Pyrolysis
Torrefaction Solid Fuel
a. Ammonia
b. Methanol
Synthesis Gas Chemical Processes
c. DME
Gasification d. FT-fuel
Grain Drying
Heating
Asphalt Plant
a. Pembakaran stoikiometrik (Ustoik): pasokan udara tepat guna (tanpa sisa) bereaksi dengan bahan
bakar secara stoikiometrik x
m ud, t = 11,52 x C + 34,26 x H − O + 4,32 x S
8
U nyata − U stoi
b. Pembakaran udara berlebih Ux = .100%
U stoi
33
PYROLYSIS
% YIELD
H2O
GASES
H2O, CO, CO2
VOLATILE
CHAR
DRYING
T=100 oC
TORREFACTION
T=100 -300 oC PYROLYSIS SECONDARY
T=300–600 oC REACTION
T > 600 oC
TEMPERATURE 4
PEMBAKARAN BIOMASSA PADA UNGGUN DIAM
Pyrolysis and Gasification of Biomass
Tahapan Pembakaran
Biomassa/ Batubara:
1. Pengeringan
2. Pirolisis
3. Gasifikasi
4. Bara
5. Lidah api
5
PEMBAKARAN BIOMASSA pada Moving Grate
Pyrolysis and Gasification of Biomass
drying biomass
biomass pyrolysis
flaming combustion
of volatile matters
and gases
gasification
char
glowing combustion
of char
7
Pembakaran Biomassa dalam Fluid Bed Furnace
flaming combustion of
volatile matter and gases
drying
pyrolysis to produce char
and volatile matters
flaming combustion of gases
gasification of char
glowing combustion of
char
8
Info terkini - pengguna boiler berbahan bakar biomassa
1. PT. Sari Husada - Klaten - pabrik susu SGM - sekam padi 13.000 ton/tahun - 40.000 ton steam/tahun
2. PT. Nestle Indonesia - Karawang - pabrik susu Nestle - sekam padi 8.880 ton/tahun - boiler 10 ton/jam
3. PT. Perfetti Van Melle - Cibinong - Bogor - pabrik permen Mentos - sekam padi - boiler 10 ton/jam
4. PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia - Cikarang - pabrik susu bendera - sekam padi pellet - boiler 20 ton/jam
5. PT Greenfield Indonesia - Malang, pabrik susu greenfield - cangkang kemiri – boiler 10 ton/jam
9
Steam Power Plant – diagram alir
Flue gasses
Air Air
Preheater
BIOMASS Feed Feed
Storage Handling
Plant Flue gases
Feed water 3-phase supply
Economiser
Ash
Ash
Handling Boiler Superheater Turbine Generator
Storage
Plant Steam
High Pressure Heater
Exhaust
Condensate steam
Boiler Feed Extraction Pump
Pump
Condenser
Low Pressure
Heater
Circulation
Water Pump
Cooling Tower
10
Steam Power Plant - Neraca Massa dan Energi
(Cangkang Sawit)
Air teruapkan
P = 1 bar
T = 30 oC
Cangkang Sawit F = 0,84 t/h
P = 1 bar Drying
T = 30 oC Biomassa
F = 7,6 t/h Udara
P = 1 bar
T = 30 oC
P = 1 bar
F = 6,76 t/h
BFW T = 30 oC
Makeup P = 80 bar F = 38,97 t/h
P = 80 bar T = 46,7 oC
T = 46,7 oC F = 28,05 t/h Steam
F = 2,55 t/h Boiler
P = 80 bar
Blowdown Gas Cerobong T = 400 oC
P = 80 bar P = 1 bar F = 25,5 t/h
Kondensat T = 400 oC T = 400 oC
LISTRIK
P = 80 bar F = 2,55 t/h 5972 kW
F = 45,73 t/h
T = 46,7 oC
Turbin Generator
F = 25,5 t/h
Pompa Kondensat Steam bekas
P = 0,1 bar P = 0,1 bar
T = 45,8 oC T = 45,8 oC
F = 25,5 t/h Kondensor F = 25,5 t/h 11
Steam Power Plant - Neraca Massa dan Energi
(Kayu Kaliandra)
Gas Produser
Kalori Rendah
pembakaran
(4.500 kJ/Nm3) • Tungku gerabah/ keramik
tanpa
Udara • Pengering hasil pertanian
pembersihan
Proses
Gasifikasi
O2 + Uap
Gas • Bahan kimia: metanol, amonia
Pemurnian
Kalori Menengah Synthesis Gas • Bbakar cair
dan Upgrading
(12.000 kJ/Nm3) • SNG (CH4 buatan)
28,1% CO
• Tungku Api
43,3% H2 Bahan Bakar
9,2% CO2 Gas
• Turbin Gas
4,7% CH4
13
Panas Pembakaran Gas Alam = 38.500 kJ/Nm3
Terminologi Proses Gasifikasi
𝐺 ∙ σ 𝑦𝑖 ∙ 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑖
Perbandingan nilai kalor gas hasil gasifikasi dan nilai bakar bahan bakar 𝜂𝑔 =
𝑚𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑏𝑏
𝑈𝑔
Perbandingan laju alir udara gasifikasi dan laju alir udara pembakaran stoisiometri 𝐸𝑅 =
𝑈𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖
14
14
Reaksi Utama Gasifikasi
Boudouard : C + CO2 ⇌ 2 CO
Empat Reaksi Utama
yang bersifat: Heterogenous water gas: C + H2O ⇌ CO + H2
a. Reaksi
Kesetimbangan Homogenous water gas: CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2
Q
b. Reaksi Q
Q Methanation: C + 2 H2 ⇌ CH4
Endotermik Q
Biomassa
Biomassa
Pengeringan Uap air
Biomassa basah → Biomassa kering + H2O
100 - 250 oC
Biomasa kering Pengeringan
Panas
Pirolisis Pirolisis
Bahan biomassa → arang + gas terbakar + gas tidak udara udara
volatile terbakar + tar + H2O + minyak
Oksidasi
matter 250 – 500 oC Gasifikasi
Gas
Oksidasi C (arang)
C + O2→ CO2 + panas Contoh komposisi gas Abu
Temp. s/d 1200 oC
Udara (dry basis, fraksi mol)
panas Reduksi CO 15%-22%
C + CO2→ 2CO
C + H2O → CO + H2 H2 8%-12%
C + 2H2 → CH4 CO2 5%-8%
800 – 1000 oC
CH4 < 1%
Kondensat, tar, abu N2 50%-55%
16
Teknik Gasifikasi (2)
Tahapan proses gasifikasi pada updraft gasifier
Biomassa Biomassa
Pengeringan
Gas hasil:
Biomassa basah → Biomassa kering + H2O
H2, CO, CH4,
100 – 250 oC Gas
CO2, N2 ;
volatile Biomasa kering H2O dan tar
matter Pengeringan
Pirolisis
Bahan biomassa → arang + gas terbakar + Pirolisis
gas tidak terbakar + tar + H2O + minyak
Gasifikasi
Panas 250 – 500 oC
Oksidasi
Reduksi
Uap air Steam/
C + CO2→ 2CO C (arang) udara Grate
C + H2O → CO + H2
C + 2H2 → CH4 Abu
Pirolisis
Bahan biomassa → arang + gas terbakar + gas tidak
Biomassa
terbakar + tar + H2O + minyak
250 - 500oC Udara /steam
Plenum
Reduksi Gas
C + CO2→ 2CO
C + H2O → CO + H2 Siklon
C + 2H2 → CH4 Siklon Sekunder
800 - 1000oC Primer
Gasifier
Fly ash
Biomassa Oksidasi
C + O2→ CO2 + panas Biomassa
Temp. s/d 1200oC
Abu
Udara/steam Kondensat, tar, abu 18
Teknik Gasifikasi (4)
Kapasitas Satu Unit Gasifikasi dan Contoh Komposisi Gas
Composition of product
depend on: Fluidized bed
1. type of gasifier
Updraft fixed bed Entrained flow
a. fixed bed Downdraft fixed bed
b. fluidized bed
c. entrained flow 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1000 MW
2. gasifying agent
thermal input
a. air
b. oxygen
Downdraft Updraft Bubbling Circulating Dual
c. oxygen and steam
No. fixed bed fixed bed Fluid’ed Bed Fluid’ed Bed Fluid’ed Bed
3. composition of feedstock 1. Gasifying Agent Air Air Steam O2 and Steam Steam
a. coal 2. Outlet Temperature 800-1050 C o 500-700 C o 790-815 oC 900-950 Co 850 oC
b. biomass 3. Pressure atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric 10-25 bar atmospheric
c. MSW 4. Moisture in biomass ≤ 25% ≤ 60% 40% 5-60% 10-25%
5. gas composition (mol-fraction)
H2 8-12% 1.6-3% 48.30% 30.10% 45.10%
CO 15-22% 13-21% 9.20% 33.10% 21.00%
CO2 5-8% 11-25% 28.10% 30.60% 11.80%
CH4 1-3% 0.4-6% 4.70% 5.70% 11.08%
C2+ 9.00% 6.01%
N2 60-70% 60-64% 0.40% 4.00%
6. mol ratio of H2/CO 0.53-0.55 0.12-0.14 4.7 0.91 2.15
7. tar in gas 0.015-3 g/Nm3 30-150 g/Nm3 Very low 770 ppm 40 g/Nm3 19
Contoh Kasus Updraft Gasifier (1)
Unit Gasifikasi Cangkang Sawit di Asphalt Mixing Plant
22
Contoh Kasus Updraft Gasifier (2-3)
Diagram Proses Waste to Energy lewat Gasifikasi
Turbin Uap
Gas Cleaning dan Generator
Gas Cleaning
Updraft Boiler
Gasifier
23
Contoh Kasus Downdraft Gasifier (3-1)
PLTSa Putri Cempo, Solo
Diagram Proses Waste to Energy lewat Gasifikasi
• The power plant in
Solo is designed to
process MSW with a
capacity of about 450
ton/day to produced
10 MW-electricity.
• The power plant
consists of 8
gasifiers and 20
gas engines
expected to
consume all
incoming fresh
MSW and to
reduce part by part
the old MSW in the
landfill.
24
Contoh Kasus Downdraft Gasifier (3-2)
Biodrying
27
Contoh Kasus Downdraft Gasifier (5-1)
Gasifikasi Pelepah Sawituntuk Listrik Desa
Riau (2010-2011)
diesel dual fuel; produksi listrik 100 kW
130 trees/ha
2 stems/(tree-month)
31
Contoh Kasus Pemanfaatan Cangkang Sawit (7-2)
Pabrik Keramik di Cikarang, Analisis Kelayakan
Technical
Thermal efficiency
Environmental
GHG emission, ton CO2-eq/year
IRR
Criteria Performance Index NPV, USD mio
Aspect Alternative
Fuel
Technical Environmental Economic
96.9 100.0 100.0
score
98.8
Rank
1
Economic
PKS
Coal 78.9 59.5 47.5 62.4 2
Natural gas 100.0 85.7 9.6 62.2 3
Weight* 38% 24% 38% 32
Contoh Kasus Pemanfaatan Cangkang Sawit (7-3)
Pabrik Keramik di Cikarang, Analisis Rantai-Pasok
Permasalahan
Type Sources
• panen TBS turun (musim)
Jumlah • beberapa pabrik CPO perawatan
• eksport keluar negeri
• kenaikan harga PKS karena
Harga ketersediaan rendah
• mengikuti harga ekspor
Pasokan •• ketersediaan
kesulitan
PKS di gudang
transportasi
terlambat • cuaca (transportasi laut)
kualitas • musim penghujan
33
Dimetil Eter dari Biomassa Sawit
Herdadi, ST, MT dan Prof. Herri Susanto, Magister Teknik Kimia, FTI-ITB, 2018
Potensi
Potensi TKKS
Rokan Hulu
Produksi
No Kabupaten Tercakup
Area Pengumpulan TKKS
DME
Siak Ton/tahun (MC 9%) (ton/hari)
1. Kampar 851.745 605
2. Rokan Hulu 259.459 184
3. Siak 405.081 288
Pelalawan 4. Bengkalis 191.923 136
5. Rokan Hilir 59.028 42
100 km
6. Dumai 3.870 3
Kampar x Total 1.771.108 1.259
Indragiri Hilir
Kuantan Singingi
Potensi TKKS optimum pada radius pengumpulan
100 km di Riau didapatkan apabila pusat
Indragiri Hulu
pengumpulan berada di Kampar.
Sistem Utilitas
No Unit Proses Teknologi Pilihan Alasan Utama Pemilihan
1. Gasifikasi Single Fluidized Bed • Skala single train dapat menjangkau kebutuhan.
• Komposisi [H2]:[CO] ≈ 1
2. Penyisihan tar Penyisihan berkatalis • Tidak menghasilkan air limbah.
pada temperatur tinggi • Menguraikan CH4 menjadi CO dan H2 dengan reaksi reforming
3. Penyisihan CO2 Rectisol • Menggunakan pelarut metanol yang juga dihasilkan proses.
TKKS: 4480 tph Proses Produksi Bio-DME dari TKKS DME: 1092 tph
1. Teknik gasifikasi: single fluidized bed
N2: 5160 tph
2. Metode penyediaan O2: kriogenik (ASU)
Ar : 96 tph
Udara: 18960 tph 3. Metode penyingkiran CO2: absorpsi fisik (Rectisol)
4. Metode penyingkiran tar: penyingkiran berkatalis Air Limbah : 328 tph
5. Metode sintesis DME: sintesis langsung Gas Buang : 16471 tph
Air: 8239 tph 6. Metode pemurnian produk: distilasi Uap air pendingin: 8400 tph
7. Metode pembangkitan listrik dan panas: kogenerasi Abu: 134 tph
AIR- WGS-REACTOR
GAS- H2 PURIFICATION
GASIFICATIO increase H2
CLEANING using PSA
N content
Coal
Grey Hydrogen Blue Hydrogen Green Hydrogen Gasification H2
Source 1. Methane (CH4) 1. Methane (CH4) Renewable Electricity
2. Coal 2. Coal ▪ Solar PV
3. Biomass ?? ▪ Battery Biomass
Process 1. Steam Methane Steam Methane Reforming Water Electrolysis Gasification H2
Reforming (SMR) Gasification with Carbon
2. Gasification Capture and Storage (CCS)
CCS 39
Hydrogen
PRODUCTION - Mass
of HYDROGEN and
from BIOMASS Heat Balance
Overall Mass Balance
Steve Kosasih, B. Sc
• Biomass Gasification Power Plant;
• Biochar and Energy crops Research
41
Commercial operation – Tanjung Batu, Indonesia Peako
800℃
43
PT. Prima Gasifikasi Indonesia
44
Introduction
PT. Prima Gasifikasi Indonesia
Biochar
1 MW
electricity 4 tons/day
char 45
PT. Prima Gasifikasi Indonesia
46
47