PSIKOANALISA

SIGMUND FREUD
Pertemuan ke-7
Sigmund Freud

Born:
May 6, 1856
Died:
September 23, 1939
Field:
Psychoanalysis
Institution
Known for:
Founding
psychoanalysis
Notable Prizes:
Goethe Prize
 Freudian therapy

 The goal was to

bring to
consciousness
repressed thoughts
and feelings

 Freud's early work

with psychoanalysis
can be linked to
Joseph Breuer, he
credits Breuer with
the discovery of the
psychoanalytical
method
 Psychoanalytic Approach
 Dikembangkan oleh Sigmund Freud
(1856 – 1939) yang dijuluki bapak
psikoanalisis dan pencipta teori kepribadian
modern
 Psikoanalisis mempunyai latar belakang ilmu
kedokteran (Freud, dokter penyakit jiwa)
 Belajar pada Charcot (1894)  terapi penyakit
histeria dengan metode hipnosa
 Belajar pada Breuer (1895)  terapi penyakit
histeria dengan metode asosiasi bebas
Psychoanalytic Approach

 Dari pengalaman terapeutik disusun teori

Psikoanalisis
 Berkembang di Eropa dan Amerika awal
abad 20
 Tahun 1900 Freud menulis buku terkenal
yaitu Traumdeutung atau Interpretation of
Dream
 Psychoanalysis merupakan jenis terapi
psikis dan juga teori kepribadian
Pendekatan Psychoanalytic :

 Freudian
Psychoanalysis
 Post-Freudian/
Neo- Freudian
Theories
Psychoanalytic Approach

Nama Tokoh Dinamika Kepribadian

Freud Libido
Jung Introvert-Ekstrovert
Adler Inferiority-Superiority
Fromm Social Character
Horney Basic Anxiety
Sullivan Interpersonal Relation
Erickson Psikososial
Personality

A person’s general style of

interacting with the world
People differ from one
another in ways that are
relatively consistent over
time and place
Psychoanalytic Approach
 Pendekatan Psikoanalisa =
Psikodinamika
 Teori ini mementingkan aspek dinamis
yaitu sebab-sebab terjadinya proses
psikis
 Berdasarkan pemerhatian bahwa
individu seringkali tidak menyadari
faktor-faktor yang menentukan emosi
dan tingkah laku mereka.
Metode Psikoanalitis
Pendekatan ini menyembuhkan
klien dengan menggunakan teknik
analisis mendalam yang bertujuan
untuk menggali pengalaman masa
lalu seseorang
Dasar-Dasar dari Teori Psikoanalisa:

 Dasar kepribadian seseorang diperoleh sejak

masa kecil
 Kejadian pada masa kecil/ lalu menjadi bagian
dari ketidaksadaran
 Gangguan jiwa terjadi akibat pertentangan
antara id (dorongan instinktual) dan Superego
(dorongan untuk mengikuti norma masyarakat)
 Pengalaman masa mendatang hanya
pengulangan dari pengalaman masa lalu
 Psychoanalytic Approach
Dimensi Information
kepribadian in your
yang rational, Conscious immediate
planful, Ego awareness
penengah
Superego Preconscious Information
which can
Dimensi easily be
kepribadian made
Unconscious conscious
moralistic,
judgmental,
perfectionist Id Thoughts,
feelings,
urges, and other
Dimensi information
kepribadian that is difficult
irrational, to bring to
illogical, conscious
impulsive awareness
 Psychoanalytic Approach

 Conscious- Ego
Conscious

ness: Superego Preconscious

segala
Unconscious
sesuatu
Id
yang kita
sadari
 Psychoanalytic Approach

 Preconscious: Ego
Conscious

Segala
Superego Preconscious
sesuatu yang
membutuhkan Unconscious

sedikit usaha Id

untuk dibawa
ke dalam
kesadaran
 Psychoanalytic Approach
 Unconscious:
Segala sesuatu Ego
Conscious

yang sukar
Superego Preconscious
sekali muncul
ke dalam Unconscious
kesadaran Id
(menghasilkan
pikiran-pikiran
dan dorongan-
dorongan)
The Mind (Psyche) is made of 3 things:
Hedonistic The Superego

The Id

The Ego
How would the 3 parts of the Psyche
view a chocolate cake?

Discuss with your partner how

the 3 parts of the psyche
would view alcohol?
 Divisions of the Mind

Id (Das Es) - instinctual drives present

at birth
 Bekerja menurut the pleasure principle
 Memiliki 2 proses:
1)Tindakan refleks (reaksi otomatis)
2)Proses primer (penurunan
ketegangan dengan cara membentuk
khayalan tentang objek yang dapat
menghilangkan ketegangan
 Divisions of the Mind

Ego - develops out of the id in infancy

 Paham akan realitas dan logika
 Mediator antara id dan superego
 Berfungsi untuk menunda pemuasan sesuai
situasi (reality principle)
 Divisions of the Mind

 Superego – hasil interaksi dengan dunia

sekitarnya
 Internalisasi nilai dan moral dari lingkungan
sosial
 Bersifat utopis (utopia)
 Berfungsi merintangi impuls dari id
 Dibedakan menjadi:
 ego ideal (apa yang semestinya/ idealnya
dilakukan)
 conscience (apa yang tidak boleh dilakukan)
 responsible for guilt
In a healthy person the ego is the
strongest so that it can satisfy the
needs of the id, not upset the
superego, and still take into
consideration the reality of every
situation
Konsep-konsep Dasar Freud :

 Instink
 Merupakan representasi psikologis
dari kebutuhan ragawi, untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis
 Karakteristik instink :

 Sumber : kondisi jasmani yang merasakan

adanya kekurangan (disebut kebutuhan)
 Tujuan : menghilangkan rangsangan atau
tegangan yang dirasakan oleh id dan ego
 Obyek : segala sesuatu yang harus
dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan /
dapat meredakan ketegangan seperti
benda, tindakan, atau kondisi yang dapat
memberikan kenikmatan/kepuasan
 Impetus (kekuatan): daya/ tenaga/
kekuatan yang ditentukan oleh intensitas
kebutuhan yang mendasarinya
Penggolongan Instink :

 Freud membagi instink ke dalam 2

kategori :
 Life instink (instink hidup)
Misal: lapar, haus, sex
Energi dari instink hidup disebut libido.
 Death instink (instink mati)
Instink merusak (destruktif). Salah satu
derivatnya adalah dorongan agresif
Kecemasan
Jenis kecemasan:
1. Reality anxiety (timbul dari bahaya
nyata)
2. Neurotic anxiety (kekhawatiran jika id
lepas kendali)  ketakutan pada
hukuman)
3. Moral anxiety ( timbul jika individu akan/
sudah melanggar norma yang tertanam
dalam dirinya/ berasal dari kata hati)
 Kecemasan
 Bentuk kecemasan yang terjadi di kemudian hari berasal
dari trauma kelahiran dimana pada saat kelahiran, bayi
diterpa bertubi-tubi oleh stimulus-stimulus dari dunia yang
belum dikenalnya dan bayi belum dapat menyesuaikan diri
terhadap semua stimuli tadi.
 Bayi butuh lingkungan yang terlindungi, agar egonya
mempunyai kesempatan berkembang & menguasai stimuli
yang kuat dari lingkungan luar
 Jika ego tidak dapat mengatasi kecemasan secara
rasional maka kembali pada cara-cara yang tidak realistik
 MEKANISME PERTAHANAN DIRI
 EGO DEFENCES
 When not in control over ID
anxiety

DEFENCES

Resources mobilized to overcome anxiety

The mental strategy to prevent open expression
Of ID
 Ego defense
mechanisms

 These are tactics which the Ego

develops to help deal with the ID and
the Super Ego
 All Defense Mechanisms share two
common properties :
- They often appear unconsciously.
- They tend to distort, transform, or
otherwise falsify reality
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
If we experience something hurtful or painful
then Freud says we need to protect our psyche
from the hurt, and we employ an
Ego Defence Mechanism

He said this an unconscious protective device

Freud says that it’s possible to experience

something traumatic as a child, and your
psyche will employ a defence mechanism for
years to protect you from the hurt of that
experience.

We might also use ego-defence mechanisms

as adults.
 Ego defense
mechanisms

 These are tactics which the Ego

develops to help deal with the ID and
the Super Ego
 All Defense Mechanisms share two
common properties :
- They often appear unconsciously.
- They tend to distort, transform, or
otherwise falsify reality
 EGO DEFENCES
 When not in control over ID
anxiety

DEFENCES

Resources mobilized to overcome anxiety

The mental strategy to prevent open expression
Of ID
PERKEMBANGAN KEPRIBADIAN

A. MEKANISME PERTAHANAN DIRI

 Penggunaan MPD adalah normal
 Tujuannya untuk melindungi ego dan
mengurangi kecemasan
 Jenis-jenisnya:
1. Represi: menekan impuls ke bawah sadar
2. Regresi: mundur ke cara di masa lalu
3. Reaction Formation: mengganti impuls
dengan kebalikannya
4. Fiksasi: berhenti di satu fase tertentu
karena fase berikutnya menimbulkan
kecemasan
MEKANISME PERTAHANAN DIRI
5. Rasionalisasi: menyepelekan hal-hal
yang besar/sulit, serta menganggap
besar atau penting hal-hal yang
kecil/mudah dengan argumentasi
yang seakan-akan rasional.
6. Displacement: mengalihkan pada
objek lain yang lebih memungkinkan
7. Proyeksi: memproyeksikan impulsnya
pada orang lain (seolah-olah orla
yang memiliki impuls tersebut)
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
We will now examine 8 ego defence
mechanisms
1. Rationalization
2. Projection
3.Reaction formation
4. Repression
5. Regression
6. Denial
7. Displacement
8. Sublimation
Ego defenses

 Rationalization: Giving excuses for

shortcomings and thereby avoiding
self-condemnation menghukum diri,
disappointments, or criticism by
others
 Projection: Attributing one's own
unacceptable thoughts, feelings,
impulses to others
 Reaction formation: reversal of our
feelings, overacting in the opposite
way to the fear
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Repression
• This is when you ‘force’ a
hurtful memory or feeling
out of the consciousness.
• It is still there, but you
have REPRESSED it –
pushed it down into
unconsciousness.
• If it is not in your
conscious mind then it
can’t hurt you.
Think of it in terms of the ice-berg, it’s pushed underwater
and you can’t remember it because it’s in the unconscious.
 Ego Defence Mechanisms

Repression Case Study
A boy is sexually abused when he is 6 years old.

 He represses this event so that it is in his unconscious mind.

He therefore can’t remember it.

 When he becomes an adult he finds that he has many

sexual difficulties such as lack of desire, impotency and
anxiety when he has sex.

 His repressed memories are in his unconscious but they are

affecting his behaviour as an adult. When he wants to have
a sexual relationship he finds that he can’t and he doesn’t
understand why.

 He goes for sexual therapy and during the therapy

remembers the sexual abuse. His repressed memories have
come to the conscious mind. They have come to the
surface. He then continues with therapy and overcomes his
sexual difficulties
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Regression
 If we are upset we ‘REGRESS’
(go back) to a time in life
where we felt safe, and then
engage in behaviours that
someone in that stage in life
would do. For example,
thumb-sucking, cuddling a
teddy bear etc

 This regression makes us feel

comforted and safe and
protects us from feeling
anxious
 Regression: Giving up of mature
problem solving methods in favor of
child like approaches to fixing
problems
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Regression Case Study
• Fred & Rose West were
serial killers.

• When they were on trial

and facing life in prison,
Rose would go home
from court at the end of
each day, eat sweets
and watch Disney DVDs.

• Explain why this is an

example of regression.
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Denial
 Refusing to acknowledge certain
aspects of reality.

 Even if something is blatantly true, we

go into DENIAL and refuse to accept
it is true.
 Denial: claiming/believing that what is
true to be actually false
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Denial examples
 People know that smoking causes
lung cancer, but they smoke. They
are in denial.

 A boy sees his girlfriend kissing

someone else but denies it is true.

 A woman is given a diagnosis of

breast cancer, but does not attend
any appointments for treatment
because she is in denial that she
has cancer.

 Think of 5 more examples of denial

 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Displacement

 Using a substitute person or object for

the expression of your feelings
because it feels too dangerous to
express your feelings towards the
real cause of your anger or upset.

 ‘Taking it out’ on the wrong person –

someone who you know will always
love you or someone you don’t care
about.
 Displacement: redirecting our
impulses (often anger) from the real
target (because that is too dangerous)
to a safer but innocent person
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Displacement Case
Study
 A man is shouted at when at work for
something that he feels is not his fault.

 He feels unable to express his feelings to his

manager because they have a difficult
relationship and he is scared he will lose his job.

 He comes home from work and shouts at his

children for not washing up and grounds them
for a week.
 Sublimation: transforming
unacceptable needs into acceptable
ambitions and actions
 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Sublimation
 A form of displacement in
which a substitute activity is
found to express feelings

 The most positive of the ego-

defence mechanism

 It usually involves something

sporty or creative.

 Going for a run, boxing,

swimming, painting, writing,
drumming, guitar playing,
dancing etc

 Identify more forms of

sublimation (list 10)
 Group Work
 In small groups, choose 1 defence mechanism
from PP21 that has not already been addressed.

 Describe what the defence mechanism does

(use PP21 to help).

 Give examples of when the defence mechanism

might be employed.

 Present your findings to the rest of the group.

Name the ego-defence
mechanism
Name the ego-defence
mechanism
Name the ego-defence
mechanism
Name the ego-defence
mechanism
F*** Off F*** Off
You B***! Mum!

Boo
Hoo, But I’ve
done
but I
nothing
love wrong!
you!
Name the ego-defence
mechanism
Name the ego-defence
mechanism
Name the ego-defence
mechanism
Group Work: Make Display Posters on:
 The id, the ego and superego. Describe each one.
Give examples of how each would view sex.

 How Freud presents the psyche and what this is made

up of (the iceberg!). Describe what is in the conscious
and unconscious psyche.

 Task 3, M2 part. Identify the ego-defence mechanism

she is using. Describe how this would affect her
behaviour and her health, how it would impact on
family members (husband, twin girls aged 16, son
aged 8). How they might feel and respond to her
coping mechanism.

 List 5 ego defence mechanisms. Describe in your own

words what each of them mean. Give a NEW
example for one of the defence mechanisms. (x 2
groups)
Dream Interpretation

 Manifest Content:
what a person
remembers and
consciously considers

 Latent Content:
underlying (symbolic)
hidden meaning
(believed to be a
manifestation of the
unconscious)
 Dream Interpretation

 “Royal road to the

unconscious”

 What is important in dreams

is the infantile wish
fulfillment represented in
them

 Freud assumed every dream

has a meaning that can be
interpreted by decoding
representations of the
unconscious material

 Dream symbol = represents

some person, thing, or
activity involved in the
 Interpretations
(common symbols)

Knife, umbrella, snake Penis

Box, oven, ship Uterus
Falling Anxiety
Staircase, ladder Sexual intercourse
Water Birth, mother
Baldness, tooth removal Castration
Left (direction) Crime, sexual deviation
Children playing Masturbation
Fire Bedwetting
Robber Father
Room, table with food Women
 Projection: Attributing one's own
unacceptable thoughts, feelings,
impulses to others
 Displacement: redirecting our
impulses (often anger) from the real
target (because that is too dangerous)
to a safer but innocent person
 Reaction formation: reversal of our
feelings, overacting in the opposite
way to the fear
 Denial: claiming/believing that what is
true to be actually false
 Regression: Giving up of mature
problem solving methods in favor of
child like approaches to fixing
problems
 Sublimation: transforming
unacceptable needs into acceptable
ambitions and actions
Psychosexual Stages of Development

“ what we do and why we do it,

who we are and how we became
this way are all related to our sexual drive”
At each stage, different areas of the
child's body become the focus of his
pleasure and the dominant source of sexual
arousal
Failures to set satisfying
needs/goals at any stages of
psychosexual development leads
to the individual partially fixed at
these levels which are evident by
various pathologic traits and in
adulthood showing these signs in
various forms
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--
(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
(18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for
control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with
(3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings
(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests
(puberty on)
TAHAPAN PSIKOSEKSUAL

1. Tahap oral (0-1 th)

 Perilaku menghisap & menggigit
 Jika tidak terpenuhi:
a. Oral passive personality (kurang
terbuka, tidak asertif)
b. Oral aggressive personality (suka
mendebat/ ngeyel, sarkatis, mencaci)
TAHAPAN PSIKOSEKSUAL

2. Tahap anal (1-3 th)

 Perilaku buang air besar dan kecil
 Jika tidak diajarkan  anal
aggressive personality (tidak rapi,
jorok, sembarangan, seenaknya)
 Jika terlalu keras diajarkan  anal
refentif personality (kurang berani,
pelit, kurang spontan)
TAHAPAN PSIKOSEKSUAL
3. Tahap phalik (3-5 th)
 Kenikmatan pada perilaku yang berhubungan
dengan alat kelamin
 Oedipus and Electra Complexes. The Oedipus
represents a male child's love for his mother and
the fear/jealousy towards his father. The Electra is
the female version where the female child has
anger toward her mother and exhibits "penis envy".

 Jika dilarang:
 withdrawal (menarik diri dari hubungan
heteroseksual)
 sangat feminin & cenderung tidak
tertarik pada lawan jenis
 TAHAPAN PSIKOSEKSUAL

3. Tahap laten (5-13 th)

 Perilaku, dorongan seks ditekan (masa
tenang)

4. Tahap genital (>13 th)

 Perilaku: mulai tertarik pada lawan jenis
dan dorongan seksual mulai timbul secara
nyata