distinguish it from the process of mitosis. Praktis SPM
[4 markah/4 marks]
56
Peta Buih
Jenis sokongan pada haiwan Fungsi rangka dalam Sistem rangka manusia
Type of support in animals Functions of endoskeleton Human skeletal system
Contoh: Rangka luar, rangka Contoh: Vertebrata akuatik dan Contoh: Kranium dan
dalam dan rangka hidrostatik darat serta burung vertebra
Examples: Exoskeleton, Example: Aquatic and Example: Cranium and
endoskeleton and hydrostatic terrestrial vertebrates, and vertebrae
skeleton birds
Pergerakan dan pertumbuhan Masalah berkaitan sendi dan Sistem sokongan tumbuhan
manusia otot daratan
Movement and human Problems with joints and Support systems in
growth muscles terrestrial plants
Sistem rangka menyokong dan melindungi tubuh kita serta membolehkan kita bergerak dan bertumbuh.
Tumbuhan juga mempunyai sejenis sistem rangka iaitu gentian keras yang dapat menyokong seluruh tumbuhan.
The skeletal system supports and protects our body as well as makes it possible for us to move about and to
grow. Plants have a kind of support system, too i.e. the tough fibres that support the whole plant.
57
Pergerakan Manusia
Perge Movement of Humans
1. Sendi
Se dan otot menggerakkan bahagian tertentu 1. Joints and muscles move certain body parts.
BAB
ba
badan. 2. Hinge joints allow bones to move in one direction only.
2. Se
Sendi engsel membolehkan tulang bergerak dalam Examples: Elbow and knee joints.
6 sa
satu arah sahaja. Contoh: Sendi siku dan sendi lutut.
3. Se
Sendi lesung membolehkan tulang bergerak ke semua
3. Ball and socket joints allow the bones to move in all
directions. Example: Shoulder and hip joints.
ar
arah. Contoh: Sendi bahu dan sendi punggung. 4. Ligaments bind bones to bones as in the shoulders.
4. Lig
Ligamen mengikat tulang ke tulang seperti di bahu. Tendons bind muscles to bones as in the knees and
TTendon mengikat otot ke tulang seperti di lutut dan elbows.
siku. 5. Cartilages reduce the friction between two bones
5. Rawan mengurangkan geseran antara dua tulang during movements.
semasa pergerakan. 6. The synovial fluid fills the cavity in the joints and acts
6. Cecair sinovial mengisi ruang dalam sendi dan as a lubricant.
bertindak sebagai pelincir. 7. The lower arm is bent when the biceps muscles
7. Lengan bawah dibengkokkan apabila otot biseps contract and straightens when the triceps muscles
mengecut dan diluruskan apabila otot triseps contract. This muscle pair which works together is
mengecut. Pasangan otot yang bekerjasama ini dikenal known as antagonistic muscles.
sebagai otot antagonistik.
Nota Grafik
58
6.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Jenis sokongan pada haiwan
Type of support in animals
PBD
Kontekstual
Vertebrata/Vertebrates Invertebrata/Invertebrates
BAB
Helang/Eagle Lipas/Cockroach Cacing tanah/Earthworm
Ular/Snake Labah-labah/Spider Tapak sulaiman/Starfish
6
2 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan seekor ketam yang menukar rangka luarnya dengan rangka baharu.
aru.
The diagram below shows a crab which is changing its exoskeleton with a new one.
(a) Apakah yang berlaku kepada saiz rangka luar semasa pertumbuhan ketam (invertebrata)? TP2
What happens to the size of the exoskeleton of the crab (invertebrate) during growth?
Bertambah
Increases
(b) (i) Namakan proses penanggalan kulit tersebut (rangka luar). TP1
Name the process of shedding the skin of the exoskeleton.
Ekdisis
Ecdysis
(ii) Nyatakan dua haiwan lain yang mengalami proses di 2(b)(i). TP1
State two other animals that undergo the process in 2(b)(i).
Lipas dan kala jengking
Cockroach and scorpion
(iii) Apakah nama proses perubahan keseluruhan yang dialami oleh haiwan itu? TP1
What is the name of the entire changing process experienced by the animal?
Metamorfosis
Metamorphosis
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Peringkat telur
Egg stage
Masa (hari)
Time (days)
Video
Semasa proses X (ditunjukkan oleh anak panah) pada lengkungan itu, pertumbuhan
pesat berlaku pada haiwan. Haiwan menyedut udara untuk mengembangkan badannya
bagi memecahkan rangka luar yang lama. Rangka luar baharu akan keluar daripadanya.
Haiwan mengalami beberapa proses X sebelum menjadi dewasa.
During process X (shown by the arrows) on the curve, rapid growth occurs in animals.
Animals inhale air to expand their bodies and break the old exoskeletons. A new exoskeleton
emerges. Animals undergo a few processes of X before becoming adults.
Ekdisis/Ecdysis
6 3 R
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pergerakan suatu haiwan yang mempunyai rangka hidrostatik.
The diagram below shows the movement of an animal that has a hydrostatic skeleton.
Th
Otot membujur
Longitudinal muscle
Otot lingkar
Circular muscle
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6.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Rangka dalam haiwan
Endoskeleton of animals
PBD
Kontekstual
BAB
Explain the functions of the endoskeletons of land and aquatic vertebrates and birds.
6
(a) Berat badan vertebrata daratan disokong terutamanya oleh
Lengkungan pelvis
Pelvic girdle lengkungan pektoral (bahu) dan lengkungan pelviss
Vertebrata darat them shape and protects their soft tissues and
Terrestrial vertebrate organs of the body.
(b) ringan
Tulang berongga Burung mempunyai tulang berongga yang
Hollow bone
dan lebih kuat daripada tulang padat yang sama
panjang dan sama berat. Tulang berongga membolehkannya
Tulang padat terbang ./Birds have hollow bones that are light
Compact bone
and stronger than compact bones of the same length and
Tulang rangka dalam burung
weight. These hollow bones enable them to fly .
Bone of a bird’s endoskeleton
(c) pektoral pelvis
Lengkungan dan haiwan vertebrata
akuatik adalah sangat kecil
dan lemah . Berat badan
haiwan vertebrata akuatik disokong oleh daya apungan air .
Lengkungan pelvis
Lengkungan pektoral
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle The pectoral and pelvic girdles of the aquatic vertebrates
are very small and weak
. Their body
Ikan paus/Whale water buoyancy force .
weight is supported by the
Praktis Kendiri
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 2: Membandingkan kekuatan tulang padat dan tulang berongga (rujuk silang m.s. 165 – 166)
Compulsory Experiment 2: To compare the strength of solid and spongy bones (cross-reference pp. 165 – 166)
61
6.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kestabilan pada haiwan
The stability in animals
PBD
Kontekstual
2 Lengkapkan
L ruang untuk menerangkan bagaimana haiwan yang ditunjukkan di bawah meningkatkan
kestabilannya./Complete the spaces to explain how the animals shown below improve their stability. TP2
ke
(a) (b)
Praktis Kendiri
62
6.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Fungsi sendi dan otot
Function of joints and muscles
PBD
Kontekstual
(a) Ligamen/Ligament
• Mengikat tulang dengan (c) Cecair sinovial/Synovial fluid
tulang • Melicinkan rawan, bertindak
Binds bone to bone sebagai pelincir di dalam
sendi dan membekalkan
nutrien kepada rawan
(b) Rawan/Cartilage Lubricates the cartilage, acts
• Sebagai kusyen untuk as a lubricant in the joints
mengurangkan geseran and supplies nutrients to the
antara dua tulang semasa cartilage
pergerakan
As a cushion to reduce the
friction between two bones
during movement
Otot biseps
dan tendon
Biceps muscle
(d) Tendon/Tendon
BAB
and tendon
• Tisu penghubung yang
mengikat otot kepada tulang
Connective tissues that bind Otot trisepss
dan tendon n
6
muscle to bone cle
Triceps muscle
Praktis Kendiri and tendon
2 Pasangan otot berantagonis melibatkan satu otot mengecut manakala satu otot lagi mengendur untuk
menggerakkan lengan. Pilih jawapan yang betul./Antagonist muscles involve one muscle that contracts,
while the other relaxes to move the arm. Complete the statement below. Choose the correct answers. TP2
Tend
Tendon
Tendon
Tendo Otot triseps
eps
mengecutt
Triceps muscle
uscle Otot bis
biseps
Otot triseps
iseps Otot biseps mengecut
contracts mengen
mengendur
mengendur
ndur Biceps muscle contracts
Bicep
Biceps m
muscle
Triceps muscle
Radiu
Radius relaxes
l
relaxes Tendon
Radius
Tendon
Tendon Radius
Tendon Ulna Radius
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Otot biseps (mengecut , mengendur). Tendon Otot triseps (mengecut , mengendur). Tendon
menarik tulang (ulna , radius) ke atas. menarik tulang (ulna , radius) ke bawah.
Lengan dibengkokkan. Pada masa yang Lengan diluruskan. Pada masa yang sama,
sama, otot triseps (mengecut , mengendur). otot biseps (mengecut , mengendur).
The biceps muscle (contracts , relaxes). The triceps muscle (contracts , relaxes).
The tendon pulls the (ulna , radius) bone The tendon pulls the (ulna , radius) bone
upwards. The arm is bent. At the same time, downwards. The arm is straightened. At the
the triceps muscle (contracts , relaxes). same time, the biceps muscle (contracts ,
relaxes).
63
6.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pola pertumbuhan manusia
Human growth pattern
PBD
Kontekstual
2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) ciri-ciri yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar pertumbuhan. Berikan satu sebab.
Tick ( ✓ ) the characteristics used to measure growth rate. Give one reason. TP1
Ketinggian Fungsi badan
✓
Height Body functions
3 Kaji
K rajah lengkungan pertumbuhan manusia di bawah dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut.
St
Study the human growth curve below and answer the following questions.
Dewasa Remaja Tua Bayi Kanak-kanak
BAB
6 Ketinggian (cm)
Height (cm)
S T
R
Q
P
Umur (tahun)
0 3 13 20 65 Age (year)
64
190 Lelaki/Males
170 Perempuan/Females
150
130
BAB
The same
more rapid more rapid
(iii) 13 – 15 tahun/years
Sama
The same
Lelaki lebih pesat
Growth in males is
Perempuan lebih pesat
sat
Growth in females iss 6
more rapid more rapid
(iv) 16 – 20 tahun/years Lelaki lebih pesat Perempuan lebih pesat
sat
Sama
Growth in males is Growth in females is
The same
more rapid more rapid
(b) Pada pendapat anda, mengapakah lelaki lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan pada peringkat
dewasa (20 tahun dan ke atas)? TP2
In your opinion, why are males taller than females at the adulthood stage (20 years and above)?
Tempoh pertumbuhan lelaki adalah lebih panjang berbanding perempuan.
The period of growth in males is longer than in females.
(c) Terangkan mengapa kadar pertumbuhan perempuan lebih tinggi daripada kadar pertumbuhan
lelaki pada umur antara 13 hingga 15 tahun. TP2
Explain why the growth rate of females is higher than the growth rate of males between 13 to 15 years.
Perempuan mencapai akil baligh lebih awal daripada lelaki.
Females achieve puberty earlier than males.
Galeri Info
fo
Kecederaan otot termasuklah kekejangan otot dan koyakan pada ligamen, tendon dan otot. Warga tua sering mengalami sakit lutut yang
boleh disebabkan oleh kekurangan cecair sinovial dalam sendi dan kehausan rawan pada sendi. Pakar ortopedik ialah doktor pakar yang
merawat masalah berkaitan sistem otot rangka. Ahli kiropraktor yang bukan merupakan doktor perubatan, lebih fokus pada diagnosis dan
rawatan bagi masalah otot dan saraf terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan tulang belakang./Muscle injuries include muscle cramps and tears on
the ligaments, tendons and muscles. The elderly often experience knee pain that can be caused by the lack of synovial fluid in the joints and worn-out
cartilage in the joints. Orthopedic experts are experts in treating skeletal muscle problems. Chiropractors are not medical doctors, but are more
focused on the diagnosis and treatment for muscles and nerves problems, especially in relation to the spine.
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 3: Mendapatkan pola pertumbuhan tumbuhan (rujuk silang m.s. 167 – 168)
Compulsory Experiment 3: Obtain the growth pattern of a plant (cross-reference pp. 167 – 168)
65
6.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sistem sokongan tumbuhan darat dan akuatik
Support system of terrestrial and aquatic plants
PBD
Kontekstual
P
Pokok getah/Rubber tree Sawi/Mustard Kiambang/Water lettuce
BAB
2 Namakan struktur khas yang memberi sokongan tambahan kepada tumbuhan di bawah. TP1
Name the special structures which give additional support to the plants below.
Rotan/Rattan
66