2
• Sumber Energi Baru: sumber energi yang dapat dihasilkan dan
teknologi baru, baik yang berasal dari Sumber Energi
BIOMASSA Terbarukan maupun Sumber Energi Tak Terbarukan.
Contoh: nuklir, hidrogen, gas metana batubara (coal bed
EBET methane), batubara tercairkan (liquified coal), dan batubara
tergaskan
• Sumber Energi Terbarukan: sumber energi yang dihasilkan dari
Sumber Daya Energi yang berkelanjutan jika dikelola dengan
baik
Contoh: panas bumi, angin, bioenergi, sinar matahari, aliran dan
terjunan air, dan gerakan dan perbedaan suhu lapisan laut.
3
Pemanfaatan Biomassa sebagai Sumber Energi
MOTIVASI KENDALA-TANTANGAN
terbarukan investasi dan biaya operasi
CO2 netral tambahan
pengurangan dampak mungkin menimbulkan
lingkungan dampak lain
Plant photosynthesis
▪ Living plant
▪ Visible spectrum of solar radiation
▪ Carbon dioxide
▪ Chlorophyll (catalyst)
▪ Water
chlorophyll
Living plants + CO2 + H2O + sunlight (CHmOn) + O2 ∆H=-480 kJ/mol
(Basu, 2018)
PLANT PRODUCTS
5
>>>>> consumed by humans and animals >>>>> produces BIOMASS wastes
Contoh Potensi Biomassa beras/ nasi
Biomassa dari Padi (1)
gabah
sekam
jerami
pembakaran sembarangan
pelet
Buatlah skema biomassa
turunan hasil pertanian/perkebunan lain
6
Biomassa dari Padi (2) Data Dasar (Potensi Teoritis
a. Luas lahan sawah Indonesia
= 7.463.948 Ha (Feb 2020)
b. Produktivitas:
= 5,7 -6,1 ton/Ha
Jerami
58% Contoh
Produksi Gabah Kering Giling
Gabah Sekam Daerah juta ton
42% 20%
1 Indonesia 54,60 (2019)
Jawa Timur 10,54 (2018)
MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION of BIOMASS SUPPLY CHAIN: TOP DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP ASSESSMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL, FOREST AND WASTE FEEDSTOCK
9
TERMINOLOGI POTENSI BIOMASSA (2)
Pyrolysis
Torrefaction Solid Fuel
a. Ammonia
b. Methanol
Synthesis Gas Chemical Processes
c. DME
Gasification d. FT-fuel
Grain Drying
Heating
Asphalt Plant
• higher moisture
• higher atomic H/C and O/C ratios
• hygroscopic
b • higher biodeterioration raw biomass
i • lower calorific value
o • poor grindability
m • difficult solid flow, low bulk density
• non homegenenity, etc
a
s TORREFACTION
s • lower moisture
• lower atomic H/C and O/C ratios
• hydrophobic
u • lower biodeterioration
p • higher calorific value torrefied biomass
https://yilkins.com/project/p4s/
g • better grindability
r • higher bulk density
• higher homogeneity
a
d (Basu, 2018; Bergman et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2021;
e Sasongko, 2009; Sasongko et al., 2018; Wulandari et al., 2020) 13
KARAKTERISTIK BIOMASSA (1)
Analisis Proksimat
Volatile Matter (VM) = zat terbang saat biomassa (atau batubara) keluar atau
dilepaskan ketika biomassa tersebut dipanaskan.
Fixed Carbon (FC) adalah karbon tetap pada biomassa yang tersisa dari
proses pirolisis arang setelah terjadinya devolatilisasi.
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KARAKTERISTIK BIOMASSA (2)
Analisis Ultimat (Komposisi Elemental)
C − Carbon
Ms Mi C H O N P S A
H − Hydrogen
as recieved O − Oxygen
kesetimbangan dengan
N − Nitrogen
kelembaban udara Mi C H O N P S A P − Phospor
S − Sulfur
air-dry basis
A − Ash
hasil pengeringan
dengan oven 110 oC C H O N P S A Mi −Inherent
(oven-) dry basis Moisture
Ms −Surface
oven dry basis dan
Moisture
penyisihan nilai kadar abu C H O N P S
dry and ash free basis
Karakteristik lain:
a) Titik leleh abu (ash fusion temperature, AFT) Cangkang Sawit
b) Caking dan Free Swelling Index
c) Sifat mempan gerus (grindability)
Sekam Padi
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Batok kelapa Serbuk gergaji Pelet Kayu
Contoh Karakteristik Biomassa (2)
Nagreg Limbangan
janggel jagung
(P-12) (P-12)
Proximate Analysis (dasar basah) Dari data Janggel Jagung di samping.
1. kadar abu 1,9% 1,7% Soal-1: Nyatakan LHV dalam satuan kJ/kg.
2. Volatile Matter 73,3% 71,9% Soal-2: Nyatakan LHV (dasar kering, bebas abu) menjadi ke
3. Fixed Carbon 17,3% 17,0% LHV (as received dengan kadar air tertentu).
4. kadar air 7,4% 9,3% Soal-3: Hitunglah HHV (dasar kering, bebas abu) dari data LHV
LHV, kcal/kg – hasil pengukuran pengukuran.
4161 4088
(dasar kering dan bebas abu)
Ultimate Analysis (dasar kering, bebas abu)
1. fraksi massa atom: C 50,5% 50,6%
2. H 5,0% 4,9%
3. O 44,2% 44,3%
4. N 0,1% 0,0%
5. S 0,1% 0,1%
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Perbedaan Sifat Biomassa thd Batubara (1)
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Perbedaan Sifat Biomassa thd Batubara (2)
Lignite Batok
Batubara kelapa 3. ordinat rasio H/C
4. biomassa H/C tinggi
5. batubara H/C rendah
6. biomassa O/C tinggi
7. batubara O/C rendah
Arang
386oC
Arang 8. arang H/C dan O/C rendah
427oC
9. pirolisis menghasilkan arang
10.pirolisis memperbaiki sifat
Perbandingan atom O/C
biomassa untuk mendekati
sifat batubara 21
PYROLYSIS
% YIELD
H2O
GASES
H2O, CO, CO2
VOLATILE
CHAR
DRYING
T=100 oC
TORREFACTION
T=100 -300 oC PYROLYSIS SECONDARY
T=300–600 oC REACTION
T > 600 oC
TEMPERATURE 22
Effect of Biomass Constituents
3
400-500 oC
aromatic degrades slowly,
major contribution to char
500oC
2 275-350 oC
400oC
produce more condensable
vapour (including tar)
300oC and gases
200oC 1 150-350 oC
produce
100oC more noncondensable gas
and less tar
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Effect of Heating Rate High heating rate
Moderate final temperature (450-600 oC)
Short residence time of gases
→ increase LIQUID YIELD
Final Temperature
Slow to moderate heating rate
High final temperature (700-900 oC)
GASES Long residence time of gases
→ increase GAS PRODUCTION
LIQUID
Heating Rate
-0.02 900
20oC/min 800
-0.04
15oC/min 700
Mass, fraction to original
-0.06
600
Temperatur (oC)
10oC/min
-0.08
500
-0.10 10oC/min
15oC/min 400
-0.12
20oC/min 300
-0.14
200
-0.16 100
-0.18 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time, min
25
Characteristic of Char (Isothermal Pyrolysis)
Sludge Cake Char produced from Char produced from
Parameters
(original) pyrolysis at 500 ºC pyrolysis at 700 ºC
100%
90% 500 ºC Proximate Analysis (m.a.f basis)
80%
70%
700 ºC
Volatile matter 84.17% 55.27% 44.57%
Char yield
60%
50%
Fixed carbon 15.83% 44.73% 55.43%
40% Ultimate Analysis (m.a.f basis)
30%
20% Carbon 52.21% 68.43% 76.61%
10%
0%
Hydrogen 5.66% 1.45% 1.67%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Nitrogen 3.45% 3.92% 2.58%
Time (min)
Oxygen 37.73% 24.98% 17.49%
Sulfur 0.95% 1.22% 1.65%
Higher Heating Value, MJ/kg 17.68 19.76 21.65
Pore surface area, m2/g 2.37 59.83 69.22
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Concluding Remarks on Pyrolysis
1. Mechanism of Thermal Reactions of Biomass (including MSW):
(i) pyrolysis (preceeding by drying)
(iii) char gasification to produce combustible gases;
(iv) glowing char combustion or/and flaming gaseous combustion
2. Characteristic <products distribution> of pyrolysis depend on
(i) Final temperature
(ii) Heating rate which in turn depend on pyrolysis technique
(iii) Constituent of biomass: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin
3. MSW may have various components with specific composition of constituents
4. Reactor configuration may dictate the process in pyrolysis and gasification of biomass,
including Municiple Solid Waste.
5. Prediction of the process performance may help the design of a pyrolyser and gasifier.
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