Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi JTMGB

ISSN 0216-6410 Volume 4 Nomor 1 April 2013

Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi adalah majalah ilmiah diterbitkan setiap kwartal yang menyajikan
hasil penelitian dan kajian para professional yang tergabung dalam Ikatan Ahli Teknik Perminyakan Indonesia
(IATMI) dan sebagai media komunikasi anggota IATMI pada khususnya dan mensosialisasikan dunia industri
minyak dan gas bumi kepada masyarakat luas pada umumnya.

KEPUTUSAN KETUA UMUM IATMI PUSAT

NO: 003/SK/IATMI/II/2013
Penanggung Jawab : Ir. Bambang Ismanto
Pemimpin Redaksi : Dr. Ir. Ratnayu Sitaresmi
Redaktur Pelaksana : Dr. Ir. Usman, M.Eng.
Peer Review : Prof. Dr. Ir. Septoratno Siregar (Enhanced Oil Recovery)
Prof. Dr. Ir. Pudjo Sukarno (Integrated Production System)
Prof. Dr. Ir. Doddy Abdassah (Teknik Reservoar)
Dr. Ir. RS Trijana Kartoatmodjo (Teknik Produksi)
Dr. Ir. Arsegianto (Ekonomi dan Regulasi Migas)
Dr. Ir. Bambang Widarsono (Penilaian Formasi)
Dr. Ir. Sudjati Rachmat (Well Stimulation and Hydraulic Fracturing)
Dr. Ir. Sudarmoyo (Penilaian Formasi)
Dr. Ir. Aris Buntoro (Teknik Pemboran)

Senior Editor : Ir. Andry Halim

!

"
Ir. Junita Musu, M.Sc.
Ir. Boni Swadesi
"
#$

Sekretaris : Ir. Bambang Pudjianto (IATMI)

%&  $"  Alief S. Syaifulloh, S.Kom. (Sekretariat IATMI)
Sirkulasi : Abdul Manan, A.Md. (Sekretariat IATMI)


   
Jln. Jendral Gatot Subroto Kav. 32-34
Jakarta 12950 – Indonesia. Tel/Fax: +62-21-5203057
website: http://www.iatmi.or.id email: pusat@iatmi.or.id

Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi (ISSN 0216-6410)

diterbitkan oleh Ikatan Ahli Teknik Perminyakan Indonesia, Jakarta
didukung oleh Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan ITB
Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi JTMGB

ISSN 0216-6410 Volume 4 Nomor 1 April 2013

DAFTAR ISI

%''
'    '
/'#2

 ' 
0/ &    
Dita Amanda, Taufan Marhaendrajana .............................................................................. 1 - 12

  

!" 
Fracturing Gas Rate
Sudjati Rachmat, Ahmad Hadad ..................................................................................... 13 - 23

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 & ! '

& 
  


Amega Yasutra, Tutuka Ariadji, Zuher Syihab, Pudjo Sukarno ...................................... 25 - 33

 
     
Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu .................................................... 35 - 47

*+ 
,   -    
! 

  ,-. $   
Agam Munawar, Donny Hendromurti, Rina Dewi P ......................................................... 49 - 56
 KATA PENGANTAR

Para pembaca JTMGB yang budiman, pada kesempatan ini atas nama segenap Pengurus IATMI
periode 2012-2014 mengucapkan Selamat Tahun Baru 2013, dengan doa dan harapan semoga di tahun
2013 kita semua diberikan kesehatan, kebahagiaan dan rizki yang barokah.

Melalui media ini, dengan senang hati kami bisa kembali menjumpai para pembaca dengan
aneka materi bacaan ilmiah yang tersaji dalam JTMGB Edisi April 2013 ini.

Pada JTMGB edisi April 2013 ini, kita juga ingin membahas persoalan-persoalan sederhana
 '      '   $" " !
' ! "% " '
 *  "  %"$  "%"$
bidang reservoar dan produksi yaitu: Studi Teknik Peningkatan Perolehan Minyak dengan Metode
"8  ; "$$""<8 = 
"#    *> 
 
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secara Kontinyu Terintegrasi Sistem & !  "  "$ ="$" '"$"  $>
 
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Dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas majalah JTMGB, kami telah mempersiapkan pengajuan

 ?CL Q  
"$"' "%"$= "$8"
 !";X[
akan dimulai bulan Maret 2013.

Selamat menikmati bacaan edisi kali ini.

(Bambang Ismanto)
 Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi
ISSN 0216-6410 Date of issue: 2013-04-28
The descriptors given are free terms. This abstract sheet may be reproduced without permission or charge.

Dita Amanda (Institut Teknologi Bandung) Sudjati Rachmat (Institut Teknologi Bandung)
Taufan Marhaendrajana (Institut Teknologi Bandung) !
€

‚"
"  ƒ
Studi Teknik Peningkatan Perolehan Minyak 
  
  
dengan Metode Injeksi CO2 Menggunakan Uji Methods for Prediction of Post-Hydraulic
Laboratorium dan Simulasi Reservoar Fracturing Gas Rate
5%1. April 2013, Vol. 4 No. 1, p 1-12 5%1. April 2013, Vol. 4 No. 1, p 13 - 23

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan studi  €%

  "$ ' „ * %>! 
' ! "  !
' "8  $ 2 untuk work looping could be started from planning, design,
meningkatkan perolehan minyak dengan menggunakan operation, post job treatment, and then evaluation.
uji laboratorium dan simulasi reservoar, sehingga This complexity provides several approaches for
dapat membantu proses pengambilan keputusan dan the performance evaluation. In this research, the
* ' "$$"" "8  2. Uji laboratorium    "  $ "   !
  ''
  "  
dilakukan untuk menentukan tekanan tercampu the approaches. Some parameters initially selected,
minimum (TTM), melakukan investigasi perilaku they are reservoir thickness, water saturation, reservoir
fluida pendesak dan pengaruhnya terhadap faktor porosity, reservoir permeability, pressure gradient,
perolehan, serta mengamati pengaruh keberadaan & skin factor, productivity index, critical rate factor,
di dalam core. Simulasi dilakukan dalam dua tahap cement bonding quality, gel volume, and proppant
%"   ]
  *
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#  ]
  *= 8"" 
" parameters. The output parameter is the percentage
' =!"  " ]


   *
" of incremental gas rate. The parameter database: rock
simulasi reservoar dilakukan untuk memetakan hasil  !" Q]
!  %Q! '  "'  
uji laboratorium pada skala lapangan. Hasil yang are not included in this research. The initial process is to
didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah pengamatan have all data comparable using nodal analysis. Then
komprehensif mengenai proses pendesakan minyak  *    "  $ " ƒ !
   ‡
>
 !$2 (swelling, pengurangan viskositas minyak, neural network-back propagation (NNBP), adaptive
TTM, dan perbandingan metode uji laboratorium), "  ‡‡% "  "  %  ˆ#ƒQ "
 


perolehan minyak dalam skala laboratorium dan skala fuzzy mathematical method. The following processes
lapangan, serta perbandingan perolehan minyak skala are performed for the methods, they are Pattern
lapangan dalam berbagai skenario injeksi. TTM yang Recognition, Identifying Performance Drivers, and
didapat dari uji laboratorium dan simulasi fluida Performance Prediction. There are at least four
reservoar adalah 2225 psi. Faktor perolehan minyak conclusions can be deducted: (1) Both NNBP and
dari uji 6+ bernilai 6% lebih rendah daripada ANFIS are able to recognize the pattern of hydraulic
hasil uji & akibat pengaruh heterogenitas pada fracturing performance. Furthermore, by reducing the
core& "
 "%Q 2 cenderung training data and adding testing data, ANFIS is better
berinteraksi dan mengalirkan & terlebih dahulu than NNBP. (2) The performance drivers from both
untuk kemudian mendapatkan kontak dengan minyak methods are Proppant Mass, Water Saturation, Skin
residual dalam pori dan mengalirkan minyak ke titik Factor, and Porosity. It is also supported by linear
produksi. Pendesakan tersier di laboratorium regression method. (3) The fuzzy mathematical concept
 "$! "  "  = _`Qq{|}~ moderately exhibits the hydraulic fracturing
 #  ]
  * ""8"' """ performance. (4) ANFIS method was capable to model
*   "% = "8  2 yang tergantung the hydraulic fracturing performance by using only
'
 ""
" 2 yang ditambahkan. four of the most influential parameters. The final
Sementara fenomena swelling dan peningkatan network result from ANFIS was utilized into simple
 ""  *  ' $" " =$  application for gas rate prediction after fracturing job.
 = ' "=!" $ 2 pada hidrokarbon.  
 "$* %
>8=' 

Pengembangan skenario pada simulasi reservoar in December 2011. It produced excellent match with
 "$! "  "  ' "
"  =  `_{~ the actual data.
 # "  C  "$! " '  !" %"$
lebih tinggi dari 7 + 6   " ' Key words!%
  "$' " Q  
' "%'"2 dapat diperbaiki dengan skenario neural network, backpropagation, fuzzy mathematical,
simultaneous water alternating gas (SWAG) atau adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system.
diberikan tambahan propana.

Kata kunci: #2-6+-&-.#-1

Amega Yasutra (Institut Teknologi Bandung) L="$‹
"CLŒC#Žƒ
Tutuka Ariadji (Institut Teknologi Bandung) ‘ !CLŒC#Žƒ
Zuher Syihab (Institut Teknologi Bandung) ?"  * "%CLŒC#Žƒ
Pudjo Sukarno (Institut Teknologi Bandung)  
    
Metoda Optimasi secara Kontinyu Terintegrasi Sumatera Coal Bed Methane Reservoirs
Sistem Subsurface-Surface untuk Pengembangan 5%1. April 2013, Vol. 4 No. 1, p 35 - 47
Lapangan Migas
5%1. April 2013, Vol. 4 No. 1, p 26 - 34

Metoda dan strategi perencanaan pengembangan  =

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lapangan migas mengalami perkembangan yang sangat 
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pesat akhir-akhir ini. Pada awalnya, perencanaan commonly obtained from log analysis-are direct input
pengembangan lapangan hanya didasarkan pada sisi 
"$
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teknik reservoar saja. Perencanaan pengembangan However, recent studies on some coal samples taken
yang baik membutuhkan masukan dari berbagai sektor =" 
L'
'8 !* !"
dari industri migas, sehingga integrasi aspek-aspek that the commonly used log analysis equations are
geologiQ $ 
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 '

 simply inapplicable for the field’s coal samples.
permukaan mulai terbentuk. Namun, integrasi masih 
"  "
$
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  "$"


dilakukan secara sekuensial, belum secara utuh di
antara aspek-aspek yang terkait tersebut. Fakta
memperlihatkan bahwa studi lapangan terintegrasi saat
ini umumnya hanya dilakukan sebagai bagian dari
proses sekuensial, belum terintegrasi secara kontinyu.
when compared to laboratory results. After a series
of re-evaluations and re-measurements on the laboratory
results it was convinced that the problem does not
lie with the laboratory results but with these
‘conventional’ equations. Therefore modification
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan  ' ""
=   ‰
"'
"
metoda optimasi sehingga dapat diterapkan pada between measured data (coal samples taken from two
pengembangan lapangan migas melalui pemodelan  
"!  
ƒ"


!!
yang terpadu. Metoda ini memungkinkan variabel only equation for ash contents gives accurate results.
yang terkait dengan semua aspek sistem produksi The other proximate analysis output data - 4.
lapangan dapat terwakili yang belum pernah dilakukan 
 " "Q*
  Q"
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pada penelitian sebelumnya. Pemodelan dalam at considerable odd with their corresponding calculated
penelitian ini akan melibatkan semua parameter yang



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terkait dengan reservoar dan sistem sumur produksi,
 ! " 

  !  
"$ 


" "
sehingga model tersebut diharapkan dapat the equations have produced analogous but different
merepresentasikan sedekat mungkin keadaan nyata di empirical equations to the original equations. These
lapangan. Dengan menggunakan model tersebut, ‰
" 
"%  
=%!  
Š
parameter-parameter optimasi yang paling berpengaruh coals, and these better results underline that future log

'

"  
"$" 
! %"$  
" "%  "!  
!*  ! 

 ‰ "
digunakan sebagai dasar pertimbangan untuk memilih
metoda optimasi yang sesuai. Kemudian hasil akhir Key words LQ $ "%  
Q '„  
tersebut dapat diaplikasikan untuk keperluan optimasi "% Q

 "
posisi sumur dan jadwal pembukaan sumur produksi
dengan mempertimbangkan faktor teknis. Penelitian
akan menghasilkan sebuah metoda optimasi
pengembangan lapangan yang lebih baik sehingga
'  !"
"  " '
 
'
 "$"
Te l a h d i h a s i l k a n o p t i m a si l a p a n g a n d e nga n
menggunakan metoda 1 
 yang di
gabungkan dengan .7  *
 dan Proxy
Function memungkinkan untuk mendapatkan hasil
yang lebih cepat menuju kondisi optimum dibanding
dengan hanya menggunakan 1
4

Kata kunci: optimasi produksi,

 
-
7 
- 
Agam Munawar (‚"
"  ƒ High uncertainties in the early stages of the exploration
Donny Hendromurti (‚"
"  ƒ '!  
‚L*  ‡    "



Rina Dewi P. (‚"
" 
ƒ some redundancy. This approach was successful in
Dewatering Facilities for CBM Resources * 
"$ !
$! '

" *
=

%  L
Appraisal, Lesson Learn from Sanga-Sanga wells and keeping the dewatering process running
Coalbed Methane Field, East Kalimantan
!* = "
5%1. April 2013, Vol. 4 No. 1, p 49 - 56
!% "Q! " 
collected, it will be easier to size and standardize
equipment properly. In other words, the design
'!
'!%* ] „
=

% 
"%! 
 ! ''
=
 !" Lƒ! purpose of this paper is to discuss major parameters
m a n y u n i q u e a c t i v i t i e s w h e n c o m p a re d w i t h required to be taken into account in the design of
"* "
" 
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"$


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!!‚*  
p r o d u c t i o n us u a l l y c o m e s a ft e r a n e x t ende d operational problems during the initial dewatering
dewatering process. This dewatering process can take period in the Sanga-Sanga Field, East Kalimantan,
 
%'"%%  QL Indonesia.
appraisal project will require surface facilities to
manage water and gas production. From October 2010 Key words: dewatering, surface facilities, metering,
&  = ;X;Q‚L
"
"
' 
 '

"QL
nine dewatering facilities in the Sanga-Sanga Field.
 Studi Teknik Peningkatan Perolehan Minyak dengan Metode Injeksi CO2
Menggunakan Uji Laboratorium dan Simulasi Reservoar

EOR Study by CO2 Injection using Laboratory

Experiment and Reservoir Simulation
Dita Amanda, Taufan Marhaendrajana
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Telp.: +62816615621, Email: tmarhaendrajana@tm.itb.ac.id
Email: dita.amanda@gmail.com

Abstrak

  "   " " = 8"" "

' ! "  !
' "8  $2 untuk meningkatkan
perolehan minyak dengan menggunakan uji laboratorium dan simulasi reservoar, sehingga dapat membantu
' ' "$= " '"
" * ' "$$"" "8  2. Uji laboratorium dilakukan untuk menentukan
 "" ' " ƒQ " "*  $ '  ]
' "

"' "$!"% !
'
faktor perolehan, serta mengamati pengaruh keberadaan & di dalam core. Simulasi dilakukan dalam

!'%"   ]

  *
"    *#  ]
  *= 8""
 
"' =!" "]


  *
"    *
""  "
hasil uji laboratorium pada skala lapangan. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah pengamatan komprehensif
 "$ " ' ' "
" "% !$2 (swelling, pengurangan viskositas minyak, TTM, dan
perbandingan metode uji laboratorium), perolehan minyak dalam skala laboratorium dan skala lapangan, serta
perbandingan perolehan minyak skala lapangan dalam berbagai skenario injeksi. TTM yang didapat

 8 = 

"  ]
  *
!;;;`' '  !" "%
 8 core
+ bernilai 6% lebih rendah daripada hasil uji & akibat pengaruh heterogenitas pada core. Dalam
 "
 "%Q2 cenderung berinteraksi dan mengalirkan brine terlebih dahulu untuk kemudian mendapatkan
kontak dengan minyak residual dalam pori dan mengalirkan minyak ke titik produksi. Pendesakan tersier di
=  "$! "  "  = _`Qq{|}~#  ]
  * ""8"' """
*   "% = "8  2%"$ $""$'
 ""
" 2 yang ditambahkan.
Sementara fenomena swelling
" ' " "$"  ""   *    '  $" "  =$   =
' "=!" $ 2 pada hidrokarbon. Pengembangan skenario pada simulasi reservoar menghasilkan
 "  ' "
"  =  `_{~  # "  C  "$! " '  !" %"$  = !  "$$ 
 
7+ 6  "'' "%'"2 dapat diperbaiki dengan skenario simultaneous water
alternating gas (SWAG) atau diberikan tambahan propana.
‘" 2, 6+, &QQC

Abstract

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1
2 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 1-12

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I. Pendahuluan

Metode peningkatan perolehan minyak laboratorium ke dalam skala lapangan perlu

(Enhanced Oil Recovery) maupun gas dengan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran interaksi
menggunakan injeksi gas telah menjadi salah satu ="{]
  !
' ' " "$" '  !"
praktek umum di dunia sejak tahun 1970-an. Salah  "%
"'   '  "8  $2
satu gas yang sering digunakan untuk meningkatkan ke depannya.
'  !"
!$2"8  2 merupakan
metode peningkatan perolehan minyak kedua II. Metode
yang paling banyak dipergunakan di Amerika
Serikat setelah  6 karena efek peningkatan Data untuk melakukan analisis didapatkan
'  !"%"$ $" " dengan melakukan uji laboratorium dan simulasi.
 "8   C 2 dapat dilakukan pada dua
kondisi yakni tercampur dan tidak tercampur. II.1. Uji Laboratorium
Pada kondisi injeksi di atas tekanan tercampur
akan didapat harga perolehan minyak yang Uji yang dilakukan di laboratorium dan metode
' Q   " 8  $ 2 diinjeksikan yang digunakan untuk mendapatkannya adalah
pada kondisi di bawah tekanan tercampur maka sebagai berikut.
akan menyebabkan & atau keadaan
tidak tercampur. Pada kondisi tidak tercampur 1. Data Fisik Fluida
harga perolehan minyak yang didapat akan lebih
rendah dibandingkan kondisi tercampur. Minyak yang dipergunakan pada semua
Sebelum metode peningkatan perolehan eksperimen adalah minyak mentah permukaan
minyak diterapkan maka harus dilakukan kajian (dead oil) tanpa saturasi air terlarut mula-mula.
yang mendalam untuk mengetahui apakah Data API dan viskositas minyak mentah
"8  2 laik digunakan. Kajian yang harus didapatkan dari data penelitian terdahulu.
dilakukan mencakup studi laboratorium untuk Sementara data densitas didapatkan dari
menentukan tekanan tercampur minimum dan pengukuran menggunakan dan data
 "$ !  "  "2 dan minyak, komposisi minyak didapatkan dari laboratorium
serta simulasi reservoar untuk memprediksi   $ #  " $ 2 yang digunakan
perolehan minyak yang didapat dari hasil 
!$2 murni (99,9%)
injeksi. Di Indonesia, kebanyakan studi yang
= '   ]

dilakukan adalah studi simulasi pada tekanan
tidak tercampur sebagai pendesakan sekunder.
#
  "$ "  "8   2 sebagai metode
pendesakan tersier dalam keadaan tercampur,
studi efek saturasi air yang tinggi di reservoar
 !
' ' "  2, serta analisis hasil
 #
 "  " "$"  !" "%
"$" 
"8  2 "$$""<8 = 
"#    * 3
(Dita Amanda, Taufan Marhaendrajana)

Tabel 2. Perhitungan TTM menggunakan korelasi

Dari kedua korelasi tersebut didapatkan perkiraan

tekanan tercampur minimum sehingga dapat
ditentukan titik-titik lainnya untuk mensimulasikan
keadaaan tidak tercampur dan tercampur.

3. Penentuan Tekanan Tercampur Minimum

Gambar 1. Komposisi minyak uji
(TTM)

Eksperimen dilakukan dengan menggunakan

2. Karakterisasi Core peralatan & dan 6+ yang dimiliki
=
 

  "
  
"%"
Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan ITB. Kedua peralatan bekerja pada temperatur
dua alat bantu yaitu & dan core. Tidak reservoar (158oƒ
"%"!
"$2
seperti slim tube dimana nilai porositas dan
permeabilitas telah tersedia, core memerlukan
prosedur khusus untuk menentukan kedua nilai
tersebut.
Nilai volume pori (PV) core dapat diaprok-
simasi dengan mencatat posisi awal dan akhir
dipompakan dengan pompa Ruska pada laju
injeksi tertentu hingga mencapai tekanan operasi
kemudian dikunci. Hasil perolehan ditempatkan
pada tabung yang memiliki skala.
Percobaan dan pengamatan dilakukan pada
tiga titik tekanan yang berbeda, percobaan pertama
pompa selama menginjeksikan & ke dalam

"


 !

" ]

 ' "

core hingga mencapai tekanan operasi. 2ƒ 

  '
"$" ]

 "!
Volume pori merupakan volume tercatat dikurangi minyak di dalam & dan 6+.
dengan volume pada pipa-pipa evakuasi (dead Percobaan kedua dilakukan pada daerah sekitar
volume). Porositas dihitung dengan menggunakan daerah tercampur dan percobaan ketiga dilakukan
nilai  yang telah didapatkan pada daerah di atas titik tercampur.
sebelumnya. Persamaan porositas yang digunakan Pada setiap percobaan dilakukan pengamatan
adalah sebagai berikut: jumlah minyak dan gas yang terproduksi sebagai
PV 
= ' "
" $ 2. Hasil perolehan
I (1)
K
Permeabilitas dihitung dengan menggunakan
hukum Darcy.
Untuk merencanakan tekanan percobaan
yang akan digunakan, terlebih dahulu dilakukan
perhitungan dengan menggunakan korelasi dari
Yellig Metcalfe dan persamaan PRI (Petroleum
Research Institute), kedua korelasi ini diambil
karena penitikberatan pada temperatur dan
dari kedua metode kemudian diperbandingkan
untuk mendapatkan nilai MMP dan melihat
perbedaan hasil antara kedua metode uji.
4. Uji Penyapuan Tersier
Eksperimen dilakukan dengan menggunakan
6+. Fluida dan gas injeksi dipompakan
menggunakan pompa Ruska pada laju injeksi yang
diinginkan dan tekanan tertentu.  kemudian
dikunci dan dipanaskan pada temperatur uji.
Hasil perolehan ditempatkan di dalam tabung
uji yang dilengkapi dengan skala.
bukan komposisi minyak.  disaturasi oleh & kemudian didesak
4 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 1-12

dengan minyak untuk mensimulasikan kondisi ’ 

  *%"$
$""
!
inisial. Simulasi pendesakan sekunder dilakukan seperempat 5- dengan ilustrasi ada
dengan menginjeksikan & dan injeksi tersier

"
"$" "$ "8  "$2. 3. Analisis Sensitivitas

II.2. Simulasi Fluida Reservoar

 #  ]

"" 
"
kelakuan fluida yang digunakan pada uji
laboratorium. Simulasi yang dilakukan antara
lain adalah pemodelan kelakuan fasa, tuning
C  , uji perubahan viskositas terhadap
 ""
"'   2 , uji perubahan

"  !
' ""
"'  2,
uji volume minyak sebelum dan setelah injeksi
2, dan pemodelan  & menggunakan
simulasi reservoar untuk mencocokan hasil uji
laboratorium dan hasil simulasi. Gambar 2. Ilustrasi lapangan pada simulasi reservoar

II.3. Simulasi Reservoar Tabel 3. Data Input yang digunakan pada Simulasi reservoar

Simulasi reservoar dilakukan untuk memetakan

properti uji laboratorium ke dalam skala lapangan.
Dengan catatan skenario yang digunakan pada
simulasi reservoar tidak sama dengan yang
dilakukan pada uji laboratorium.

1. Batasan Simulasi
’ ' "$"'  !"
"
kumulatif produksi minyak adalah 30 tahun
   "8$2 diinjeksikan.
’ 8"
   
!"  
skenario yang memberikan faktor perolehan Skenario 1 1 /Cƒ
terbaik. C
"
"$" "$ "8  "2 ke
’ "  
"'  
""' dalam sumur injeksi dengan laju injeksi yang
mempertimbangkan masalah keekonomian. berbeda-beda. Batasan tekanan injeksi adalah
2300 psi untuk memastikan pendesakan yang
2. Asumsi Simulasi terjadi adalah pendesakan tercampur dan sumur
’ C2 
 ="%_}`#“
produksi diberi batasan water cut sebesar 0,833.
 %"$ '""${= 2 "8   2 dilakukan ketika laju produksi
 %"$

"
"   " C2 yang minyak dengan menggunakan + 

diproduksi akan diinjeksikan kembali sudah mengalami penurunan (decline rate) yakni
 
C#Q;XXƒ pada tahun 2021. Pada tahun ini, injeksi air
’ C2 yang digunakan berada dalam
! " "
"2 - mulai diinjeksikan. Skenario
keadaan murni (100%) 2 simultaneous water alternating gas (SWAG).
’  *“!”XQ SWAG dilakukan dengan menginjeksikan
’  #‹C%"$
$""
!; $2 dan air pada saat yang bersamaan
 ˆ 
"!"$Q;XX}ƒ sehingga menghasilkan air karbonasi untuk
’ C
" ! 
!XQ_' “  "%' "% 
C2 diinjeksikan
 #
 "  " "$"  !" "%
"$" 
"8  2 "$$""<8 = 
"#    * 5
(Dita Amanda, Taufan Marhaendrajana)

'
 $8%"$= =
Q%" `X#“&Q through terjadi maka proses penyapuan dengan
XX #“&
" ;`X #“& 8 "8   metode injeksi gas menjadi tidak efektif lagi.
air merupakan fungsi dari laju injeksi gas dengan Gas akan keluar menuju tabung produksi tanpa
' "  =$  =   ˆ  • !"$Q menyapu residual oil di dalam &.
2009): Pengaruh Penambahan Propana Terhadap
 " "8  2. Core Flow
#  " Q' = "=  2 juga dapat
dilakukan dengan menambahkan propana pada
gas injeksi. Penambahan propana di dalam
* " ="%~
""
"$"2
sebesar 99 % mol.

4. Analisis Ketidakpastian

Analisis ketidakpastian dilakukan untuk

memperoleh gambaran dampak r  C=['
  & pada
pada perubahan parameter. Perubahan parameter tekanan 2000 psi
yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah

(2)

'   ]
Q %"  ' "$! "8   2
'
]
 = ""(live oil) dan dead oil
dengan API berbeda.
Untuk mengetahui performansi pendesakan pada
live oil digunakan minyak dengan kandungan gas
terlarut pada nilai API di atas dan di bawah
API sampel minyak lab (39,1).   yang Gambar 4. Produksi kumulatif & pada berbagai
tekanan uji
digunakan adalah sampel minyak pada lapangan
Y (API 37) dan Z (API 49).
Perbandingan dengan Dead Oil Berbagai API. Hasil uji dengan menggunakan core ditunjukkan
Untuk melihat pengaruh pendesakan menggunakan pada Gambar 5.  '
 tampak lebih
$ 2 pada minyak yang lebih berat (API dini terjadi pada 6+ dibandingkan dengan
lebih kecil) tetapi masih berada dalam jangkauan &.
' "$$""2, yakni di atas 22o API. Minyak
yang digunakan adalah dead oil dari lapangan W Penentuan TTM
dan X dengan nilai API masing - masing 29 dan 31.

III. Hasil

III.1. Pengujian Tekanan Tercampur Minimum

Slim Tube

 '
  
"8"'

Gambar 3, yakni mencapai kumulatif tertinggi
sebelum gas mencapai ujung & dan C=`'
  6+ pada
keluar pada tabung produksi. Ketika & '! tekanan 2000 psi
6 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 1-12

Nilai tekanan tercampur minimum diperoleh

dari perpotongan dua kemiringan pada plot
kurva RF terhadap tekanan operasi atau dapat
juga diperoleh dari menarik garis 95% RF
hingga berpotongan dengan plot kurva.
Hasil uji & dan 6+ pada tiga tekanan
uji disajikan pada Tabel 4 sementara perpotongan
kurva RF terjadi pada 2225 psi seperti yang
ditunjukkan pada Gambar 7.
C=|'
  + 6
Tabel 4. Hasil uji & (ST) dan 6+ƒ

C=}'
  + 6 pada
berbagai tekanan uji

=  

"'  !"
+ 6

Dari hasil profil saturasi + 

pada
Gambar 7. Penentuan TTM
Tabel 6, saturasi minyak tersisa dalam core
adalah sekitar 0,2. Nilai Sorw cenderung sama
walaupun nilai permeabilitas, porositas, dan
tekanan inisial core berbeda, atau dengan kata
Uji Penyapuan Tersier lain dapat dikatakan bahwa sebelum pendesakan
tersier dilakukan keadaaan inisial core adalah
Hasil pengukuran permeabilitas dan identik satu sama lain.
porositas disajikan pada Tabel 5. Sementara
hasil + 6

" 2 6
masing-
masing seperti pada Gambar 8 dan 10. Sementara
perbandingan produksi kumulatif pada berbagai
tekanan uji digambarkan pada Gambar 9 dan 11.

Tabel 5. Hasil pengukuran properti core

C=X
  2]

 #
 "  " "$"  !" "%
"$" 
"8  2 "$$""<8 = 
"#    * 7
(Dita Amanda, Taufan Marhaendrajana)

Simulasi Fluida Reservoar

Fluida digabungkan dan persamaan keadaan

(EoS) dituning dengan menggunakan data API
(39,1). Fluida hasil regresi diuji ketercampuran
dan menghasilkan nilai TTM yang sama yakni
2225 psi dengan menggunakan persamaan Peng
dan Robinson.

C='



"%'
 1. Viskositas
berbagai tekanan uji
Minyak yang digunakan untuk eksperimen
 L =

"$" ' '

 '
 laboratorium disimulasikan pada tekanan reservoar
+
6
dimana minyak terdesak secara
langsung oleh air dan diproduksikan (mencapai
titik produksi) pada awal pendesakan air, pada
' "
(158oF) untuk memperlihatkan efek penurunan
viskositas. Eksperimen juga disimulasikan pada
berbagai tekanan untuk memperlihatkan efek
"
"$" 2 terlihat & lebih tekanan injeksi pada penurunan viskositas.
dahulu terproduksi hingga PV injeksi tertentu,  ' "=!"2= ' "$!
$"
"
kemudian minyak mulai terproduksi hingga gas terhadap penurunan viskositas hingga sekitar
mencapai titik produksi 9&
'
:. 50% mol. Setelah 50% mol, viskositas minyak
Produksi kumulatif pada tekanan 2000 cenderung datar bahkan sedikit naik terutama
psi jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kedua pada tekanan di atas 2000 psi seiring dengan
tekanan operasi lainnya, yakni 8,66% di atas ' "=!"  2. Kenaikan hingga 5%
faktor perolehan pada tekanan 1000 psi dan

"

*

'

"8 
`X~2
4,85% di atas faktor perolehan pada tekanan  8

 
|X~2 diinjeksikan.
2000 psi. Tekanan 2000 psi adalah tekanan yang
mendekati TTM (2225 psi), terlihat bahwa
harga faktor perolehan paling besar di sekitar
nilai TTM, kemudian menurun dengan
bertambahnya dan berkurangnya tekanan injeksi.
= _

"'  !"2
6

Gambar 13. Perubahan viskositas minyak

2. Densitas

 & "  "% =' "=!"2

berbanding terbalik dengan penurunan viskositas
minyak. Densitas minyak cenderung naik
'"  " ""% 
  $" "Q %" 
Gambar 12. 0   hasil 6
hanya sekitar 0,5 - 3%.
8 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 1-12

Gambar 16. Perbandingan hasil simulasi & dan

laboratorium
Gambar 14. Perubahan densitas minyak

3. Swelling

Pada Gambar 15 terlihat kenaikan swelling

  seiring dengan kenaikan tekanan saturasi

"  "8   2. +

   pada
keadaan inisial adalah 1. Sebagai akibat dari
' "=!"$2, hidrokarbon terekstraksi
dan mengembang sehingga volume C menjadi
lebih besar dari keadaan inisial dan swelling Gambar 17. Perbandingan hasil simulasi 6+ dan
  berharga lebih besar dari 1. Pengembangan laboratorium.
volume hidrokarbon juga berdampak pada
meningkatnya tekanan saturasi. Simulasi Reservoar

# " C

Gambar 18 merupakan kurva perbandingan

kumulatif produksi yang menunjukkan bahwa
peningkatan kumulatif produksi berbanding

"$" 8 "8   $ 2 hingga laju
optimum tertentu. Dalam Gambar 18, keadaan
'  8
'
8[XX#“
‘  
8
' = 
  "   ' Q $ 2
tidak sepenuhnya terlarut di dalam minyak
Gambar 15. Swelling minyak residual. Gas yang tidak terlarut kemudian
membuat aliran langsung ke titik produksi yang
berdampak & '
 terjadi lebih cepat.
4. Pemodelan %&

Hasil simulasi dan hasil uji laboratorium

menunjuk pada nilai TTM yang sama yakni
2225 psi seperti pada Gambar 16 (95% faktor
perolehan). Matching juga dilakukan dengan
hasil  6+ pada Gambar 17. Matching
menghasilkan nilai yang sesuai dengan sedikit
over prediksi pada tekanan 3000 psi yang
dimungkinkan karena sedikit perbedaan bentuk
core yang digunakan. C=|'
 C
 #
 "  " "$"  !" "%
"$" 
"8  2 "$$""<8 = 
"#    * 9
(Dita Amanda, Taufan Marhaendrajana)

Berdasarkan kurva produksi kumulatif 3. Perbandingan Skenario 1 dan 2

pada Gambar 18, laju injeksi gas yang dipilih
sebagai &  
![XX#“&8 "  Perbandingan dilakukan antara &  
dipilih karena nilainya masih jauh dari asumsi '
 " C
""$ ' "$' 
  
" 2' ! %" _}`#“&Q pada skenario 2. Kasus 7 + 6
serta karena laju ini menghasilkan faktor disertakan sebagai pembanding relatif. Hasil
perolehan yang paling tinggi yakni sebesar perbandingan digambarkan pada Gambar 20.
`_Qqq~
 $2 pada sumur
produksi akan diinjeksikan kembali ke dalam
  *  !  ' '  !"2
dan N2. Skenario &   mampu memberikan
tambahan produksi kumulatif hingga 224,1
MSTB dibandingkan apabila skenario + 6
diteruskan hingga akhir masa kontrak. Penambahan
'  !" = " C

'"
hingga 9,5% dari perolehan sekunder dan tambahan
7% dibandingkan dengan 7+ 6.
C=;X ="
"$"C
"#‹C
2. Skenario 2 SWAG
SWAG menghasilkan faktor perolehan yang
Pada Gambar 19 produksi kumulatif  = != 
="
"$"C
"extended
minyak terlihat dipengaruhi oleh laju injeksi + 6. Kenaikkan produksi kumulatif skenario
air ke dalam sumur. Pada laju injeksi gas 250 SWAG bahkan hingga 20% bila dibandingkan
#“&Q & '
 terjadi sekitar tahun dengan + 6

" ~  !
' C
;X[Q% X!"  !$2 mulai Penambahan air dalam jumlah terbatas yang
diinjeksikan. Sementara pada laju injeksi gas dilakukan dengan metode SWAG mampu
XX#“&Q& '
 terjadi pada sekitar  ' =   ' ' "%'" 2 sehingga
!";Xq;;!"  ! "8  $2. & '
 terjadi lebih lambat.

4. Pengaruh Penambahan Propana

 € ' "=!"''"[€|ƒ
terhadap kumulatif produksi ditunjukkan pada
Gambar 21. Penambahan propana memperbaiki
''
  C
"$"=!"
kumulatif produksi minyak sebesar 3,7% dan
tambahan faktor perolehan sebesar 2,14%.

C=}'
 #‹C

Penundaan & '

 menghasilkan
penambahan kumulatif produksi sebesar 7%
dan peningkatan faktor perolehan sebesar 4% pada
tahun 2050. Untuk skenario SWAG pada reservoar
" Q8 "8  XX#“&
!8
yang paling optimum untuk mendapatkan recovery C=; ="
"$"''
 
"$"
  maksimum. penambahan propana
10 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 1-12

5. Perbandingan dengan Pendesakan Menggunakan

#

 C= ;;  '  !" ' %"$

hampir sama antara sampel Y (API 37) dan
&   (API 39,1). Penyapuan yang lebih baik
terlihat pada sampel Y dibandingkan &  
dengan penambahan faktor perolehan sebesar
17% terhadap faktor perolehan sekunder.
 " ' "%'"%"$ = != !"%
disebabkan karena kadar gas terlarut di dalam C=;['
 = =$ 
live oil hasil proses rekombinasi.
Meski tidak sebaik performansi &   ,
"8   2 masih memberikan peningkatan
 '  !" %"$ '  $" " %" 
12,34% pada sampel X terhadap faktor perolehan
sekunder, dan 6,34% pada sampel W.

IV. Kesimpulan

Berdasarkan seluruh hasil penelitian yang

dilakukan, ditarik beberapa kesimpulan sebagai
berikut:
’ <8
& pada TTM (2225 psi) dan
temperatur reservoar (158oF) menghasilkan
C=;;'

live oil  
"
'  !"
"% = }`~
’ <8
6+ dapat dilakukan untuk mendapatkan
nilai TTM dengan perolehan maksimum sebesar
# "

"8 
 2 9&
 
: tidak dapat 88,4% pada tekanan 2225 psi.
diterapkan pada sampel live oil Z dengan API ’ & "$"
 "%"$ '  "
Q
49. Sampel Z memiliki kandungan hidrokarbon
ringan yang cukup banyak (light oil), sehingga
gas injeksi langsung diproduksikan bersama-
TTM dapat disimulasikan dengan simulator
komposional dan mendapatkan hasil yang
serupa dengan uji &.
sama dengan produksi gas reservoar. Terlihat ’ €


' "
" 



tidak terjadi peningkatan produksi minyak setelah labotorium 96: menunjukan variasi
!"
"8 
$2. peningkatan faktor perolehan sebesar
 {}~
=
"8 
2. Berdasarkan hasil
6. Perbandingan dengan Dead Oil berbagai API simulasi pendesakan tersier di laboratorium,

"8 
2 laik untuk dilakukan.
Gambar 23 menunjukkan kurva produksi ’ <8
' "
" 


=

kumulatif dari beberapa sampel minyak dengan menghasilkan efisiensi perolehan minyak
API yang berbeda-beda. Gambar menunjukkan dari 75,4% hingga 89% OOI dan turun
' "
2 yang menurun dalam menyapu menjadi 57% hingga 61% OOIP pada simulasi
minyak residual dengan semakin banyaknya reservoar.
komponen berat di dalam minyak. Kemampuan ’ # "
C
"$"8
"8 
$ = 
2 untuk menurunkan viskositas dan fenomena  [XX#“&'
 "";[XX'


"$$'
swelling pada minyak berat dengan menggunakan sebagai &

 karena memberikan faktor
skenario cenderung tidak efektif dibandingkan perolehan minyak yang paling tinggi
dengan kinerja pada minyak ringan. (57,14% OOIP) dengan waktu &
'

 #

 "
 "
"$"  !"
"%
"$" 
"8 
2 "$$""<8
=

"#

  * 11
(Dita Amanda, Taufan Marhaendrajana)

yang relatif lambat (12 tahun setelah injeksi). Kulkarni, M. M., 2003. Immiscible and Miscible
’  "  #‹C
" =$   C{ & '  ""
 "
alter natif tek n ik u n tu k mem p erba i ki  ! "
€ "& ' "  
 =  2 dan mengeliminasi kerumitan Engineering.
oper as i WAG. SWAG m en g h asil ka n C#Q;XX2 Sequestration Potential for
EOR in Indonesia, Jakarta.
kumulatif produksi minyak yang lebih
Miscibility Pressure: Slim Tube or Rising Bubble
 = 
="
"$"
"$"C
"extended Method? SPE.
 + 6, yakni sebesar 20% dibandingkan Marhaendrajana, T., Gunadi, B., & Suarsana, P.,
+ 

"~ !
'C'
 2005. Potensi Peningkatan Perolehan Minyak
tahun 2050.  '"$"? ="$& "$"2 Flooding,
Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi, 1.
 "QQ•= Q?Q}|[ƒ="& „

Daftar Pustaka Flooding, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 396-400.
Mungan, N., (1965). Permeability Reduction Through
L"
QQ}};''  "="& „
  !"$  "'€"
# " %Q#Qqq}{q`[
in Enhanced Oil Recovery, Vol. 33, Energy ˆ QQ•!"$Q™™Q;XX}!  
 "*  ""
"$  "  &   "="& „
"8  "
"
L Q€Q;XXˆ {  = 2 Application to Oil Recovery. International Journals of Engineering
Improve Oil Recovery. Kansas. and Sciences, 9 (10), 66-72.
 $"Q€Q• "Q#Q;XX|ˆ   C Negahban, S., & J, K. V., 1992. Development and
 "
"   *   =  %="  Validation of Equation-of-State Fluid Descriptions
The Open Petroleum Engineering Journal, 30-41.  2/ Reservoir-Oil System. SPE Reservoir
'= QLQ•QQ}|`‚  ‡ " Engineering, 363-368.
 2“
 & '  "#?" Scheuerman, R. F., & Bergersen, B. M., 1990. Injection
of Petroleum Technology, 25 (5), 665-678. Water Salinity, Formation Pretreatment, and Well
!"$QQ}}q!  %`th Ed. Mc Graw Hill. operations Fluid Selection Guidelines, Journal
 !%QQ "Q€Q•!  " "Q of Petroleum Technology, 836 - 845.
 Q}};  "$ "  Stalkup, 1984. Miscible Displacement: SPE Monograph
Green, D. W., & Willhite, G. P., 1998. Enhanced Vol 8. AIME.
Oil Recovery. SPE. Tham, B. K., Raif, M. B., Saaid, I. M., & Abllah, E.,
€Q‹Q•? "
Q‚Q}_q !"  2011. The Effects of kv/kh on Gas Assisted Gravity
  & '  "=%="& „
Q?" Drainage Process. International Journal of
of Petroleum Technology, 1427-1438. Engineering & Technology, 11 (3), 153-185.
€QQ? " "Q?Q• "
= $QQ}}`<"
$"
 Tjahjono, W., & Mardisewojo, P., 1994. Pengaruh
 #$ 2 in Aqufers and Oil Reservoir. Komposisi Minyak, Temperatur, dan Berat Molekul
 " $%"*  ""
"$  "  
 "" ' " ƒ2
‘ "QQ}`[="& „

"$L  dalam Proses Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).
  !" "
8 &  $"L"€& Jurnal Teknologi Mineral, I (3), 33-57.
12 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 1-12
 
  
   
for Prediction of Post-Hydraulic Fracturing Gas Rate

Keberhasilan Aplikasi Metode Kecerdasan Buatan

untuk Memprediksi Produksi Gas Paska Perekahan Hidrolik
Sudjati Rachmat (1), Ahmad Hadad (2)
(1)
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Telp.: +62222504955
(2)
‚"
"  Q‹  q|th-49th Floor
Hl. Jend. Gatot Subroto No. 42 Jakarta 12710, Indonesia

Abstract

 €%
  "$ ' „ * %>! ' "$
= 
'"" "$Q
 $"Q
operation, post job treatment, and then evaluation. This complexity provides several approaches for the
' "  * ""!   !Q!    "  $ "  !
''
" ! ''! 
Some parameters initially selected, they are: reservoir thickness, water saturation, reservoir porosity,
reservoir permeability, pressure gradient, skin factor, productivity index, critical rate factor, cement bonding
‰ %Q$ * Q"
'''">!    * "'   !  "'
parameters. The output parameter is the percentage of incremental gas rate. The parameter database: rock mechanic,
]
!  %Q! '  "'   " "

 "!   !!  "  '  !* 

'=  "$"
"% ! " *    "  $ " ƒ !
   ‡
>" 
" {= ''$ " ˆˆLƒQ 
' *  "  ‡‡% "  "  %  ˆ#ƒQ "
 

 ‡‡%
mathematical method. The following processes are performed for the methods, they are: Pattern Recognition,
Identifying Performance Drivers, and Performance Prediction.
There are at least four conclusions can be deducted: (1) Both NNBP and ANFIS are able to recognize
the pattern of hydraulic fracturing performance. Furthermore, by reducing the training data and adding test-
ing data, ANFIS is better than NNBP. (2) The performance drivers from both methods are: Proppant Mass,
Water Saturation, Skin Factor, and Porosity. It also supported by linear regression method. (3) The fuzzy math-
ematical concept moderately exhibits the hydraulic fracturing performance. (4) ANFIS method was capable to

! !%
  "$' " =% "$"%!  "] " '  
 ! ""  ˆ#  ‡
 " ' ''  "$ '
 " 
 "$8= 
 "$* %
>8=' 
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 „  "
match with actual data.
‘ %
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adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system.

Abstrak

'   '      '    '

       
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-        - '&       '    

13
14 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 13 - 23

4         /'

4  *  & 8' ' 
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& '   4
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 ' -  +'!& '

9NN:-    QQ   9N,:-    QQ     4 
&' '' '

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'



49T:$  ' 
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N, '' '/ ' '
  

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4
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I. Introduction hydraulic fracturing jobs through the dimensionless

  "
 * % fD). This parameter is
There many hydraulic fracturing jobs designed carefully before conducting the main
have been done within the research area. Some  "
=%]
  "%
 "$
results were good, some were poor. Evaluation the job.
process is always performed after each job  ! fD equation is governed by fracture
done. There are many factors influence to width (w), fracture permeability (kf), fracture
hydraulic fracturing performance. The factors half length (Xf), and reservoir permeability (k).
   * !   Q  * ]
Q
mechanic, condition of geological regional,
well productivity, well condition and structure,
  "]
Q"
“'''"!   Q  (1)
 "!   !Q!   " " 
with feedforward backpropagation algorithm
adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system and


‡‡%!   !
 ''
   "!  Q !  ]
  "% 
to evaluate and predict the performance of is shown as below:
hydraulic fracturing jobs.
This research was initialized with data
preparation, and then followed by the main
(2)
process. The main process covers these three
processes:
’  " $"  "
’ 
" % "$ " & * Q"

’  " 
 " (3)
Most of the processes is carried out by using the
computer software, Matlab.
The key parameter in hydraulic fracturing
is fracture geometry and conductivity. Theoretically, (4)
these methods will determine the success of the
 # ''  ""  "  $ "  !

 "{€%
  "$C 15
(Sudjati Rachmat, Ahmad Hadad)

where:
  ”]
  "%
Vf  ” * Q
Vi  ” "8  "* Q
Vl  ”]
* Q
  ”  "]
Q“ "š
Af  ”  Q‰
  ”'' "$  Q "

 !   "]

 "

by several parameters, such as compressibility,
viscosity, porosity, etc.
 $ }ƒŠ“„"
& 
% ]

(5) fD < 1, the effective wellbore radius can be

approached by:

(8)
(6)

"
Q  "  
 fD, the effective wellbore
radius can be approached by:
And the combination of above formulas is
shown as below: (9)

Then, the dimensionless productivity index can

(7) be calculated:

(10)
where:
 ”  "]
" " Where, this dimensionless productivity index
compressibility, ft/minš will directly affect to the rate after the job.
 ”  "]
" " Sometime, the hydraulic fracturing activity
viscosity, ft/minš is performed in small scale job which usually
 ”  "]
" " 
Œ "=%'  "Ž! 8=!
compressibility, ft/minš the objective only to remove the near wellbore
 ”' % damage. The equation for this treatment as follow:
 ”  * '  =  %Q

 ”  * '  =  %Q“'

 ”  * ]
*  %Q' (11)
 ” '  =  %Q

 ”'  
 "=  " ]

and reservoir pressure, psi where:
 ” *  %Q'  ” "
Jo ” "  '
 * % "
„
  
% ]Q!
!   " JF ”'  "'
 * % "
„
=  "Š“„"
fD in Figure. XfD ”
 " "  ! "$!
16 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 13 - 23

The saturation changes in the formation Firstly, it is selected eleven parameters as

can also cause the damage. The low permeability input parameters. These parameters are part of
formation usually behave tolerantly only to the !  "$! >!   
damage due to minimum saturation changes. reservoir characteristic, the second factor is

 ‰ !%
="'! '' "$ well productivity, then the last is operational fac-
for the decreasing productivity due to saturation !   
"   * 
changing. thickness (h), water saturation (Sw), reservoir
 ' % '     8    porosity (I), reservoir absolute permeability (k).
trapped liquid in the formation. This parameter The selected second factor consists of pressure
is formed by the pressure difference between gradient (ppg), skin factor (s), productivity index
wetting phase and non-wetting phase in the ƒQ    ƒQ"
  "="
"$
formation. Holditch (1978) did the experiment ‰ % Lƒ ! " !    
 ! 
 
to four low permeability core samples. He got consists of gel volume (Gel), and proppant mass
the relation shown in Figure 2. (Prop). This last factor basically is the designable
parameter that can be controlled by user.
Meanwhile the output parameter is incremental
of the production gas rate.
Then, the crucial process in data preparation
is calibration, with main objective to have all
data comparable. It is done by nodal analysis to
put all productivity data in one datum or system.
! 
! " ‚* %'  ƒ
production system.
The last process is data grouping, there
are three groups from selected 20 datasets
= {;ƒ>$' ;
 ! !!
complete eleven input parameters, the second
$' _
 ! !!"L
Q"

Figure 2. Holditch (1978) capillary pressure vs water the last group is the recent dataset which the job
saturation performed in December 2010. It only 1 dataset
and will be used only for testing dataset. This
data is from the job that performed in December
The empirical equation, aqueous phase trapping 2010 that showed the comprehensive result in
(APT) as diagnose tool to estimate the reservoir early 2011.
sensitivity to the water trapping, as below:
III. Main Process
(12)
III.1. Pattern Recognition

From the calculation APT above, then by referring  !   '   

 =% Œ' "
the Table-1, it is known the reservoir sensitivity  $"  "ŽQ = 
"  "$  " 
to the water trapping. network (ANN) and fuzzy inference system
(FIS). The eleven selected parameters and the
II. Data Preparation output were initially processed in the networks.
It is actually a supervised learning algorithm
’!  "  $ * ! '   within the network using Matlab. It consists of
’ &#   " eleven inputs, one hidden layer with one unit in
’ & = " it, and one output.
’ &C' "$ In this research, the type of neural network
 # ''  ""  "  $ "  !

 "{€%
  "$C 17
(Sudjati Rachmat, Ahmad Hadad)

used is backpropagation (ANNBP). The type

generalizes the training rule of “Windrow-
€Ž" =%"  

 "% “
between input and output layer, which called as
hidden layer. It uses algorithm of descent
gradient for each changing of weighting gradient.
The architecture of created ANNBP network is
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 4. ANFIS Architecture

The network above also has following certain

criteria:
’ # !
 #$ "
’ "   ‡ " !
 #= *   "$
’ '  ‡ " !
 !%=
= " "
of backpropagation
and least square)
’  ˆ=  ;”"=  
Figure 3. ANNBP Architecture dataset)
’ "' ” "''  ƒ
’ ' 

The network has following criteria: They give the excellent matching with the
’ %'  

 actual data, shown in Figure 5. Then the testing
Backpropagation processes were also introduced in this pattern
’ &  ; recognition process to choose the best method
’ "' ” "''  ƒ between the two methods used.
’ €

"%  % 

’ <"  "€

"% " 
’ ' 
’ * "" " $ $•'  "

Meanwhile, the other technique which


 ‡‡% "  " % #ƒ>!  "  " 
system by fuzzy logic concept. Then from this
technique, the computerized network is developed
with subtractive clustering for data distribution
matter, Sugeno FIS, then optimization process
using back propagation and least square
algorithms. This computerized network also
known as adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS). The architecture of created ANFIS
network is shown in Figure 4. Figure 5. Pattern recognition (without data test)
18 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 13 - 23

The pattern recognition with the results III.3. Performance Prediction

of testing session is shown in Figures 6a, 6b, 6c,
and Table 3. The last process is “performance
'
 "Ž " 
  !*  =   
 
prediction purposes, the formation of the ANFIS
network is done more comprehensively. It has
the validation session to ensure the training-
process does not escape the whole existing pattern
"

 "* 
! ! %! "$
Then, the fuzzy logic concept also applied
in this prediction purpose. The method called
fuzzy mathematical method which already has
done by several researchers such as Yang, E
and Yin Daiyin and Wu Tingting. In their
Figure 6. Pattern recognition (with data test) calculation, they used the input from the expert
for contribution factor. Since we have no input
It is important to have the number of „' ! '  Q! "! 
 "
training datasets be several times larger than the "

! 
 " 
" =%''% "$
number parameters being estimated to achieve the Garson equation to available networks from
a good generalization capability. Or in other pattern recognition process.
words the D/P > 1 (where D is number of datasets
and P is number of parameters).
(13)
III.2. Identifying Performance Drivers

The second process is “identifying

' " 
 * Ž ! * = 
networks from pattern recognition process. The Where:
networks were run without the input of evaluated 8  ” $! "$ !"  " "'
parameter, and then calculate the delta R2 from layer to each unit in hidden layer
each run The simple linear regression between 8 ” $! "$ "'%  !
each input and output also applied in this process. unit in hidden layer
Then, the average number was calculated from 8 ” $! "$ "'% 
above three methods to represent the average hidden layer
  "''   "] " ! ' 8 ” $! "$ !"  "!

"
shown in Figures 7 and 8. layer to each unit in output layer

The datasets used for this purpose are

9+3+1 datasets with eleven input parameters
and 10+9+1 datasets with four input parameters.
!   "=    " "$
 Q  "
 
validation dataset, and the third is testing dataset.

IV. Result and Analysis

IV.1. Pattern Recognition

Figure 7. Four most driver parameters: proppant, water  !  =! !
>ˆˆL
saturation, skin factor, and porosity and ANFIS are shown in Figure 5. The R2 for
 # ''  ""  "  $ "  !

 "{€%
  "$C 19
(Sudjati Rachmat, Ahmad Hadad)

both methods are approached to one. These results The second performance driver parameter
tell us that the selected eleven input parameters is water saturation. This parameter is the reservoir
are able to reform (?) the behavior of hydraulic characteristic, which related to hydrocarbon
fracturing performance. They also prove that * "
]

{
" 
""!

the two methods (ANNBP and ANFIS) are able %'
'  =

%
"Q! ]

{
to recognize the given pattern.
" 
"'! " ""
 
"] "
"
Because both methods give almost similar
results of training sessions, so it needs testing
session to choose the better method between
two methods used in pattern recognition. The
testing session is performed in three scenario,
they use 1, 2, and 3 testing points taken from
the 12 datasets available. The results are shown
in Figure 6 and Table 3.
the hydraulic fracturing performance. From
Figure 2, at same water saturation, the capillary
pressure will be greatly increased with decreasing
permeability. This phenomenon will be reduced
with increasing water saturation.
The third performance driver parameter
is skin factor. This parameter is the description
of the near wellbore damage. Sometime, it is
From the results, it shows that the ANFIS  "

"  !  "$
" =-
method is better then ANNBP. The differente
4 (1999) for skin
specially happens by increasing testing points.
It can be seen, by using the ANNBP method,
the decreasing of R2 is from 0.99090, 0.98797,
and then 0.93478 for 1, 2, and 3 testing points,
respectively. Meanwhile, the ANFIS method is
from 0.99875, 0.98894, and 0.98963. The
decreasing of R2 occurred because of reduced
training points and increased number of testing
points. Therefore, the better method for pattern
cle well completion. Rae, 
by pass treatment (eq.11), mentioned that the
skin factor is proportional with post treatment
productivity index. So, in other words, with the
increase in skin factor, the incremental gas
production rate will increase after the job.
The fourth performance driver parameter is
reservoir porosity. This parameter is the reservoir
characteristic, which related to the hydrocarbon
* "

"$]

 
"%! 
recognition is ANFIS. This method will be used equations 5, 6, 7, are shown influence of this

"" „' >!
! '


"''  '  ]

L  ! ''
"
The Figures are summarized in Table-3.  
" =  " '
% "
 ]

 Q !Q

!
" 
"$'
%Q]



"  Q
IV.2. Identifying Performance Drivers and will reduce fracture propagation, then,
ultimately, will reduce the potential incremental
The results from this process are shown in gas rate.
Figures 7 and 8. It can be seen that the amount  !  "

*
%! 
"] "

of proppant, water saturation, skin factor, and factors is done using the existing network of
reservoir porosity are the most influential previous process (pattern recognition). The result
'  Q!
!!* ! 
"] " '  "$  can be seen in Figure 8.
more than 10%. These parameters will be used
in prediction.
 ! ' " 

* '  

proppant mass. It makes sense because this
parameter is directly represents the fracture
volume and the dimensionless fracture conductivity
 fD). The increasing of proppant mass is a
 ] 
"  !  $     * Q 
 &"= Q"
=
"
$ ! 
effective wellbore radius (rw’) also increases.
Using equation-10 by Prats (1961), the increasing
of rw’ will cause well productivity after the job
increasing. Figure 8. Sensitivity on four most driver parameters
20 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 13 - 23

IV.3. Performance Prediction  !   "

  !
 
  


fuzzy mathematical method. It gives the result
The prediction process is performed by in Figures 11 and 12. From both graphs, the
 !
Qˆ#"
 "
 

 plots still scatter but showing the good trend.
fuzzy mathematical method. The ANFIS This scattering result is affected by the absent
application for 9+3+1 actual datasets with eleven of optimization session for the network parameters
"''   !" " $ }! $  and linear grouping of input data. These drawbacks
=  „! =  !  „  " ;> X}}||;  can be overcome by the ANFIS method.
validation and 0.99571 for testing datasets.
This result also supports the pattern recognition
purpose.
Because of the higher datasets / parameters
(D/P), so the network from second datasets
 $ Xƒ = "$ "
"= 

'
 "'' '

-
sets (Figure 9).

 $ 

‡‡%!   !
;ž
datasets)

Figure 9. Evaluation and prediction ANFIS (9+3+1

datasets)

 $ ;

‡‡%!   !
}ž
datasets)

Since the plots show the good trend, it

still can be utilized for the prediction and candidate
selection, but in preliminary stage.

IV.4. Excel Application-Prediction Tool

Figure 10. Evaluation and prediction ANFIS (10+9+1 The macro application was made for gas
datasets)
rate prediction tool with additional option for
 # ''  ""  "  $ "  !

 "{€%
  "$C 21
(Sudjati Rachmat, Ahmad Hadad)

proppant mass sensitivity. It used the latest actual proppant, water saturation, or the skin factor,
data from the job performed in December 2011 the greater also the addition of the gas
! ! * "! ! ""  production rate obtained from hydraulic
created.   "$ *  ""!  "] " 
The output (gas rate after hydraulic fracturing) of porosity.
! ''  "XqXX
> " 5. ANFIS method is able to provide the results
while the actual result from the job was 0.470 that are much more accurate in predicting
Mmcfd, meant that the R2 was about 0.96985. performance than the modified fuzzy
mathematical method, where the R2 obtained
by testing is 0.99571.
6. Because the pattern recognition and prediction
results obtained are not accurate and are
  ‰  * Q! "! 

‡‡%
mathematical method should only be used
as the initial stage of candidate selection of
hydraulic fracturing job.
7. ANFIS method is able to model the hydraulic
fracturing performance by using only four
 !  "] " '  ‹!  "Q
R2 obtained on validation and testing: 0.97537
and 0.99992, respectively.
| # ' ''  "  ‡ "$! "" 
from ANFIS was tested using very last actual
Figure 13. Excel application - prediction tool data gave excellent match with actual job
result with R2 of 0.96985.
V. Conclusion
Nomenclature
 !   " " =''$ "
(NNBP) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference * Dimensionless fracture conductivity
system (ANFIS) are able to recognize the c Fracture conductivity, md-ft
patterns of hydraulic fracturing performance w Fracture width, ft
very well. Both produce a RMSE close to 0 ' Fracture permeability, md
and R2 close to 1. x Fracture half length, ft
2. Using fewer training data and more testing ' Resevoir permeability, md
data, the ANFIS method is better than NNBP K 
  "%
for recognizing the patterns. This is because V Fracture volume, cuft
the ANFIS method is combining the methods Vi Injection volume, cuft
 ‡‡% "  " % #ƒ"
   Vl Fluid loss volume, cuft
neural networks (back-propagation). It can    "]
Q“ "š
be seen in testing three testing datasets  Fracture area, sqft
obtained by ANFIS the R2 is 0.98963, while t Pumping time, min
the NNBP is 0.93478. c   "]
" "
[ !  "] " '  "!   *  %Q“ "š
hydraulic fracturing performance are Amount v   "]
" "
of Proppant, Water Saturation, Skin factor,  '  =  %Q“ "š
and Porosity with an average degree of cv   "]
" "
 "] "  ![X~Q;[~Q;[~Q"
X~  *  %"
'  =  %Q“ "š
4. By using available 20 actual datasets, it can I Porosity
be said that with the greater amount of 'r Reservoir permeability, md
22 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 13 - 23

ct Reservoir compressibility, 1/psi of Artificial Intellegence on Fracturing

P r   * ]
*  %Q'  "

 #   "Qst International
' Filtrate permeability, md "  " "&  "$ !"$%&ƒ"

'P%   
 "=  " ]
 National Workshop on Manpower Development
and reservoir pressure, psi in Petroleum Engineering (NWMDPE).
Siang, J.J., 2004 Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan &
P Filtrate viscosity, cp
Pemrogramannya Menggunakan Matlab,
rw’ Efective wellbore radius, ft Penerbit Andi.
JD Dimensionless productivity index ! !‹Q"''
=% 
!ƒQ
re Reservoir / drainage radius  ;XX;‡‡%$ =„<  !
rw Wellbore radius  LŸQ! !‹Q"
s Skin factor ™"$QQ;XX}#   "$ ‹ "
% 
FfD Dimensionless half length for Fracturing with Fuzzy Mathematics Method,
%i Initial aqueous phase trapping  # „!" " ""  " "‡‡%#% 
'a Aqueous permeability and Knowledge Discovery, Yin Daiyin, Wu
Swi Initial water saturation Tingting, 2009 Optimizing Well for Fracturing
h Reservoir thickness, ft by Fuzzy Analysis Method of Applying
 ' Q! " " ""  " "
Sw Water saturation
Information Science and Engineering.

Gradient pressure, ppg
PI Productivity index
Ahmad Fauzi Hadad, is a student for
 Dimensionless critical rate
doctorate degree in Petroleum Engineering of
Gel Pumped gel volume, gal
ITB. Hadad holds ST and master degrees from
 Pumped amount of proppant, lb
Petroleum Engineering in year sof 2000 and
+/ Weighting factor from each unit in input
2011 from university. He is a member of several
layer to each unit in hidden layer
professional organizations such as Indonesian
+/ Weighting factor from input layer to each
Petroleum Engineers Association (IATMI) and
unit in hidden layer
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). Hadad
+/' Weighting factor from input layer to
currently works for Vico Indonesia as reservoir
hidden layer
"$ "  "L
*  "
+/ Weighting factor from each unit in
hidden layer to each unit output layer

Refferences Table 1. Reservoir sensitivity to APT

Beggs, D., 2003 Production Optimization using

 ˆ&"% QC"
  
Publications, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Demuth, H., Beale, M., 2000 Neural Network
 =„<  !LŸQ! 
MathWork, Inc.
Economides, M.J., Martin, T., 2007 Modern
Fracturing - Enhancing Natural Gas Production,
ET Publishing, Houston, TX.
ˆ =  Q   Q ; XX } L  8   '  ‡‡%  $ 
Menggunakan Matlab, Deli Publishing.
 " QQ}}`  #   "< "$ˆ 
 ˆ  !" = "  Q<" *  %
of New South Wales, Sidney NSW 2052.
Mohagegh, S. 4 ., 1999 Performance Drivers in
Restimulation of Gas Storage Wells, SPE-57453.
Rachmat, S., Kharisma, B., 2010 The Application
 # ''  ""  "  $ "  !

 "{€%
  "$C 23
(Sudjati Rachmat, Ahmad Hadad)

Table 2. The 20 Datasets

Table 3. Pattern recognition

24 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013
 Metoda Optimasi secara Kontinyu Terintegrasi Sistem Subsurface - Surface
untuk Pengembangan Lapangan Migas
Continuous and Integrated Optimization Method of Subsurface - Surface
System in Oil and Gas Field Development
Amega Yasutra, Tutuka Ariadji, Zuher Syihab, Pudjo Sukarno
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Telp.: +62222504955

Abstrak

Metoda dan strategi perencanaan pengembangan lapangan migas mengalami perkembangan yang sangat
pesat akhir-akhir ini. Pada awalnya, perencanaan pengembangan lapangan hanya didasarkan pada sisi teknik
reservoar saja. Perencanaan pengembangan yang baik membutuhkan masukan dari berbagai sektor dari industri
 $Q ! "$$ " $ ' {' $ $ Q$  Q  *
"  '
 ' " 
terbentuk. Namun, integrasi pada masih dilakukan secara sekuensial, belum secara utuh di antara aspek-aspek
yang terkait tersebut. Fakta memperlihatkan bahwa studi lapangan terintegrasi saat ini umumnya hanya dilakukan
sebagai bagian dari proses sekuensial, belum terintegrasi secara kontinyu.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan metoda optimasi sehingga dapat diterapkan pada
pengembangan lapangan migas melalui pemodelan yang terpadu. Metoda ini memungkinkan variabel yang
terkait dengan semua aspek sistem produksi lapangan dapat terwakili yang belum pernah dilakukan pada
penelitian sebelumnya. Pemodelan dalam penelitian ini akan melibatkan semua parameter yang terkait dengan
reservoar dan sistem sumur produksi, sehingga model tersebut diharapkan dapat merepresentasikan sedekat
mungkin keadaan nyata di lapangan. Dengan menggunakan model tersebut, parameter-parameter optimasi yang
' "$= ' "$!
'

"  
"$"
!%"$ 
"
$""  =$ 
 '  ="$"
untuk memilih metoda optimasi yang sesuai. Kemudian hasil akhir tersebut dapat diaplikasikan untuk keperluan
optimasi posisi sumur dan jadwal pembukaan sumur produksi dengan mempertimbangkan faktor teknis.
Penelitian akan menghasilkan sebuah metoda optimasi pengembangan lapangan yang lebih baik
 ! "$$ '  !"
"  "  '
 
'
 "$"  !
! "  =! '   '"$"
dengan menggunakan metoda 1
 yang di gabungkan dengan .7 *
 dan Proxy
Function memungkinkan untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih cepat menuju kondisi optimum dibanding dengan
hanya menggunakan 1

Kata kunci: Optimasi Produksi, 1
, .7 *
,  *

Abstract

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25
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I. Pendahuluan

Metoda perencanaan pengembangan sumur hingga tangki penyimpanan. Ahli teknik

yang baik merupakan hal yang sangat diperlukan produksi dan ahli teknik prosesing tidak
dalam pengembangan suatu lapangan migas mempertimbangkan perubahan reservoar
9# Y 1
 ,
  *-#*:.
Dari hasil kajian perencanaan pengembangan
lapangan suatu lapangan dinyatakan layak atau
tidak untuk dikembangkan. Pada awalnya
perencanaan pengembangan lapangan dilakukan
hanya berdasarkan keteknikan reservoar.
P er encanaan p en g em b an g an y an g ba i k
membutuhkan masukan dari berbagai sektor
dari industri migas, sehingga integrasi aspek-
secara kontinyu karena hanya berdasarkan pada
kondisi sesaat.
Setiap bagian memodelkan tekanan konstan
pada ujung akhir dari model sampai masa akhir
periode simulasi. Untuk sistem reservoar
menggunakan batasan tekanan dasar sumur,
untuk sistem sumur produksi menggunakan
batasan tekanan kepala sumur sedangkan untuk
fasilitas pengolahan menggunakan batasan
' $ $
Q$ 
Q  *
"

 tekanan separator. Oleh karena itu hasil studi
produksi permukaan mulai terbentuk. Tahap 
* yang tidak menggunakan
perkembangan penyusunan POD dapat dinyatakan
sebagai pentahapan berikut:
1. berdasarkan kajian keteknikan reservoar
2. berdasarkan keteknikan GGR (geologi,
teknik terintegrasi sehingga sering terdapat
penyimpangan pada saat penerapannya.
Pada saat rencana pengembangan lapangan
belum berbasiskan simulasi yang terpadu,
 $ 
Q  *ƒ
"

'

 masih memisahkan antara simulasi reservoar dan
tetapi masih terintegrasi secara sequensial
dan manual.
3. berdasarkan keteknikan GGR dan fasilitas
produksi terintegrasi secara paralel dan manual
4. berdasarkan keteknikan GGR dan fasilitas
produksi secara kontinyu terintegrasi.
Studi lapangan terintegrasi pada saat ini
biasanya masih dilakukan sebagai bagian proses
sistem sumur produksi sampai permukaan maka
pengaruh kinerja sumur dan fasilitas permukaan
belum terakomodasi di dalam simulasi. Sebagai
contoh dalam pemodelan fasilitas permukaan
belum semua ketidak pastian yang terjadi di
reservoar dan sistem sumur diperhitungkan
dalam perencanaannya. Perubahan produksi
sumur akan mempengaruhi sistem sumur dan
fasilitas permukaan demikian pula sebaliknya,
yang sekuensial. Sering para ahli keteknikan  !
"$$ 8
  8

 ]
 '

 
reservoar hanya memodelkan terbatas sekitar
&          , a h l i k e t e k n i k a n p r o d u k s i
memodelkan system sumur dari dasar sumur
hingga kepala sumur tetapi terbatas untuk suatu
akan menyebabkan rancangan fasilitas pengolahan
tidak bekerja secara efisien. Hal ini dapat
me nga ki ba t ka n pot e ns i r e s e r voa r yan g
sesungguhnya tidak dapat terproduksikan.
  "'

 'ƒQ
" 

" Di samping itu, penempatan posisi sumur
teknik prosesing memodelkan dari kepala !"% ' 
="$"
€‚
  
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 #= {# " "$ ="$"'"$"
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(Amega Yasutra, Tutuka Ariadji, Zuher Syihab, Pudjo Sukarno)

9"
&K: terbesar dan belum tujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran pemecahan
mempertimbangkan 
& sistem sumur masalah dengan waktu komputasi yang singkat.
h i n g g a k e s e p a r a t o r. D e m i k i a n p u l a Metoda optimasi dari model prototipe ini akan
penjadwalan awal sumur berproduksi belum diimplementasikan untuk model dalam skala
dilakukan secara optimum dan terstruktur yang lapangan.
dapat mengurangi dampak &
'  di Metoda optimasi yang sering digunakan
permukaan. Akibat dari penempatan dan dalam optimasi adalah dengan menggunakan
pembukaan sumur yang kurang mempertimbangkan
91:. Dalam proses

& sumur, maka banyak lokasi yang
memiliki cadangan migas besar tidak terkuras
secara optimum sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya
penyebaran sisa migas yang tidak merata
sehingga berakibat pada penurunan perolehan
minyak dan gas bumi.
Penyebaran secara tidak merata tersebut
dapat dikurangi dengan melakukan strategi POD
yang terpadu meliputi komponen reservoar, sumur
dan fasilitas permukaan. Selain itu keterpaduan
seluruh komponen tersebut dapat juga meningkatkan
efisiensi perencanaan fasilitas permukaan.
Diagram evaluasi dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1
II. Metoda
Untuk optimasi pengembangan lapangan
digunakan metoda optimasi yang banyak
dikembangkan dalam ilmu matematika, yaitu
dengan memilih variabel terbaik dari seperangkat
alternatif variabel yang tersedia sesuai dengan
fungsi obyektifnya. Dalam penelitian ini dapat
dipilih salah satu dari dua fungsi obyektif yaitu
faktor perolehan lapangan. Variabel yang
menentukan nilai maksimum dari kedua fungsi
=% 
1
evaluasinya, GA membutuhkan hasil yang
merupakan keluaran dari simulasi. Bila dibutuhkan
banyak hasil keluaran, maka simulasi reservoar
yang dilakukan akan semakin banyak dan hal
ini akan memerlukan waktu yang tidak sedikit
dalam melakukan evaluasi optimasi untuk
mendapatkan hasil yang optimum. Pengurangan
jumlah keluaran simulasi dalam melakukan
evaluasi optimasi akan sangat berdampak
dalam kecepatan waktu optimasi.
Berikut penjabaran beberapa metoda
yang sering digunakan dalam penelitian yang
berkaitan dengan keteknikan perminyakan.
Algoritma Genetik (GA)
Algoritma genetik (GA) adalah pencarian
heuristik yang meniru proses evolusi alam. Heuristik
telah secara rutin digunakan untuk menghasilkan
solusi yang berguna untuk optimasi dan pencarian
masalah. Algoritma genetik merupakan kelas
yang lebih besar dari algoritma evolusioner
(EA), akan menghasilkan solusi untuk masalah
optimasi menggunakan teknik yang terinspirasi
oleh evolusi alam, seperti warisan, mutasi,
   =Q " 
" €‚Q  "" seleksi, dan crossover.
  *Q
="
"]

  *Q

 "
 Dalam algoritma genetika, sebuah populasi
sumur, dan fasilitas permukaan. Namun banyak
dari variabel optimasi tersebut merupakan variabel
statis yang tidak berubah selama waktu optimasi
dari string (disebut kromosom atau genotipe
dari genom), yang menjandikan solusi calon
(disebut individu, makhluk, atau fenotip) untuk

""!*
= 

!

 "
 sebuah masalah optimasi, berevolusi ke arah
sumur produksi, dimensi pipa salur permukaan,
dan jarak sumur ke fasilitas pengolahan.
Pada dasarnya penelitian ini ditujukan
untuk melakukan optimasi pengembangan
lapangan dalam skala yang sebenarnya. Namun
untuk saat ini masih menggunakan model
konseptual atau model prototipe yang
dikembangkan dari sebagian kecil dari data
sesungguhnya yang mewakili sistem reservoar
dan sistem sumur produksi di lapangan, dengan
solusi yang lebih baik. Secara tradisional, solusi
direpresentasikan dalam sistem-biner sebagai
string dari 0s dan 1s, namun pengkodean cara
lain juga dimungkinkan. Evolusi ini biasanya
dimulai dari sebuah populasi individu secara
acak dan terjadi dalam generasi. Dalam setiap
generasi, kesesuaian setiap individu dalam
populasi dievaluasi, beberapa individu yang
stochastically dipilih dari populasi saat ini
(berdasarkan fitness), dan dimodifikasi
28  
'

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"% 
" $
#
 #= {# " "$ ="$"'"$"
$
(Amega Yasutra, Tutuka Ariadji, Zuher Syihab, Pudjo Sukarno)
(digabungkan dan mungkin bermutasi secara
acak) untuk membentuk populasi baru. Populasi
baru kemudian digunakan dalam iterasi
selanjutnya dari algoritma. Umumnya, algoritma
4
berakhir ketika jumlah maksimum generasi telah
diproduksi, atau tingkat kebugaran yang
memuaskan telah dicapai masyarakat. Jika
algoritma telah diakhiri karena jumlah maksimum
karena dapat mempermudah proses yang komplek
menjadi sederhana dengan akurasi yang baik.
Terutama dalam evaluasi resiko yang melibatkan
banyak parameter ketidak pastian. G Zangl 4
2006 mencoba menggunakan 7 ini guna
melakukan optimasi produksi untuk mengurangi
running simulasi yang lama untuk mencapai titik
optimumnya. Metoda optimasi yang digunakan
generasi sudah tercapai, solusi yang memuaskan tetap menggunakan 1
.
mungkin tercapai atau mungkin tidak tercapai.
Algoritma genetika dapat ditemukan aplikasinya III. Hasil

 =

"$ =

"
Q $ " 
Q

komputer, teknik, ekonomi, kimia, manufaktur, 1 
 merupakan metoda
 
Q
Q
"=

"${=

"$
""% yang populer dalam optimasi, tetapi terdapat
beberapa kekurangan yang akan memperlambat
Experimental Design proses optimasi jika GA di gabungkan dengan
simulasi reservoar. Simulasi terintegrasi akan
Dalam statistika, perancangan percobaan memerlukan waktu cukup lama untuk setiap
9*
.7: adalah kajian mengenai operasinya. Simulator yang digunakan dalam
penentuan kerangka dasar kegiatan pengumpulan 


"
 
! 
 #
"
informasi terhadap obyek yang memiliki variasi


#€<LC
(stokastik), berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip statistika.
 ""$"' =" '"Œ8 ="Ž
bagi peneliti untuk bergerak dari hipotesis
menuju pada eksperimen agar memberikan hasil
yang valid secara ilmiah. Dengan demikian,
perancangan percobaan dapat dikatakan
sebagai salah satu instrumen metode ilmiah.
Kajian perancangan percobaan adalah
pelaksanaan percobaan (eksperimen) terkendali.
Dalam percobaan semacam ini, peneliti
memberikan sejumlah tindakan (dapat juga
#'
Metoda optimasi dengan menggunakan
G A pa da a w a l pe nye ba r a n popul a sin y a
(Gambar 2.) dilakukan secara acak dan ini
berpotensi besar untuk melakukan generasi
populasi yang lebih banyak guna mendapatkan
hasil yang optimum.
Untuk mengurangi kelemahan tersebut
maka sewaktu generasi populasi awal GA di
bantu dengan menggunakan experimental
design sehingga sampling yang dilakukan
sudah menampung seluruh populasi yang ada.
Œ' = "Ž  

"$" 

{

 =8 "%Q Untuk mempercepat terjadinya kondisi
diistilahkan sebagai perlakuan atau treatment) optimum pada optimasi yang dilakukan maka
pada sejumlah objek yang memiliki variasi pada GA dikontrol dengan menggunakan Proxy
derajat tertentu. Beberapa pustaka menggunakan model 9
: sehingga hasil populasi
istilah 7
 design bagi rancangan- berikutnya tidak akan jauh dari area optimum
rancangan yang dibuat untuk kegiatan pengumpulan nya. Bagan optimasi dengan GA yang sudah
informasi tidak terkendali, seperti survei, jajak





'


!'
C=[
pendapat 9
:, penelitian pengamatan
9

7:, d a n C
!7. Model
.7
*
 dilandasi atas
sejumlah prinsip statistika mendasar agar Model ini merupakan model sederhana
analisis yang diterapkan terhadap hasil yang di dibuat untuk memudahkan simulasi
pengamatan valid secara ilmiah. pada awal menentukan metoda optimasi, bentuk
model dapat dilihat pada Gambar 4, dimensi
Proxy Function dan keterangan model sebagai berikut:

7 Y sering digunakan  ’&  " 

 X„X„„?„‘ƒ
 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 25 - 33 29

 ’"8"$„ = |}XX„_;XX Saran

 ’  Q;_q#L
 ’#'
  ;=! Perlu diujicoba lebih lanjut dengan data
 ’  
'
 ;X! lapangan dan dibandingkan hasil pemilihan
 ’ ' ;XX' posisi sumur dengan posisi sumur yang sudah
ada, sehingga dapat di evaluasi apakah hasil
Untuk model jaringan diameter pipa dari optimasi tersebut sudah optimal.
kepala-sumur ke manifol adalah 3 inci sedangkan Perlu dilakukan & '
dengan
jarak kepala-sumur ke manifol berubah ubah software optimasi komersial yang terdapat
tergantung posisi sumur. Posisi manifol menjadi di pasar sehingga dapat melihat sejauh mana
satu lokasi dengan separator.  "  
'  %"$
"
Penjabaran detail untuk optimasi dengan
menggunakan GA alurnya dapat dilihat pada Ucapan Terimakasih
Gambar 5a dan 5b. Pada gambar tersebut
diperlihatkan alur detail optimasi yang dilakukan Penulis berterima kasih kepada para
pada studi ini jika menggunakan GA saja dan pihak yang telah membantu guna terlaksananya
pada Gambar 6a dan 6b jika menggunakan penelitian ini di antaranya adalah Research
HGA (ED+GA+Proxy Model).  OGRINDO atas supportnya dan
Dari hasil simulasi dengan optimasi GA Schlumberger yang telah memberikan student
dan ED+GA+Proxy didapatkan hasil keluaran license atas perangkat-lunak kepada Teknik
%"$= =
' $" "  
"$" Perminyakan ITB sehingga penulis dapat
metoda optimasi gabungan ED+GA+Proxy melakukan penelitian ini.

  !
'1'
 biasanya
disebut dengan  1 atau "& 1) Daftar Pustaka
lebih cepat mencapai kondisi optimum yang
diperlihatkan dari  dan plot Abdulkarim, A., 2010. Overview of Saudi Aramco’s
kumulatif produksi yang tertinggi. Hasil yang Intelligent Field Program, Society Petroleum
cepat menuju ke optimum di pengaruhi oleh Engineers-Paperno.129706.
faktor tambahan ED dan 7 yang mengontrol Q;XX`" $

 "$! 
Furrial FIeld Asset applying Risk and Uncertainity
GA sehingga faktor acak pada GA dapat dikurangi.
Analysis for the Decision Making, Society
Hasil perbandingan dari kedua metoda dapat Petroleum Engineers-Paper No. 94093
dilihat pada Gambar 7 dan 8. L$!%QQ;XX"  $ " 
 " 
 ƒ" $ "$ ' Q  "

V. Kesimpulan dan Saran Technologies to Optimally Manage Giant Fields,

Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper No. 128469.
Kesimpulan L "QQ;XXL " '  " "$
an Integrated Asset Operations Modelling System,
Dari hasil simulasi terlihat bahwa, dengan Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper No. 127893.
adanya .7 *
 dan Proxy Function/   ' ‚ ""$ !' 
Model, populasi baru akan lebih ter kontrol   "€%' = &  $"„'   "Q
 <" *  %
QC " *  Q[;Q
9: sehingga kondisi optimum akan lebih
USA.
cepat tercapai dengan menggunakan   ""
Q;XX_" $ "
 ""

1 atau "& 1 (ED+GA+Proxy). Pada Process Facility Models in a Single Simulation
populasi awal HGA sudah terjadi optimasi, Tool, Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper
sehingga populasi yang diambil lebih mewakili No. 109260.
data yang dievaluasi dan lebih cepat mencapai Feroney S., 4 , 2009. Integrated Field Development-
kondisi optimumnya. Improved Field Planning and Operation
Optimization, Society Petroleum Engineers-
Paper No. 14010.
30  
'   ‘" "%  " $ #  #= {# " "$ ="$"'"$" $
(Amega Yasutra, Tutuka Ariadji, Zuher Syihab, Pudjo Sukarno)

Gendreau, M., July, 2002. An Introduction to Tabu  ‹   "
"C"
"   *
Q
Search, Département d´informatique et de Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper No.130999
recherche opérationnelle-Université de Montréal. ˆ 
€QC " !
$!
!#' 
Q
4-
Griess, 2006. Apllication of Global Optimization
Techniques for Model Validation and Prediction
Scenarios for a North African Oil Field, Society
Petroleum Engineers-Paper No. 100193.
Guyaguler, 2006. Integrated Optimization of Field
Development, Planning, and Operation, Society
2003. Promoting Real-time Optimization of
Hydrocarbon Producing Systems, Society
Petroleum Engineers-Paper No. 83978.
Purwar, S., 2010. A Method for Integrating Response
Surface into Optimization Models with Real
 '
" #
%
"C

"$Q#
%
Petroleum Engineers-Paper No. 102557. Petroleum Engineers-Paper No.129566.
Howell, 2006. From Reservoir Through Process, Rodriguez, R., 2007. Integration of Subsurface,
From Today to Tomorrow-The Integrated As Surface and Economic under Uncertainity in
set Model, Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper Orocual Field, Society Petroleum Engineers-
No. 99469. Paper No.107259.
Issaka, M.B., 2008. Real-Time Integrated Field Sagli. JR., 2007 Improved Production and Process
Management at the Desktop, Society Petroleum Optimization Through People, Technology, and
Engineers-Paper No. 112071. Process, Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper
Khan. K., 2006. Optimized Field Development No. 110655.
 # $%<"
<" 
"
%
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Š #' 
Q8"Q;XX|€" $



field-North of Monages, Venezuela, Paper Studies Help Asset Teams Make Optimal Field
No. IBP1786. Development Decisions, Society Petroleum
Kumar, AJ., 2009. Implementation of Integrated Engineers-Paper No.110250.
Network Optimization Model for the Mumbai #

QQ;XX}"# "
"
8
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Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper no. 123799. Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper No. 125557.


&LQ;XXL "! "$   " #! " ‚'Q;XX< 

" $

and Automation Practices in the Upstream Production Modelling, Society Petroleum
Business, Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper Engineers-Paper No. 128742.
No.102701. #'  Q 4- 2002. A critical Overview of
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! L%{ 

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Optimization System Based on Integrated  " „" "  
'  ‡ "Q
Reservoir and Facility Simulation, Society Society Petroleum Engineers-Paper No.77703.
Petroleum Engineers-Paper No.77643. Solis R. et al., 2004. Risk, Uncertainity and
Madray, M., 2008. Integrated Field Modelling of Optimization for Offshore Gas Asset Planning
the Miskar Field, Society Petroleum Engineers-  " =Q# %  "$ " {
Paper No. 113873. Paper No. 90177.
Morales, 2010. Using Genetic Algorithm to Optimize
 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 25 - 33 31

Gambar 1. Diagram evaluasi

Gambar 2. Bagan alir optimasi dengan Gambar 3. Bagan alir optimasi dengan
menggunakan GA menggunakan HGA (ED+GA+Proxy Model)
32  
'   ‘" "%  " $ #  #= {# " "$ ="$"'"$" $
(Amega Yasutra, Tutuka Ariadji, Zuher Syihab, Pudjo Sukarno)

Gambar 4. Model reservoar

Gambar 5a. Populasi #1 dengan GA Gambar 5b. Populasi #2 dengan GA

 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 25 - 33 33

Gambar 6a. Populasi #1 dengan HGA menggunakan ED Gambar 7. Fitness plot GA vs HGA (ED+GA+proxy
latin hypercube model)

Gambar 6b. Populasi #2 dengan HGA (ED+GA+proxy Gambar 8.   GA vs HGA (ED+GA+proxy
model) model)
34 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013
  
      
Coal Bed Methane Reservoirs
 

 


 




di Sumatera Selatan

Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu

CLŒC#Ž
? 
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"  
Phone: +62217394422, Fax: +62217246150
(email: bambangw@lemigas.esdm.go.id)

Abstract

=
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="
{"%= "
$"% { 
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tend to give far different magnitudes when compared to laboratory results. After a series of re-evaluations and
re-measurements on the laboratory results it was convinced that the problem does not lie with the laboratory results
= !!  ¡"* " "Š ‰ "!   
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=   ‰ "
' "=  " 

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show that only equation for ash contents gives accurate results. The other proximate analysis output data - i.e.
  " "Q*   Q"
„
="{ "
= 

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"$



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!  "$
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equations have produced analogous but different empirical equations to the original equations. These equations
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ŠQ"
!  =   "
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!*  ! 

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Abstrak

*  
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35
36 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 35 - 47

I. Introduction " !        


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was produced and is considered as more reliable
In the last two decades coal bed methane "
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every part of the world. In coal mining industry
the contained methane gas in the coal seams
were mostly regarded as hazard to the mining
activities themselves. Various methane related
study are again to be presented with some scanning
electron microscope images added. This
addititional data has proved useful in providing
  "
"

"$ " !   
Š '

* 
accidents have occurred throughout the history coal seams.
of coal mining, often resulted in serious fatalities,
especially in deep mining activities. II. ‘Standard’ Models
 "'  
"
%L!%
been long considered as a potential alternative In a manner similar to conventional oil
to gas production from conventional gas reservoirs. and gas reservoirs in their early era of exploitation,
This is true since coal beds are often encountered *
"* L  *
  


in petroleum wells, but too deep to be economically out much using core samples and testing in the
exploited through conventional deep mining =%  "


"$ !   "

 
operations. However, low gas price in the past coring and testing of all existing wells (especially
"
 !   
*   L 
"
" L  *
Q!
!  „'

"
most coal beds compared to conventional gas
 !
"] "
 =%  
"
%ƒQ
 
reservoirs prevented its exploitation. thought that means had to be established to utilize
Situation in today’s petroleum industry - the most common and widely used method for
with awareness that world’s gas reserve has its reservoir evaluation, the wire-line logs.
 
"

{!
" '!
!L Mullen (1989) proposed a set of
has to be given a more appropriate attention. interpretation models for proximate analysis
Based on technology available to petroleum data derived from basin-wide database reported
and mining industries technology for drilling by Fassets and Hinds in their 1971 US Geological
"
'

"L!* = "
* '
 Survey Professional Paper 676. The original set
The various techniques that have been developed, of equations presented in Mullen (1988) is
including ones in formation evaluation, have
exhibited their usefulness but improvements
are indeed required. Recent execution on the (1)
'
'8 
""
" 

"=" 

(2)
– South Sumatera, has shown the need.
 &
"$! 
!
 
Q' 
(3)
   
*
! *  



$* %
"$"

$
   
(4)
run, but it was doubted whether the common
equations/models used in log interpretation are
valid for the required reserve assessment. This with U represent the data
was proved based on significant difference  ! " "Q „
 ="Q 
 Q *
 
between results of proximate analysis - ash
contents, moisture, volatile matter, and fixed
carbon - from laboratory and the corresponding
estimates using conventional equations. As fully
acknowledged, error in such data will result in
matter, and bulk density, respectively. The
proximate analysis data is in weight fraction
and bulk density in gr/cc. Although these
equations were derived from a certain database
they are subject to modification in order to
"  
 
" 
ŠL
" accommodate ‘local effect’, as has been shown
  ! 
%=* !
= " in Mullen (1989).
presented in Widarsono et al (2009a and 2009b). The proximate analysis data estimated
 


$"%

#!# L
 !"   *
 37
(Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu)

using Equations (1) through (4) enables the (Suwarna et al, 2003). The coal seams that
estimation of gas contents. There are some serve as the focus, from which the methane gas
 !
* = Q"$!  

 is expected, are contained within the tertiary
Kim method (Kim, 1977) of (Oligocene to Pleistocene) Muara Enim formation
(Suwarna et al, 2003).
(5) The Muara Enim formation comprises
approximately 900 m of paralic sandstones
with interbedded coal seams, which typically
form between 10% and 20% of total formation
thickness. Referring to well log data the coal
seams are dispersedly distributed throughout
the formation. With regard to age the Muara
Enim formation is sub-divided, from the oldest
to the youngest, into M1, M2, M3, and M4 Sub-
(6)
divisions (Figure 2). From the four Sub-divisions,
; #={
*  "  !  Q ;Q LQ "
 
(7) (Figure 3) coal seams is the focus of the pilot
project (Suwarna et al, 2003).
Other fully empirical methods are average gas The A1and A2 seams range between 6
contents from Mullen (1989) and 15 meters in thickness. From studies from
outcrops, the A1 seam tends to thin out in the
(8) ! "'!  
!  ! ; 
tends to be uniform with its 9-15 meters thickness
!$!!  
! L '' = 
(9) the thickest with maximum thickness of 19 meter
 !"* $ * _   %Q
most of the seam is present in a single body except
(10)
some vertical separation in some parts in the
 
Š"! " !   '' "%
The equations presented above are at the thinnest seam in the M2 Sub-division with
present still being used in the interpretation of thickness from 7 to 11 meters. The seam tends
 $
L ' ""
 to reach its maximum thickness in the western
calibration using tested cores are suggested but '!  

va r ious pr ac tices h av e sh o wn th at t hi s Maceral analysis previously conducted
recommended practice is not always carried out. for the coals (from A seams) show that the
Instead, direct use without any corrective measure maceral group is predominantly vitrinite that
is often practiced. varies within 71% - 94%, with exinite and inertinite
components of 1-7% and 3-10%, respectively.
III. Case study: Rambutan Field L
 " !  *  "    ] "    
samples from the A seams and the Enim seam
  $ "%Q !  ="  
 '  (M4 Sub-division) of 0.50-0.52% and 0.38-
project is situated in the southern part of the 0.47%, respectively, it is interpreted that the
South Sumatera sedimentary basin in Sumatera L'  " = " "= $ " "

(Figure 1). The basin, which development thermogenic types, dominated by the thermogenic
! "] "
=%! =
 "!  one. If the tested coal samples are taken as the
Indo-Australian Plate underneath the Southeast representative for the coals in Rambutan project,
 " 
 "$!    {% ! *  "   ] "  $$ !! 
Tertiary, contains sediments from Tertiary *% $"  ={=  "{L
terrestrial to marine clastics with minor limestone ranks. Figures 4 and 5 present scanning electron
38 

$"% 
#!# L
 !"   * 
(Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu)

microscope (SEM) photos of samples representing der was taken for proximate analysis. For proximate
 "
 "%
Q
"‰"
%'
' 
The coals have fairly developed cleat system was put into furnace, and following the procedures
with averaged cleat spacing of 27.5 cm and described in ASTM D 3173 – 00, ASTM D
8.2 cm for A and Enim seams, respectively, 3174 – 00, and ASTM D 3175 – 01, moisture
and cleat aperture of 0.1-0.2 cm. Despite fairly content (VM), ash content (Vash), and volatile
cleated (i.e. moderate permeability), the coals matter (VVM) were measured. Proximate analysis
tend to exhibit very low porosity. The high volatile measurements are made in air dry basis (adb),
matter contents (39.3-43.4%) shown by the which results are then converted into as received
samples indicate characteristics of very low in (ar) condition imitating in situ condition in wells.
situ methane co n ten ts. Ho wev er, o t he r All proximate analysis results are presented
characteristics of dull to dull-banded lithotype,
"
$!
"
„
="‚ƒ

'%
vitrinite dominated maceral composition, low to a subtraction of the combined three parameters


*

"
  ] " Q
 
  from 100%. Notice the difference shown by
contents, and low ash contents indicate moderate Mullen’s Equations (1) through (4), in which
 * L" "
!
"!   „
="

"
*
  

merely a product of the other three proximate
IV. Laboratory Works analysis parameters. For log analysis purposes, it
could arguably be considered irrelevant whether
A total of 53 core samples were taken from *
     „
 ="  !  '

the pilot project’s wells nos. 3 and 4. The sizes of the other three parameters, but it is indeed
of full diameter cores are 3.5 inch and 2.5 inch volatile matter that actually ‘matters’ – and is
 "
 Q ' 
* %'  measured in the laboratory – since it determines
were retrieved under hydrostatic pressure from
mud column in the wells. The samples were to
undergo gas contents, proximate analysis, ultimate
analysis, and bulk density measurements.
As the core samples were retrieved from
the wells, they were stored in canisters and isolated
completely. Following the standard procedure,
total volumes of released gas within the canisters
during transportation (Q2) were measured upon
arrival at the laboratory through the use of fast
desorption method. Simultaneously, gas
composition was measured using gas
the tested coal’s rank.
Apart from the above tests, ultimate
analysis tests were also carried out to determine
the coal’s elemental contents and calorie values.
The resulting data is treated as supplemental
information to this study. Main results of the
overall laboratory measurements are presented
in Table 1.
V. Analyses of Data
As in standard activities related to the
!$'! '   ! " *
 

"L
"Q=%
from the canister and tested for their bulk density tests on samples in this study were performed
using mercury displacement method. Next step under the most representative conditions. As
was to put the samples into crusher. As the samples !
 "


"  

 ! " !   
"$
were being pulverized the released gas (Q3) was
measured thoroughly. Using the recorded Q2 and
Q3, the volumes of released gas during the time-
measured core retrieval (Q1) were estimated using
fast desorption method. Figure 6 presents an
example of Q1 estimation. Summation of Q1,
Q2, and Q3 serves as the estimates of total gas
contents (V) in the core samples.
data was valid for comparison to its corresponding
log analysis results. Discrepancies between
the two data sources were expected but it was
hoped that they would still be within an acceptable
degree not to lead into a need to modify the
existing equations.
Figures 7 through 10 exhibit comparisons
between observed (measured) and calculated
   !  '     
"% ! " "Q „
 ="Q 
  " "Q
crushed (grain size < 150 m) some of the pow- and volatile matters data for all samples tested.
 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 35 - 47 39

The comparisons have shown that only equation calculated and observed VVM as the constraint.
for ash contents (Equation 1) seems to work ! '
 ! 


"
properly by yielding accurate Vash estimates. are the adjustments of Equations 2 and 3 into
'
"  !  !  !  ! * %

$"
"

$  "Q!
!

data tends to differ much compared to observed
data. The use of alternate bulk density from
density log did not provide any improvements.
 '
" =  "  
 
 
Q1+Q2+Q3) and calculated gas contents were
also carried out. Figures 11 through 13 present
!  '
"  


 ‘
Q  "Q
and Mavor et al equations, respectively. From
the three comparisons, it is obvious that there is
no acceptable degree of accuracy given by the
three equations. At this point it is worth
emphasizing that the validity of the observed
gas contents is very much determined by the Figures 14 through 17 present the comparisons
validity of the method for determining Q1, the between observed and calculated data produced
fast desorption method. through the use of Equations 11 through 14.
All comparisons for proximate analysis and Obvious improvements are apparent when
gas contents data have proved that the ‘standard’ compared to comparisons presented in Figures
equations and methods are not applicable for 8 and 9. Figures 18 and 19 show similar
the Rambutan coals. Modifications, even comparison for the resulting volatile matter
establishments of new equations, upon the data obtained using Equation 4. Significant
‘standard’ equations are apparently needed if improvement is particularly shown by the
!  $

"! =" 

 
" comparison in Figure 19 when compared to the

" !   "L
" old comparison in Figure 10. This underlines
in the project. the validity of Equations 12 and 14 for Rambu-
VI. Suggested Models
For the proximate analysis tests data,
Mullen equations for moisture contents
(Equation 2) and fixed carbon (Equation 3)
"Š 
The comparison in Figure 18 for A seam
is indeed less encouraging for the data points
are scattered far off the 45 degree line indicating
a complete disagreement between calculated
and observed VVM. This could be taken as


" ! " !"



" an indication that validity of Equations 11 and
For volatile matter, Equation 4 is certainly in no 13 are less convincing than Equations 12 and
need for modification but the resulting 14. However, when it is considered that the
estimates were later to be compared with observed ‚"
‚ ‰
" !* $" 
VVM from laboratory. This additional source through calibration using laboratory data, it
of comparison was later to prove useful in can arguably be taken that the inconsistency is
'*


"$ "

"$ 


"  somewhat caused by non-linearity relationship
Equations 2 and 3. between the four proximate analysis parameters
 


""‰
";"
[   in A seam coals. Regardless the VVM results,
essentially carried out through a series of trials E qua t i ons 11 t hr ough 14 c a n s a f e ly b e
of alternative pairs of slopes and intercepts. considered more valid than Equations 2 and 3
Improvement in agreement between calculated for the Rambutan coals.
data with observed ones is the prime objective For gas contents, similar approaches
with an acceptable degree of agreement between   
! 


" „

"$
40 


$"%

#!# L
 !"   *

(Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu)

models/equations. This is especially true for to Equation 5. A more theoretical approach

Mullen and Mavor et al equations. For Mullen should be adopted even though the semi-empirical
average gas contents equation, Equation 8 nature of the equation may make the effort very
becomes. challenging.

VII. Conclusions

and the Mavor et al equation becomes   


 ‰ " „  "$'„  
analysis and gas contents equations have been
established. Despite their varied level of validity,
the equations can nevertheless be regarded as
more valid for the Rambutan coals. Any future
With VM data in the ad resulted from analysis on well log data in Rambutan should
the new Equations 13 and 14. Figures 20 and 21 use these equations. The use of ‘standard’ equations
present comparisons between the new calculated !  "  " L$"% 
and measured (i.e. Q1+Q2+Q3) gas contents. will yield inaccurate results.
Better agreement has been achieved when the Modifications over the ‘standard’
two equations are used. equations have reinforced the conviction that
For Modified Kim equation, the different coals should be treated differently in

 "   ' ‰ "`!$! L $ "% Q * " !$!    
_=* %!'  " "
 "
 $' "$ " !  ''  " % =  8 

order variables and constants. From a quick (i.e. different equations for different groups of
look it is certainly unclear about how the sensitivity  "ƒ !   " !  ="  

trials and adjustments should start from and are   $"  ={=  "{Lƒ=%"
focused on. However, provided that the proximate ‹! ! ! 

 ‰ " *

analysis parameters are accepted while expressions coals belonging to those ranks, it is future and
of 0.96h and 0.14(1.8h/100) obviously represent further applications that will prove.
pressure and temperature at depths, respectively,
it is variables of ko and no that have to be given References
attention. Through a series of sensitivity trials
the ko and no become ASTM D 3173-00, 2002. Standard Test Method for
    "! "% #' "

  #" " "QXXL€=

& * Q‹ "!! "Q}q;|{;}`}{<#
ASTM D 3174-00, 2002. Standard Test Method
 ! "! "% #' "
 
 #" " "QXXL€=
 & * Q‹ "!! "Q}q;|{;}`}{<#
ASTM D 3175-01, 2002. Standard Test Method for
Figure 22 presents a comparison between  ‚    "! "% #' 
the new calculated gas contents data and the  "
 #" " "QXXL€=
measured data. The reasonably good agreement  & * Q‹ "!! "Q}q;|{;}`}{<#
!! ' *
%! 

‘  Fassett, J.E. & Hinds, J.S., 1971. Geology and Fuel
equation, but with ko and no represented by Resources of The Fruitland Formation and
Equations 17 and 18, for Rambutan coals, at Kirtland Shale of The San Juan Basin, New
least for the tested samples. It is well understood   „ "

<#C $ #* %
Professional Paper 676, p76, 1971.
that adjustments on the ko and no equations are
‘ QCQ}__  "$ !" " "
somewhat subjective and non-unique in nature.  L  "=

' "&<#
Other investigators may have attention and focus Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 8245, 22p.
given to other aspects within and that are related
 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 35 - 47 41

*Q?Q Q?•L" QQ}}X #"Qˆ•}! Q;XX[* "L

  "* "„' "=
Exploration in South Sumatera, Vol. 1A. (in
Methane Wells. SPE Paper #90-101, presented Bahasa Indonesia), unpublished report, Ministery
 ! " " " !"   "$Q$% of Energy and Mineral Resources – The Republic
June 10-13. of Indonesia.
 "Q?Q}|}=
 !"    Widarsono, B., Sartadiredja, K., & Musu, J.M.,
 * "‹   " $ "! ˆ!  ;XX} "#!# * ! 
  "#"?"L " #
%#'   < ¡"* " "Š$"% ‰ "
#18946, presented at the SPE Joint Rocky Mountain    "$=
 !" &#' 
  $ "“  =  %  * #%'   ¤;[}q_Q
"$Q'  "
!   
 "
„! =  "Q& "* {
Q!{|   "
C"  " •„! =  "Q?{
 "Q?Q}||$* " "‹ & 
 Indonesia, 4 - 6 August.
 =
 !" %" "  " Widarsono, B., Sartadiredja, K., & Widjayanto, B.A.,
of Geologists,pp 113- 124. 2009b. Establishment of More Reliable Equations
# !Q&•‹  QQ}|ˆ  !
    "=
 !" „  
 &   " "$! C" "  "% &C## " " = "
Procedures and Results. U.S. Bureau of Mines to Petroleum Science & Technology, Vol. 32, No. 2,
Report of Investigations 8515. August, pp: 103 – 113.
42 

$"% 
#!# L
 !"   * 
(Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu)

= =%   "

"
 Š' 
 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 35 - 47 43

Figure 2. General stratigraphy of the area of study [from Suwarna et al, 2003]
44 

$"% 
#!# L
 !"   * 
(Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu)

Figure 4. SEM photos of sample S3-09 of seam A showing

 $" ""%" " $!Q'' ƒ
within vitrinite. Vitrinite is the most abundant maceral
content, presents and makes up the groundmass where
minor amount of resinite debris (left, green arrows) are

' 
&§
 
  * %$"  ƒ
content due to presence of the clay minerals.

Sample : SP-04
‹   L¤[# 
Depth : 2958.00 – 2958.30 ft

Figure 3. Stratigraphic column with thicness of the

seams based on gamma ray and density logs [from
Suwarna et al, 2003]

Sample : S3-09
‹   L¤[# 
Depth : 1724.10 – 1724.20 ft

Figure 5. Vitrinite occurs in the form of unstructured

vitrinite (collinite) (left, brown arrow) and telinite (structured
vitrinite) clearly recognized cell walls of more or less
" '"    =  ƒ &§ ! ! $!  
(organic matter content) compared to seam A samples.
 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 35 - 47 45

 $ |' "=  " 

"


moisture content (original equation)

 $ "„'   "C¨ƒ

& "$   *& "$ "$  $ }' "=  " 
"


„
=" $ " ‰ "ƒ

 $ _' "=  " 

"

  $ X' "=  " 
"

ash content (original equation) calculated volatile matter (original equation)
46 

$"% 
#!# L
 !"   * 
(Bambang Widarsono, Kosasih, Junita Trivianty Musu)

 $ ' "=  " 

"

  $ q' "=  " 
"


gas content (Mod Kim, original equation) „
=" 

 ‰ "ƒ

 $ ;' "=  " 

"

  $ `' "=  " 
"


gas content (Mullen, original equation) „
=" 

 ‰ "ƒ

 $ [' "=  " 

"

  $ ' "=  " 
"


gas content (Mavor et al, original equation)   " " 

 ‰ "ƒ
 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 35 - 47 47

 $ _' "=  " 

"

  $ ;X' "=  " 
"


  " " 

 ‰ "ƒ $" " "Q

 ‰ "ƒ

 $ |' "=  " 

"

  $ ;' "=  " 
"


*    

 ‰ "ƒ gas content (Mavor et alQ

 ‰ "ƒ

 $ }' "=  " 

"

  $ ;;' "=  " 
"


*    

 ‰ "ƒ $" "
‘ Q

 ‰ "ƒ
48 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013
 Dewatering Facilities for CBM Resource Appraisal,
Lesson Learned from Sanga-Sanga Coalbed Methane Field, East Kalimantan

Fasilitas “Dewatering” untuk Apraisal Gas Metana Batubara, Pelajaran dari

Lapangan CBM Sanga-sanga Kalimantan Timur
Agam Munawar(1), Donny Hendromurti(1), Rina Dewi P(1), Giovanni Foglio(2), BrianSchupp(3)
(1)‚"
"  Q‹  q|th - 49th Floors

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto No. 42, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia

PO BOX 2828, JKT 10028 Phone: +62215236686
(2)ENI

Atrium Mulia Building

Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. B 10-11, Jakarta 12910, Indonesia
(3)BP

Perkantoran Hijau Arkadia Tower E, 5th Floor

Jl. T.B. Simatupang Kav. 88
Jakarta 12520, Indonesia

Abstract

 ! '' =
 !" Lƒ!"%" ‰  *  ! "'
 !"* " "
 "
$ „' ""LQ$'
 "%  " „ "


  "$' ! 

  "$' "  

%'"%%  QL'' '8   ‰  
    "$  "
$'
 "= ;XX&  = ;X;Q‚L
installed and operated nine dewatering facilities in the Sanga-Sanga Field. High uncertainties in the early
$ !  „' "'!  
‚L*  ‡    "


 
"
"%! ''!
  "*  "$! $!'
 "* =  %L "
 ' "$! 
  "$' 
"" "$!% "Q! " 
!* = " 
Q  =    ‡ "
"

‡  ‰ ' "
'' %"! 
Q! 
 $"'! '!%* ] „ =  %  "%! '' ! ''  
to discuss major parameters required to be taken into account in the design of dewatering facilities and to show
!‚*  '  "'= 
 "$!  "  
  "$'  
 "! #"${#"$ 
Q
Kalimantan, Indonesia.
‘ %

  "$Q    Q   "$Q'
 "QL

Abstrak

    1    &  91:'&  ''

   
'/' & 
' 

'
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' 4  1-'
&    

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:4
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& ! 4"  -'   1&'   ' '  
 
 
 
'4* & #'&;UDU  
*&;UD;-K# 
  
 
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! 
4%

 
' '      +   ' 
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'     
9 :4'  & 
 

 ' /' 
9  &: '    '   
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   4 $    '
&  '    ' - ' & ' ''   
  
'  
 

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'   -  
&
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     '''   !  0   
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49
50 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 49 - 56

  
   /' &
  K#
       
/   
 !  +   
    
 
! 
-$   %- 
$  $8
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  "$ $ Q L     ' 
 =%
I. Introduction "   %  "%Q‚L
  !   "
       % Q
 ‚ L  8 " * "  ' 
 which are driven by an electric motor. In fact,
equally between BP and ENI. It is currently !   "   ' "
‚Š 
executing an exploration program appraising  ‚Š  $ Q! !
!    %=
 !" Lƒ do not require electrical power.
play in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. With 1,747  L{'

   %      "
;#  $ ƒQ! L#    ]"* " " 
'
" %* '!  „  "$‚"* " "     "%""* " "%

 "#! "$"#ƒ!  $  produced water is re-injected into a disposal
 "!  #'  ‡ "   * # ! '

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and shared usage of resources, equipment, !        " L{'

  
materials, and facilities. Most of the time, the quality has uncertainties, which mean it may
#     „'
  ! $!  "Q   contain something that could harm the treatment
Kalimantan is on the equator . Geologically, the ' ‚L


"$ L
#  
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=%
  "* " "Q water separately from its existing facilities.
which varies the sedimentary facies. The surface
" %!   " $ ;ƒ "%Q Produced Water Handling
‚L'   "
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consist of two multi-well pilots and two single Two big uncertainties exist related to
well pilots. The distance from the most southern L{'

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well to the most northern well is about 33 km. There are wide variations of water production
rates from coals in any basin. As a whole, ratio
II. Methods water and gas about 0.31 barrels of water
'

' QXXX !" Q " Q
 <"   "* " "  Q L   1993). A Report from 420 wells in the Warrior
need to dewater the coals to produce gas. Water Basin had initial water production rates of 17
must be removed from the coal to lower the to 1,175 BWPD (Pashin et al., 1990). This is
seam pressure below the critical desorption "$ "
 "!L{'

 !
pressure (Mavor et al., 1990). The time to dewater widely range, even at same field. The water
the coals varies, from days to years. This condition production rate may not always high. Southern
 
L'  „'
! $!"  "  San Juan basin wells have little amounts of water

 $" "$   ! !!  * =  production (Kaiser and Swartz, 1989). Shallow
conditions. With time, water production should coals on the eastern edge of the Powder River
start, so water handling may be managed more basin exhibit minimal water production (Seidle,
easily in the future. 1991). Furthermore, none of that study covered
 ‚ "
"   ! = " " "$   any water data from basin in Indonesia.
one of the top gas producers in East Kalimantan  !
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%
since the 1970s. Gas processing and water disposal "$  „' Q;; ! 

facilities are well established. This condition *  
!
!
" ""$ 
! ' ‚ L       ''  XXqQ}XX$“&* et al., 1993)
'$"QL "
     Four techniques are possible to dispose of
than conventional wells do. During the produced coalbed waters: (1) well injection,
 &   "$   L  '' Q " "#"${#"$=
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Q‘ "" 51
(Agam Munawar, Donny Hendromurti, Rina Dewi P)

(2) discharge into surface streams, (3) land ’ ‚ %'  '  ;X{XX' $
''  "Q "
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as the way to manage big uncertainties in water   ] "$' 
volume and quality. After producing for more ’ 
'  '  ;XX{[`X' $
!"[X% Q! ‚"* " "#!   ] "$' 
many idle wells and depleted reservoirs, which
! % " =  
  "8  " ' " L  L !
= "" 
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 %'
  
" Q low-pressure system to maximize gas recovery.
sands). These solids can plug the meters and However, during the life of the well, conventional
{ "
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 wells may be recompleted to new production
=

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wells has become a study in choosing and  "
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modifying a method to give the best procedure to conventional wells with no potential for
to mitigate this problem (Holditch, 1990). To 
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anticipate those solids and their problems, a not frequently use a burn gas to burn pits. For
pond with a geo membrane was constructed % Q ‚ ! ' $"
  
  $
(Figure 4). To manage uncertainty in producing emissions and redirect all gas molecules from
the water volume and to accommodate rainwater, the reservoir to the pipeline. In addition, as the
the pond was oversized. For safety and security, reservoir pressure declines, the population of
a fence also encloses the pond. In brief, the water wellhead compressors has increased dramatically
'

  !  L   ]  !  in the last few years to improve reserve recovery.
pond, settles down the solids, and is processed,
 
Q "
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' 
 "* " " Gas and Water Measurement
sand. Two injection facilities (Figure 5) were
built in two different areas: Measurement is critical to understand
’ ! $" "8  "    ! pump performance, feed data for appraisal
pacity of 16,000 bwpd, which is dedicated for decisions, and to prevent any commercial issues,
 ! L 
! $"“ '  %$'
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Northern area wells have single line measurement prior entering
’ ! L  "8  "    !' % the production network. This measurement is
of 7,000 bwpd, which is dedicated for the located on the well site. Gas measurement uses
 L  "!  “#! "  "    !      " 
= "   ]' != " "

For contingency, these two injection in every well to provide the operator with direct
         " " 
 ‚   $ "
    " " &
'%
conventional water treatments. By having this (Figure 6).
synergy and cooperation, both parties have the Electrical Power Supply
= " Q! " * "   !* "$
problems, they can always use the other team’s  ‚!"    %!    
facilities. !   Q L   "
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$ "  "''%' !    
Gas Handling system (downhole pump) at the wellsite. It is
'"!    "  '*

 ‚L ""  a clean, reliable, and stable power supply for
"* " " $] " !  „  "$ smooth operations. A local power generator
conventional gas flowlines may have three (genset) was the only option that could satisfy
different pressure systems: power requirements, cost, and time delivery.
52 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 49 - 56

 !      

 * Q ‚ L 
 gases go up through the casing annulus to the
three different sizes of electric motor: surface, while water falls to bottom and enter
 ’ _`€ !  '' " Q ! " ] !$! = "$
 ’ qX€ to surface. Theoretically, the downhole pump
 ’ XX€  • ƒ "      " " 
gas. During the pumped off condition, which is
The genset 135 KVA diesel engine (Figure 7) ! " !  "" ]
  *   "  !  ''
 "
" !L ' !  " Q! ""]
=  $%"
! 
motors. To reduce fuel truck trip frequency, risk of gas entering the pump becomes high.
all gensets have an external fuel tank, which is 

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enough for 7 days operation. pressure is still high and near initial conditions,
the water may contain dissolved gas, which will
III. Operational Problems break out of the solution at low pressure points
in pump and / or tubing. The condition is not
   ‰ "‹ " * " " 
 only bad for the downhole pump but also for
Frequent Dismantling/Re-installing of the water metering as it raises pressure losses in
    & "$ !  „' " '! Q L ] " €* "$ 
"!  '
wells may need to have frequent well interventions will help to reduce this risk, but the cheapest
for several reasons: ' " % =   "$  !  ]
  *   
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"! '' certain level above the intake pump by using
 ’  ' "$
"! '' !''   '' '
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  * 
   ‡  !  *  "]„ may result in higher annular pressures, which
 ’ 

"$“

"$ ‡"  could affect gas production, so this needs to be
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 ’ !
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"! '' needs to be performed frequently to obtain
  ]

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  $
Almost all well interventions require a in the water line. If gas enters the water line,
workover rig. Before the rig arrives, some the line will have to be bled off to reduce the
facilities will need to be dismantled for safety pressure, as the gas will become trapped in high
and operational reasons. Time for dismantling
"  !  '$'!%  ! 
facilities and for re-installing depends on
construction crew availability, equipment
availability (boom truck, excavator, crane, etc),
and the complexity of the job. To minimize job
complexity, and crew and equipment availability,


'  !  ]
East Kalimantan is rolling hills, so this is a real
possibility. Frequent venting can create periods of
pressure cycling, which can also affect pump
performance. Electrical Power Reliability Impact

"

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 ‰
' " %  ‚ L ! = " 
"$  
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(Figure 8) and adopted a portable design pipe ! L '"
" 
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support (Figure 9). This new layout places all ‹ ƒQ
"= ;XX ' 
=%
facilities outside the radius of any rig activity. an electric motor, which has power from a local
!   Q"%]
" '
 ‰

 genset at 135 KVA. The genset requires regular
be dismantled prior to the rig workover maintenance every 500 hours, which means
commencing. ! "
= !
" " 
Gas Present in Water Line month. During the shutdown, the fluid level
between the tubing and casing can equalize,
 L !*  ' ]
"  causing a rapid pressure differential across the
with meter spools: one for gas and one for water. elastomer. Usually after shut down, once the
When the pump is sumped below the bottom 
 "
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Q
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acts like a large vertical separator. By gravity, condition can lead to failure sequences, such as
 &  
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Q‘
"" 53
(Agam Munawar, Donny Hendromurti, Rina Dewi P)

stripped rods and chunked elastomers. Two reinjected into the disposal reservoir. A new
possible solutions have been prepared to overcome facilities design reduced the facility reinstallation
this problem. First, provide a synchronize panel, time from 5 days to 1 day. The genset routine
which allows the working genset to be switched and unscheduled maintenance result in the most
with a spare genset without any interruption. down time. Two possible solutions were proposed
# "
Q "
   "  %'       Q to mitigate the impact from this condition. First,
which has no relevance to torque and elastomers. provide a synchronize panel, which allows the
!  "
' "Q‚'
  working genset to be switched to a spare genset
 " 
'ƒ $ [!   !"% " ' " "%Q! 

 * ' "=  ""

 synchronized panel is being installed and tested
"!  
# "
Q "
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Back Pressure from Conventional Wells.    !!"  *" ‰ "

 !  "
' "Q
Having a connection with conventional ! " ˆQ !   ! = " "
 "

     L  Q demonstrated its ability to handle problems
especially after conventional wells change their associated with power interruption. The challenges
production zone. New production zones typically "  %
 $"L  "!
have higher pressure than the previous ones. simplify and standardize facilities, to optimize
This condition impacts other wells connected the existing ones for less installation time and
" !     "  L $ " "  ! cost reduction. The early appraisal stage has
been made for Multi Well Pilot #2 to mitigate ‰ 
 "

 $" L
this problem. This trunkline is used exclusively well facilities.
=%L ! 
" ' "! 
trunkline, it is connected to very a low-pressure V. Conclusions
header line on a gathering station.
The following are the key points from this
Problems Associated with High Rainfall paper:

During 2010–2012, the rainy season for  L


 *
L''

East Kalimantan was substantial. High rainfall  "* "
"  
"$!{ ]
caused slippery roads, slowing down rig tests may give unreliable results. Only with
movement, operator mobilization, and some-  „ "

] Q!
!
'
times disturbing facility installation. It also
increased the risk of landslides. The pond water
level also quickly increased from the rainwater,

years, can the necessary data be collected to
analyze the reservoir’s performance, in
 '
'  =

%!   QL
 ‰

"$  !
$! 
"8 
"   ‚ L facilities need to be designed to promote safe
has installed a memory recorder on each well and reliable operations while collecting and
to anticipate any data acquisition problem due measuring accurate data to be used in reservoir
 =
   
 ] '   
 performance analysis.
! ] 
Q"
  "
!'"  
!  ; L

%

$"
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pressure data. appraisal program must deal with many
operating parameters uncertainties like water
IV. Results volume, water quality, and produced solids.
The facilities need to be designed to be as
 ‚L! %"$
  ] „
= '
= "$ !  " 
"

dewater ten wells with good surface facility [ !  L




$"
"! 
 
=

%#
" ! L '"  "* "
"L"


 !  „

"$
production in October 2010, about 764,213 barrels conventional facility’s extra capacity without
of cumulative water have been produced and disturbing conventional operation. When some
54 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 49 - 56

parameters are still uncertain, and at worst can LQˆQ" $%Q?'"L  

Q
harm the conventional process (like produced SKK MIGAS and MIGAS for support and
water treatment), it would be better to handle permission to publish this paper. Particular
those uncertainties separately (with new  $"  " 
 !  "‚L
facilities). 8 "$ ƒQ! ‚L ˆ 
q "QL "
    !" Ahmed, Rimbo, Maluddin Silitonga, Rachmat
conventional wells do. During the dewatering Samsoeri, Sudarwadji, Heri Purnomo, Wiarto,
 $ QL  ' 
=%"   "
! ƒ"
! ‚"$ "  "$"

  % ƒQ! !  ‡  " " L


"Q™"Q
electrical power. A local power generator Achmad Yamil, Iwan WP, and others).
(genset) must be installed when an electrical
power network is unavailable in the well area. References
 !  
=

%$ " 
"] " 
the runlife of the downhole pumping system. &*
Q€Q#
'"QQ " Q‹Q
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Generally, downhole pumping systems are  ?Q"

"‡Q&CQ}}[=
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vulnerable to power interruption, which results Produced Water Management Strategies in the
in unplanned shutdowns. Once power Black Warrior Basin of Alabama. Proc.,
 " "
"=
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Q
interruption happens, the pumps may be
Vol. I, Birmingham, Alabama, May, p.317-338.


{'Q!
!% 

  €

!Q#Q}}X' 
" !

"
The presence of a spare genset with a
synchronized panel on location can improve
electrical power reliability. Failures associated
with a downhole pump would be more costly
than having a spare genset with a synchronized
 !" 
seam Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum
Engineers, SPE 20670.
Kaiser, W.R. and Swartz, T.E., 1989. Fruitland
Formation Hydrology and Producibility of
 =
"! #"?"L
"Qˆ 
panel option.   „
"

Q=
 !"
5. Frequent well intervention that requires Symposium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, April, p. 87.
dismantling / re-installing must be anticipated  " Q‹Q}}[=
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when designing the facilities. The major Water Treatment and Disposal Options. Quarterly
  *
 !" #  !"$%Q
equipment must be placed at the outside range
December, Volume 11, No. 2, p. 6-17 .
of the workover rig working area, so that *Q?Q "QLQQ?Q}}X
equipment does not have to be moved. It is     ""
*
"#'
"
necessary to coordinate and work with wellwork Isotherm Data. Society of Petroleum Engineers,
teams as the facility design and layout must SPE 20728.
accommodate frequent rig activity. A !
"Q?Q‹
Q‹QQ‹
""QLQ!"
 Q
multi-disciplinary team, including individuals R.V., Bolin, D.E., Hamilton, R.P., and Mink,
from production engineering, wellwork, and  Q}}XC $
*
"


oper ations teams m u st b e p rese nt i n  

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preplanning, design, and layout meetings. Resources, Part II, Black Warrior basin, Annual
6. After production data show a consistent trend, report. Geological Survey of Alabama, p. 130.
#

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* =

%
some uncertain parameters (water volume and
 &  
=
#
%  
quality) may be unlocked. The following Engineers, SPE 21488.
challenges in well design are how to simplify
and standardize facilities and to optimize
existing ones to design more efficient
installations with inherently safer designs.

Acknowledgements

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"  Q
 &   "$   L  '' Q " "#"${#"$=
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Q‘ "" 55
(Agam Munawar, Donny Hendromurti, Rina Dewi P)

 $ ["
 
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(yellow block)

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Figure 2. Topography at southern part of Sanga-Sanga  $ `L  "8  "   

L#
56 JTMGB, Vol. 4 No. 1 April 2013: 49 - 56

Figure 6. Data recorder on well site

Figure 8. New design implementation - applying some

distance to major equipments

 $ _$ " "

 %  Figure 9. New design implementation - portable pipe
support
 UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

Ucapan terima kasih kepada para Mitra Bestari yang telah mengevaluasi, mereview dan
memberikan saran perbaikan tulisan-tulisan yang dimuat di majalah Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan
Gas Bumi (JTMGB) edisi penerbitan Volume 4 Nomor 1, April 2013.

1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Septoratno Siregar

2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Pudjo Sukarno
3. Prof. Dr. Ir. Doddy Abdassah
4. Dr. Ir. RS Trijana Kartoatmodjo
5. Dr. Ir. Bambang Widarsono
 INDEKS

A I
  +' 13,14, 16, 19 Injeksi Air 50
 QQ 13, 14,
16, 19 K
 QQ 14 Kelistrikan 50
 7  35
  49 L
log analysis models 35
B
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 13, 14, 16, 19 M
  35
C model log analisis 35
6+ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11 
 
[`
CQ;QqQ}QXQ metering 49, 52
L[`Q[Q[_Q[|Q[}QqXQqQqqQq}Q`XQ`Q
52, 53, 54, 55 O
Optimasi Produksi 25, 28
D #  & 49, 52
dewatering 49, 50, 54
design 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, P
 * 25, 26
E #Q 26, 30
EOR 1, 2, 3, 11, 12 produksi 49, 50
.7 *
 25, 26, 27, 29  49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54
electricity 49, 51 Pengurasan 49, 50
pengukuran 50
F Permasalahan operasi 50
QQ    13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22 pengangkatan bantuan 50
Fasilitas Permukaan 49, 50 perancangan 50

G S
1
 25, 26, 28, 30 & 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11
GMB 35, 49, 50 SWAG 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11
   49
H
  
  13, 14, 17, W
18, 19 + / 49, 55
 JURNAL TEKNOLOGI MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI
PEDOMAN PENULISAN

ISI DAN KRITERIA UMUM

 ˆ!!  ! "8"%

 =Žˆ!Žƒ"'=  
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(JTMGB) dapat berupa artikel hasil penelitian atau artikel ulas balik / tinjauan (review) tentang minyak dan gas bumi,
baik sains maupun terapan. Naskah belum pernah dipublikasikan atau tidak sedang diajukan pada majalah / jurnal lain.

Naskah ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris sesuai kaidah masing-masing bahasa yang digunakan.
Naskah harus selalu dilengkapi dengan Abstrak dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan Abstract dalam Bahasa Inggris. Naskah
yang isi dan formatnya tidak sesuai dengan pedoman penulisan JTMGB akan dikembalikan ke penulis oleh redaksi untuk
diperbaiki.

FORMAT

Umum. Seluruh bagian dari naskah termasuk judul abstrak, judul tabel dan gambar, catatan kaki, dan daftar acuan diketik
satu setengah spasi pada ! dan ! dalam kertas HVS ukuran A4. Pengetikan dilakukan dengan
menggunakan huruf (font) Times New Roman berukuran 12 point.

Setiap halaman diberi nomor secara berurutan termasuk halaman gambar dan tabel. Hasil penelitian atau ulas balik/tinjauan
ditulis minimum 5 halaman dan maksimum sebanyak 15 halaman, di luar gambar dan tabel. Selanjutnya susunan naskah
dibuat sebagai berikut:

Judul. Pada halaman judul tuliskan judul, nama setiap penulis, nama dan alamat institusi masing-masing penulis, dan
catatan kaki, yang berisikan terhadap siapa korespondensi harus ditujukan termasuk nomor telepon dan faks serta alamat
e-mail jika ada.

Abstrak. Abstrak / &  ditulis dalam dua bahasa yaitu bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Abstrak berisi ringkasan
pokok bahasan lengkap dari keseluruhan naskah tanpa harus memberikan keterangan terlalu terperinci dari setiap bab.
Abstrak tulisan bahasa Indonesia paling banyak terdiri dari 250 kata, sedangkan tulisan dengan bahasa Inggris maksimal
200 kata. Kata kunci / '+ ditulis di bawah abstrak / abstract dan terdiri atas tiga hingga lima kata.

Pendahuluan. Bab ini harus memberikan latar belakang yang mencukupi sehingga pembaca dapat memahami dan dapat
mengevaluasi hasil yang dicapai dari penelitian yang dilaksanakan tanpa harus membaca sendiri publikasi-publikasi
sebelumnya, yang berhubungan dengan topik yang bersangkutan.

Permasalahan. Bab ini menjelaskan permasalahan yang akan dilakukan penelitian ataupun kajian.

Metodologi. Berisi materi yang membahas metodologi yang dipergunakan dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan melalui
penelitan atau kajian.

Hasil dan Analisis. Hanya berisi hasil-hasil penelitian baik yang disajikan dengan tulisan, tabel, maupun gambar. Hindarkan
' "$$""$ =  = !"= 
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"$" "  "$L ' "$$""Q8 "
yang benar-benar mewakili hasil penemuan. Beri nomor gambar dan tabel secara berurutan. Semua gambar dan tabel
yang disajikan harus diacu dalam tulisan.

Pembahasan atau Diskusi. Berisi interpretasi dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dan pembahasan yang dikaitkan dengan
hasil-hasil yang pernah dilaporkan.

Kesimpulan dan Saran. Berisi kesimpulan dan saran dari isi yang dikandung dalam tulisan. Kesimpulan atau saran tidak
boleh diberi penomoran.

Ucapan Terima Kasih. Bila diperlukan dapat digunakan untuk menyebutkan sumber dana penelitian dan untuk memberikan
penghargaan kepada beberapa institusi atau orang yang membantu dalam pelaksanaan penelitian dan atau penulisan laporan.
 JURNAL TEKNOLOGI MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI
PEDOMAN PENULISAN DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Acuan.
Acuan ditulis dan disusun menurut abjad. Beberapa contoh penulisan sumber acuan:

Jurnal
Hurst, W., 1934. Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Oil Reservoirs. Physics (Jan. 1934) 5, 20.
Buku
Abramowitz, M and Stegun, I.A., 1972. Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Dover Publications,
Inc., New York.
Bab dalam Buku
Q?Q}|q!% $ '!$%
= ]& 
Q?• ! Q?
(eds), Developments and Applications of Geomorphology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, h.268-317.
Abstrak
L=  QQL $ $$ QLQL " QQ* " QQ " QQ*QQC  " QQC $  QQ
Iaccarino, S., Innocenti, F., Marinelli, G., Scotti, A., Slejko, D., Sudradjat, A., dan Villa, A., 1983.
Magmatic evolution and structural meaning of the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia-Tambora volcano,
island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. Abstract 18th IUGG I, Symposium 01, h.48-49.
Peta
# "
8"QQ#"QC Q#Q
" "QQ}}C $  =="$Q# 
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
Prosiding
Marhaendrajana, T. and Blasingame, T.A., 1997. Rigorous and Semi-Rigorous Approaches for the Evaluation
of Average Reservoir Pressure from Pressure Transient Tests. paper SPE 38725 presented at the SPE
 "" !" "  " "
„! =  "Q#""" Q`©|
Skripsi / Tesis / Disertasi
Marhaendrajana, T., 2000. Modeling and Analysis of Flow Behavior in Single and Multiwell Bound ed
   * !&
  "Q „•<" *  %Q $ # "Q§
Informasi dari Internet
" QQ;XX# ""Š" 
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www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/01/26/sri_lankans_tsunami_drive_blossoms/[26Jan 2006]
Software
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bagian akhir naskah masing-masing pada halaman terpisah. Gambar dan tabel dari publikasi sebelumnya dapat dicantumkan
bila mendapat persetujuan dari penulisnya.

PENGIRIMAN
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dikembalikan untuk diperbaiki jika persyaratan ini tidak dipenuhi. Naskah agar dikirimkan kepada:
Redaksi Jurnal Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi

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Jln. Jend. Gatot Subroto Kav. 32-34
Jakarta 12950 – Indonesia
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