Baja Hitungan
Baja Hitungan
H1
2.50 m
5.35 m H2
A B
C D
2.00 9.88 9.88 2.00
L1 L2 L1
10 Sudut ( α) : 14
II PERENCANAAN ATAP
B PERENCANAAN GORDING
♠ Jenis bahan : Penutup atap galvalum
♠ Berat penutup atap galvalum : 10 kg/m2 (PMI Tabel 1 Berat Konstruksi Seng Gelombang)
♠ Tebal penutup atap galvalum : 0.50 mm 0.2
♠ Panjang penutup atap galvalum : 6.00 m
♠ Lebar penutup atap galvalum : 0.89 m
♠ Jarak miring gording : 1.40 m
♠ Jarak horizontal gording : 1.20 m 1.4
♠ Jarak Kuda - Kuda : 6.00 m α= 0.97
♠ Sudut kemiringan atap cos α (15) : 0.9703 1.20
♠ Jumlah Gording per sisi atap : 11.0 buah
2 BEBAN ATAP
2.a. Beban Mati ( D )
- Berat Gording CNP : 7.50 kg/m2
- Berat Zinc Aluminium = 10.00 x 0.89 x 1.40 : 12.46 kg/m2
- Alat Pengikat dll (10%) : 2.00 kg/m2 +
Qd : 21.96 kg/m2
2.b. Momen Akibat Beban Mati ( MD )
QD : 21.96 kg/m2 x 1.40 m = 30.74 kg/m
M Dx : 1/8 (( QD x ( cos α )) x L2
: 1/8 (( 30.7 x ( 0.97 )) x 6.00 2 = 134.214 kgm
M Dy : 1/8 (( QD x ( sin α )) x 1/3 L2
: 1/8 (( 30.7 x ( 0.24 )) x 2.00 2 = 3.718 kgm
2.50 m
m
0.3
5.35 m
-1.0
5 KONTROL LENDUTAN
L
– Lendutan ijin untuk gording f = → LRFD Tabel 6.4-1 Batas Lendutan Maximum
240
600
= = 2.50 cm
240
fx1 : Lendutan terhadap sumbu X-X pada profil
fy1 : Lendutan terhadap sumbu Y-Y pada profil
5 ( Q sin α ) x 1/2L
4 1 ( P sin α ) x 1/2L 3
fy1 = x + x
384 E x Iy 48 E x Iy
5 7.436 x 200 4 1 23.957 x 200 3
= x + x
384 2100000 x 33.10 48 2100000 x 33.10
= 0.013 ▪ 1.712 + 0.02 ▪ 2.757 = 0.08 cm
♠ Kontrol Tekuk
Kuat lentur berdasarkan faktor kelangsingan pada Sumbu-X
♠ Lkx = 6.00 m = 600 cm
Lkx 600
– λx =
ix
=
4.77
= 125.8 cm
λ fy
– λc =
π √ E
125.8 2400
=
3.14 √ 2100000
= 1.353 cm
Tegangan kritis Euler akibat tekuk
π2 x E x Ag
- Fcr = 2
λ
9.88 x 2100000 x 9.55
= = 12520.05 kg
15822.159
Kuat lentur berdasarkan faktor kelangsingan pada Sumbu-Y
♠ Lky = 2.00 m = 200 cm
Lky 200.0
– λy =
iy
=
1.18
= 169.5 cm
λ fy
– λc =
π √ E
169.5 2400
=
3.14 √ 2100000
= 1.823 cm
Tegangan kritis Euler akibat tekuk
π2 x E x Ag
- Fcr =
λ2
9.88 x 2100000 x 9.55
= = 6895.66 kg
28727.377
Jadi kesimpulan nilai kelangsingan (λ) diambil yg terbesar untuk ω = 0.25 < λc <1.2 maka :
1.43
- ω =
1.60 - 0.67 · λc
1.43
= = 2.062
1.60 - 0.67 · 1.35
Tekuk kritis adalah arah X, karena λx > λy → ω = 2.062
Ag x fy
- Nn =
ω
9.55 x 2400
= = 11115.023956756 kg
2.062
Komponen struktur dengan penampang simetris yang mengalami momen lentur dan
gaya aksial (LRFD Page 75)
Nu
- Nn =
φ x Nn
1564.06
= = 0.145 > 0.20 Ulangi
0.97 x 11115.0
Untuk Gording dianggap tidak bergoyang maka :
♠ Mux = Mntx δbx
Cmx
– δbx = Nu > 1.0
1 -
Fcrbx
1.00
= 1564.1 > 1.0
1 -
12520.1
= 1.143 > 1.0 ( OK !!! )
cm
cm
III PERENCANAAN PENGGANTUNG GORDING
♠ Jenis Penggantung Gording : BJTP
♠ Jumlah Penggantung Gording : 1 buah
♠ Jarak Penggantung Gording : 3.00 m Gording b 25.02
♠ Jarak miring gording : 1.40 m
Penggantung
Kuda-kuda
♠ Jarak Kuda - Kuda : 6.00 m Gording
♠ Sudut kemiringan atap : 14.00 0
Ag x 4 0.317 x 4
d = = = 0.64 cm2
π 3.14
Dipakai Penggantung Ø 12.0 mm
A terpasang = 113.1 mm2 > dari 63.6 mm2 ( OK !!! )
4 KONTROL KELANGSINGAN
– L = 1400.00 2 + 3000.00 2 = 3310.59 mm
Panjang Kemiringan S
– d > → d >
Jarak Kuda - Kuda 600
331.06
1.2 >
600.00
1.2 > 0.6 cm → OK !!!
IV PERHITUNGAN IKATAN ANGIN ATAP
1 Skema Tekanan Angin ( W )
Direncanakan Tekanan Tiupan pada umumnya 30.0 kg/m2
2.50
R1 R2 5.35
C D
9.88 9.88
RC RC/D RD
s s s s
β β β β
P1 P2
3 Koefisien Angin (C) diambil 0.9 dari PMI Pasal 4.3 Dinding Vertikal di pihak Angin
P 1 : 1/2 (( C x W )) x R1
: 1/2 (( 0.90 x 30.00 )) x 65.21 = 1007.46 Kg
P 2 : 1/2 (( C x W )) x R1
: 1/2 (( 0.90 x 30.00 )) x 65.21 = 1007.46 Kg
♠ Karena gording biasanya bertumpu pada kuda-kuda/balok kuda-kuda atau balok geuvel
maka beban terdistribusi menjadi dua Rc dan Rd
ΣRC = ΣRD
ΣP / 2 = ( P1 + P2 )/ 2 = 1007.46 Kg
x Ag4 0.987 x 4
d = = = 1.121 cm
π 3.14
Dipakai Ikatan Angin Atap Ø 16.0 mm
A terpasang = 201.1 mm2 > dari 112.1 mm2 ( OK !!! )
5 Kontrol Kelangsingan Profil
S 700
D > → 1.6 > → 1.6 > 1.4 ( OK !!! )
500 500.0
VII PERENCANAAN KUDA-KUDA
PERHITUNGAN BEBAN
1 Beban Mati Kuda-kuda
- Berat atap galvalum PPIUG = 10 x 6.00 x 1.40 = 84.00 kg/m
- Berat Gording-C Lip Channel = = 7.50 kg/m
- Berat Alat pengikat dll = = 9.15 kg/m
Total Qd = 100.65 kg/m
Dibulatkan = 104.00 kg/m
KUDA-KUDA
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9
KOLOM g.n
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9
150
G.
DIKETAHUI : MU 11973.47479202 kgm = 1,197,347 kgcm
FRAME No. 297 PU x ( cos α )
3034 x ( cos 14 ) = - kg
=
5900.94 • 14 d2 = 14.77 cm
2400 15 d3 = 22.77 cm
= 2.29 cm d4 = 30.77 cm
= 22.9 mm d5 = 38.77 cm
d6 = 38.77 cm
d7 = 37.77 cm +
ΣTd = 190.39 cm
♣ Ø Mn = ( 0.9 Fy a2 bf )
+ ΣT.di > Mu
2
= 0.9 2400 5.266 15
+ 1123501.75 > 1197347.48
2
= 85,311.73 + 1,123,502 kg > 1,197,347 kg/cm
= 1,208,813 kg/cm > 1,197,347 kg/cm Ok !!!
6 KONTROL KEKUATAN
Batas Momen Plastis pengaruh tekuk lateral
– Mnx = Zx x Fy
= 541.6 x 240 = 129989.9 kgcm
Mnx = Mpx → 1299.90 kg.m
– Mny = Zy x Fy
= ( 1/4 tf bf 2 )x Fy
= ( 1/4 9 150 )x 240 = 12150000 kg.cm
Mny = Mpy → 121500 kg.m
♠ PERSAMAAN INTERAKSI
Kuat Momen Lentur berdasarkan Sumbu Kuat-X dan Sumbu Lemah-Y
Mux Muy
+ ≤ 1
φ Mnx φ Mny
144.68 11401.89
+ ≤ 1
1169.91 109350
0.23 ≤ 1 OK!!!
7 KONTROL LENDUTAN
L 1018
f = = = 2.827 cm
360 360
5 ( Q ultimate ) L 4
∆ =
384 E ▪ Ix
5 ( 1.040 ) 1018 4
=
384 2000000 ▪ 7195.77
= 0.013 ▪ 78
= 1.009 < 2.827 cm OK!!!
H SAMBUNGAN KUDA-KUDA ATAS (PERTEMUAN WF)
Direncanakan Baja WF 300 150 6.5 9
» Weight = 36.70 kg/m Ix = 7195.77 cm4
» Sectional Area = 46.78 cm2 Iy = 508.60 cm4
» Depth of Section (D) = 300.00 mm ix = 12.40 cm
» Flange Width (B) = 150.00 mm iy = 3.30 cm
» Thickness Web (tw) = 6.50 mm Zx = 541.62 cm3
» Thickness Flange (tf) = 9.00 mm Zy = 105.65 cm3
140
d3
80
d2
80 d1
RAFTER a= 19.7
WF. 200 X 100 X 5.5 X 8 70 fy
150
H.
DIKETAHUI : MU 7726.38880575 kgm = 772,639 kgcm
FRAME No. 507 PU x ( cos α )
2083.2 x ( cos 14 ) = 2,083 kg
=
5895.19 • 12 d2 = 13.03 cm
2400 15 d3 = 21.03 cm
= 1.97 cm d4 = 35.03 cm
= 19.7 mm d5 = 43.03 cm
d6 = 43.03 cm +
ΣTd = 160.21 cm
♣ Ø Mn = ( 0.9 Fy a2 bf )
+ ΣT.di > Mu
2
= 0.9 2400 3.861 15
+ 944466.65 > 772638.88
2
= 62,555.95 + 944,467 kg > 772,639 kg/cm
= 1,007,023 kg/cm > 772,639 kg/cm Ok !!!
4 KONTROL KEKUATAN
Batas Momen Plastis pengaruh tekuk lateral
– Mnx = Zx x Fy
= 541.6 x 240 = 129989.9 kgcm
Mnx = Mpx → 1299.90 kg.m
– Mny = Zy x Fy
= ( 1/4 tf bf 2 )x Fy
= ( 1/4 9 150 )x 240 = 12150000 kg.cm
Mny = Mpy → 121500 kg.m
♠ PERSAMAAN INTERAKSI
Kuat Momen Lentur berdasarkan Sumbu Kuat-X dan Sumbu Lemah-Y
Mux Muy
+ ≤ 1
φ Mnx φ Mny
144.68 11401.89
+ ≤ 1
1169.91 109350
0.23 ≤ 1 OK!!!
5 KONTROL LENDUTAN
L 1018
f = = = 2.827 cm
360 360
5 ( Q ultimate ) L 4
∆ =
384 E ▪ Ix
5 ( 1.040 ) 1018 4
=
384 2000000 ▪ 7195.77
= 0.013 ▪ 77.5281564297298
= 1.009 < 2.827 cm OK!!!
I SAMBUNGAN KONSOL
Direncanakan Baja WF 150 75 5 7
» Sectional Area = 17.85 cm2 Ix = 664.62 cm4
» Weight = 14.00 kg/m Iy = 49.64 cm4
» Depth of Section (D) = 150.00 mm ix = 6.10 cm
» Flange Width (B) = 75.00 mm iy = 1.67 cm
» Thickness Web (tw) = 5.00 mm Zx = 101.72 cm3
» Thickness Flange (tf) = 7.00 mm Zy = 20.90 cm3
GORDING LIGHT LIP CHANNEL 150.65.20.3,2
KONSOL
WF. 150 X 75 X 5 X 7 d3
70 d2
KUDA-KUDA
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9 100
d1
KOLOM
WF. 300 x 150 x 6.5 x 9 a= 7.8
60
fy
75
I.
DIKETAHUI : MU 474.8266354925 kgm = 47,483 kgcm
FRAME No. 273 PU x ( cos α )
146.5 x ( cos 14 ) = 146.47 kg
1 KONTROL KEKUATAN BAUT Ø 12 mm
Baut rencana
PU 146.5
RUV = = = 24.41 kg
n 6
♣ Kuat geser
Φ Rnv = 0.75 0.5 Fu Ab n
= 0.75 0.50 3700 1.13 1 = 1569.226 kg
♣ Kuat tumpu
Φ Rn = 2.4 d tp Fu 0.75
= 2.4 1.13 1.0 3700 0.75 = 7532.283 kg
♣ Kuat tarik
Φ Rnt = 0.75 0.75 Ab Fu
= 0.75 0.75 1.13 3700 = 2353.838 kg
2 RUMUS INTERAKSI GESER & TARIK
Ruv Rut
( )2 + ( )2 < 1.00
Φ Rnv Φ Rnt
24.41 Rut
( )2 + ( )2 < 1.00
1569.226 2353.838
Rut
( 0.00024 ) + ( )2 < 1.00
2353.838
Rut2 < (( 1.00 - 0.00024 ) x 2353.838
< 5539213.9
Rut = T = 2353.55 kg < Φ Rnt = 2353.84
3 LETAK GARIS NETRAL ( a )
ΣT ♣ Letak / jarak baut dari garis netral
a =
Fy bf d1 = 5.22 cm
2353.55 • 6 d2 = 15.22 cm
=
2400 7.5 d3 = 22.22 cm +
= 0.7845178 cm = 7.8 mm ΣTd = 42.65 cm
♣ Ø Mn = ( 0.9 Fy a2 bf )
+ ΣT.di > Mu
2
= 0.9 2400 0.615 7.5
+ 100370.69 > 47482.66
2
= 4,985.29 + 100,371 kg > 47,483 kg/cm
= 105,356.0 kg/cm > 47,482.7 kg/cm Ok !!!
J PERENCANAAN PLAT LANDASAN (FLENDES)
L
♠ DIMENSI PLAT FLENDES
n
L ( Panjang ) : 20.0 Cm
B ( Lebar ) : 20.0 Cm
Fy ( Tegangan baja ) : 240.0 Mpa
0.85 B
Fu ( Tegangan leleh ) : 370.0 Mpa
B
♠ DIMENSI KOLOM BETON
L ( Panjang ) : 25.0 Cm
B ( Lebar ) : 25.0 Cm
Fc' ( Tegangan beton ) : 25.0 Mpa
n
m 0.95 L m
– Pu < φ x Pn
4794.23 < 0.60 x 1275000
4794.23 < 7650.00 kg Ok !!!
II TEGANGAN EXENTRISITAS
Mu 127684.2
– e =
Pu
=
4794.2
= 2663.29 cm
– W = 1/6 x B x L2
= 1/6 x 20.0 x 20.00 2 = 1333.33 cm3
Pu M
– σu max = ±
Ag W
4794.23 127684.19
= ±
625.00 1333.33
= 7.671 + 95.763 = 103.43 kg/cm2
4794.23 127684.19
– σu min = ±
625.00 1333.33
= 7.671 - 95.763 = -88.09 kg/cm2
+
kg/m
kg/m
)2
kg
Ok !!!
mm
)2
kg
Ok !!!
mm
)2
kg
Ok !!!
PEMBEBANAN KONSTRUKSI ATAP
C PERENCANAAN BEBAN
A BEBAN HIDUP
1.a. Beban Hidup Terpusat (Ql)
Direncanakan Berat Pekerja Konstruksi 100.0 kg ( PMI Pasal 3.2 Muatan Hidup Atap )
2.a. Beban Hidup Terbagi Rata Air Hujan (Qr)
- Beban hidup terbagi rata
w = 40 - 0.8 α
= 40 - 0.8 14 = 39.22 kg/m2 > 20 kg/m2
Menurut PPI pasal 3.2 Beban Hidup Atap tidak perlu diambil lebih besar dari 20 kg/m 2
Pw = 1/2 x 20.0 x 1.40 x 6.00 = 84.00 kg
3.a. Total Beban Hidup ( P ) 184.0 kg
B BEBAN MATI
1.b. Beban Mati Atas ( Qd )
- Berat Gording Light Lip Channels 7.5 x 6.00 : 45.00 kg
- Berat Zinc Aluminium 10
x 1.40 x 6.00 m : 148.66 kg
cos 14
- Berat Kuda-kuda ┴ 100.100.10 (tabel baja) : 15.10 kg
- Alat Pengikat dll (10%) : 19.37 kg +
Qd : 228.12 kg
Dibulatkan = 228.20 kg
2.b. Beban Mati Bawah ( Qd )
- Berat Penggantung / Langit-langit ( 11 + 7 ) x 6.00 : 108.00 kg
Qd : 108.00 kg
C BEBAN ANGIN
1.c. Tiupan Angin ( Qw )
Rencana tekanan tiupan angin jauh dari pantai 30.0 kg/m2 (PPI Pasal 4.2 Muatan Angin)
♠ Beban Angin Tekan Atap = -0.98 x 30.0 x 1.40 x 6.00 : 246.96 kg
Px : ( PL x ( cos 14 ))
: ( 246.96 x ( cos 14 )) = 139.600 kg → Vertikal
Py : ( PL x ( sin 14 ))
: ( 246.96 x ( sin 14 )) = 59.200 kg → Horizontal
♠ Beban Angin Hisap Atap = -1.00 x 30.0 x 1.40 x 6.00 : 252.00 kg
Px : ( PL x ( cos 14 ))
: ( 252.00 x ( cos 14 )) = 142.400 kg → Vertikal
Py : ( PL x ( sin 14 ))
: ( 252.00 x ( sin 14 )) = 60.400 kg → Horizontal
TABEL HASIL PERHITUNGAN KONSTRUKSI SAP 2000
NO. STATION KOMBINASI PEMBEBANAN GAYA ( P ) YG. DIPAKAI
BATANG m COMB1 COMB2 COMB3 COMB TEKAN ( − ) TARIK ( + )
1.4 D 1.2 D + 1.6 L 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.3W 1.2D + 0.5L - 1.3W Kg. m Kg. m
5 0.000 -6229.22 -12802.68 -7125.55 -8217.71 -12802.68
Diagonal 0.739 -6221.22 -12795.83 -7118.69 -8210.86 -12795.83
1.479 -6213.23 -12788.97 -7111.84 -8204.00 -12788.97
7 0.000 -321.59 -626.75 -706.45 -64.29 -706.45
Diagonal 0.823 -304.53 -612.12 -691.82 -49.67 -691.82
1.646 -287.47 -597.50 -677.20 -35.04 -677.20
9 0.000 -1047.52 -2122.77 1163.05 -3724.36 -3724.36
Diagonal 0.739 -1039.52 -2115.92 1169.90 -3717.50 -3717.50
1.479 -1031.53 -2109.06 1176.76 -3710.65 -3710.65
11 0.000 -4485.42 -9162.32 -7280.20 -3732.64 -9162.32
Vertikal 0.600 -4460.36 -9140.85 -7258.73 -3711.16 -9140.85
1.200 -4435.31 -9119.37 -7237.25 -3689.68 -9119.37
13 0.000 5772.22 11889.55 9228.58 5005.36 11889.55
Diagonal 0.823 5766.02 11884.24 9223.27 5000.05 11884.24
1.646 5759.82 11878.93 9217.96 4994.74 11878.93
15 0.000 3611.25 7477.88 8517.68 412.11 8517.68
Diagonal 0.739 3619.24 7484.73 8524.53 418.96 8524.53
1.479 3627.24 7491.58 8531.38 425.82 8531.38
17 0.000 -4029.22 -8259.29 -6495.06 -3415.72 -8259.29
Vertikal 0.600 -4020.12 -8251.49 -6487.26 -3407.92 -8251.49
1.200 -4011.02 -8243.69 -6479.46 -3400.12 -8243.69
19 0.000 265.68 543.24 554.16 98.48 554.16
Diagonal 0.739 273.67 550.09 561.02 105.33 561.02
1.479 281.67 556.94 567.87 112.18 567.87
21 0.000 5190.31 10688.59 8189.29 4608.23 10688.59
Diagonal 0.823 5184.12 10683.28 8183.98 4602.92 10683.28
1.646 5177.92 10677.96 8178.67 4597.61 10677.96
63 0.000 20582.28 42417.29 33032.15 17736.34 42417.29
Diagonal 0.739 20590.27 42424.14 33039.01 17743.19 42424.14
1.479 20598.27 42430.99 33045.86 17750.04 42430.99
71 0.000 21580.52 44463.11 33849.02 19374.61 44463.11
Diagonal 0.739 21588.52 44469.96 33855.87 19381.47 44469.96
1.479 21596.51 44476.82 33862.72 19388.32 44476.82
77 0.000 1117.01 2281.83 914.29 1828.33 2281.83
Diagonal 0.823 1110.81 2276.52 908.98 1823.02 2276.52
1.646 1104.61 2271.21 903.67 1817.71 2271.21
79 0.000 22055.83 45429.67 33731.91 20656.01 45429.67
Diagonal 0.739 22063.83 45436.52 33738.76 20662.86 45436.52
1.479 22071.82 45443.38 33745.62 20669.71 45443.38
81 0.000 -634.90 -1253.87 -432.74 -1099.20 -1253.87
Vertikal 0.600 -625.80 -1246.07 -424.94 -1091.40 -1246.07
1.200 -616.70 -1238.27 -417.14 -1083.61 -1238.27
85 0.000 535.11 1080.87 -125.00 1431.20 1431.20
Diagonal 0.823 528.91 1075.56 -130.31 1425.89 1425.89
1.646 522.71 1070.24 -135.62 1420.58 1420.58
89 0.000 -210.61 -378.20 325.05 -809.64 -809.64
Vertikal 0.600 -201.51 -370.40 332.85 -801.84 -801.84
1.200 -192.41 -362.60 340.65 -794.04 -794.04
91 0.000 -27528.07 -56708.85 -40952.98 -26933.85 -56708.85
Diagonal 0.739 -27536.07 -56715.70 -40959.84 -26940.70 -56715.70
1.479 -27544.06 -56722.55 -40966.69 -26947.55 -56722.55
93 0.000 -46.80 -120.10 -1164.28 1034.07 -1164.28
Diagonal 0.823 -52.99 -125.41 -1169.60 1028.76 -1169.60
1.646 -59.19 -130.72 -1174.91 1023.45 -1174.91
99 0.000 -28003.38 -57675.41 -40896.58 -28154.54 -57675.41
Diagonal 0.739 -28011.38 -57682.26 -40903.43 -28161.39 -57682.26
1.479 -28019.37 -57689.11 -40910.28 -28168.24 -57689.11
107 0.000 -27955.76 -57562.71 -39906.21 -29018.35 -57562.71
Diagonal 0.739 -27963.76 -57569.56 -39913.06 -29025.20 -57569.56
1.479 -27971.75 -57576.41 -39919.91 -29032.05 -57576.41
103 0.000 20344.17 41853.79 27776.80 22358.87 41853.79
Diagonal 0.739 20352.16 41860.64 27783.65 22365.73 41860.64
1.479 20360.16 41867.49 27790.50 22372.58 41867.49
104 0.000 20344.17 41853.79 23888.32 26247.35 41853.79
Diagonal 0.739 20352.16 41860.64 23895.18 26254.20 41860.64
1.479 20360.16 41867.49 23902.03 26261.05 41867.49
115 0.000 -1792.50 -3722.99 -4282.14 -157.32 -4282.14
Diagonal 0.823 -1798.70 -3728.30 -4287.46 -162.63 -4287.46
1.646 -1804.89 -3733.62 -4292.77 -167.94 -4292.77
116 0.000 -1792.50 -3722.99 44.82 -4484.28 -4484.28
Diagonal 0.823 -1798.70 -3728.30 39.51 -4489.59 -4489.59
1.646 -1804.89 -3733.62 34.19 -4494.90 -4494.90
117 0.000 12510.59 25791.53 15727.73 15136.61 25791.53
Vertikal 0.600 12535.65 25813.01 15749.21 15158.09 25813.01
1.200 12560.71 25834.49 15770.68 15179.56 25834.49
120 0.000 -24675.30 -50749.04 -31331.29 -29468.46 -50749.04
Diagonal 0.739 -24683.30 -50755.89 -31338.14 -29475.32 -50755.89
1.479 -24691.29 -50762.74 -31344.99 -29482.17 -50762.74
121 0.000 -24675.30 -50749.04 -31453.90 -29345.85 -50749.04
Diagonal 0.739 -24683.30 -50755.89 -31460.75 -29352.71 -50755.89
1.479 -24691.29 -50762.74 -31467.60 -29359.56 -50762.74
BAB IV
PERHITUNGAN RANGKA BATANG
D PERENCANAAN PROFIL
I RANGKA BATANG VERTIKAL ( FRAME 11 )
♠ Rencana Profil Siku-Siku : ┴ 60 60 6 mm
Sectional Area (Ag) = 6.91 cm2 M Tahanan (Wx-Wy) = 5.29 cm3
Weight = 5.42 kg/m M Kelambatan (Ix-Iy) = 22.80 cm4
Jarak titik berat (e) = 1.69 cm Jari-jari Kelambatan (ix-iy) = 1.82 cm
♠ Rencana Konstruksi
Dipakai Baut = 8.00 mm L = 5.350 M
Tebal Plat Simpul = 8.00 mm Pu = -9162.325 Kg → Tekan
Diameter Lubang = 9.60 mm
Iy ┴ 85
= √ 2 Ag
= √ 2 6.91
= 2.48 cm
Lky 164.50
– λc =
Iy ┴
=
2.48
= 66.30 cm
E 2100000
λ = 1.76
fy
= 1.76
240
= 164.63 cm
λc < λ
66.30 < 164.6 cm Ok !!!
3 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Leleh
– Pu = φ x Fy x Ag
= 0.90 x 2400 x 13.82 = 29851 kg
– Pu < φ x Pn
11889.55 < 0.90 x 29851
11889.55 < 26866.08 kg Ok !!!
4 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Patah
A adalah luas plat → Menurut LRFD hal. 72 L > 2 w maka U = 1.00
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 2 w > L > 1.5 w U = 0.87
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 1.5 w > L > w U = 0.75
L adalah Panjang pengelasan
W adalah Lebar plat ( jarak antara sumbu pengelasan )
e 1.69
– U = 1 - = 1 - = 0.97
L 56.00
– A Netto = ( 2 x Ag ) – 2 x Ø lubang x tb. Profil
= 2 x 6.91 – 2 x 0.96 x 0.60
= 12.67 cm 2
– Ae = A Netto x U
= 12.67 x 0.97 = 12.29
– Pu = φ x fu x Ae
= 0.75 x 3700 x 12.29
= 34092.8116 kg > Gaya Tarik 11889.552 kg Ok !!!
5 Kontrol Blok Shear
Bidang Tarik
– Agt = 2 x ( S x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 0.60 ) = 3.00 cm2
– Ant = 2 x ( S x t ) – ( d x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 0.60 ) – ( 0.96 x 0.60 ) = 2.42 cm2
Tarik Fraktur = 2.42 x 3700 = 8968.8 kg
Bidang Geser
– Ags = 2 x ( S1 + S2 ) x t
= 2 x ( 3.50 + 7.00 ) x 0.60 = 12.60 cm2
– Ans = 2 x (( S1 + S2 ) – ( 1.50 x d )) x t
= 2 x (( 3.50 + 7.00 ) – ( 1.50 x 0.96 )) x 0.60
= 2 x (( 10.50 – 1.44 ) x 0.60 = 10.87 cm2
Geser Fraktur = φ x fu x Ans
= 0.6 x 3700 x 10.87 = 24135.84 kg
Kesimpulan Tarik Fraktur < Geser Fraktur
– Pu < φRn
– 11889.6 < φt x (( φ x Fu x Ans ) + ( Fy x Agt ))
– 11889.6 < 0.60 x (( 0.6 x 3700 x 10.87 ) + ( 2400 x 3.00 ))
11889.6 < 18801.50 Ok !!!
Iy ┴ 659
= √ 2 Ag
= √ 2 19.20
= 4.14 cm
Lky 147.90
– λc = = = 35.69 cm
Iy ┴ 4.14
E 2100000
λ = 1.76 = 1.76 = 164.63 cm
fy 240
λc < λ
35.69 < 164.6 cm Ok !!!
3 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Leleh
– Pu = φ x Fy x Ag
= 0.90 x 2400 x 38.40 = 82944 kg
– Pu < φ x Pn
45443.38 < 0.90 x 82944
45443.38 < 74649.60 kg Ok !!!
4 Kapasitas Profil terhadap Patah
A adalah luas plat → Menurut LRFD hal. 72 L > 2 w maka U = 1.00
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 2 w > L > 1.5 w U = 0.87
Menurut LRFD hal. 72 1.5 w > L > w U = 0.75
L adalah Panjang pengelasan
W adalah Lebar plat ( jarak antara sumbu pengelasan )
e 2.82
– U = 1 - = 1 - = 0.95
L 56.00
– A Netto = ( 2 x Ag ) – 2 x Ø lubang x tb. Profil
= 2 x 19 – 2 x 1.44 x 1.00
= 35.52 cm2
– Ae = A Netto x U
= 35.52 x 0.95 = 33.73
– Pu = φ x fu x Ae
= 0.75 x 3700 x 33.73
= 93604.3971 kg > Gaya Tarik 45443.376 kg Ok !!!
5 Kontrol Blok Shear
Bidang Tarik
– Agt = 2 x ( S x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 1.00 ) = 5.00 cm2
– Ant = 2 x ( S x t ) – ( d x t )
= 2 x ( 2.50 x 1.00 ) – ( 1.44 x 1.00 ) = 3.56 cm2
Tarik Fraktur = 3.56 x 3700 = 13172.0 kg
Bidang Geser
– Ags = 2 x ( S1 + S2 ) x t
= 2 x ( 3.50 + 7.00 ) x 1.00 = 21.00 cm2
– Ans = 2 x (( S1 + S2 ) – ( 1.50 x d )) x t
= 2 x (( 3.50 + 7.00 ) – ( 1.50 x 1.44 )) x 1.00
= 2 x (( 10.50 – 2.16 ) x 1.00 = 16.68 cm2
Geser Fraktur = φ x fu x Ans
= 0.6 x 3700 x 16.68 = 37029.60 kg
Kesimpulan Tarik Fraktur < Geser Fraktur
– Pu < φRn
– 45443.4 < φt x (( φ x Fu x Ans ) + ( Fy x Agt ))
– 45443.4 < 1.00 x (( 0.6 x 3700 x 16.68 ) + ( 2400 x 5.00 ))
45443.4 < 49029.60 Ok !!!
.
IV RANGKA BATANG BAGIAN ATAS ( FRAME 99 )
♠ Rencana Profil Siku-Siku : ┴ 100 100 10 mm
Sectional Area (Ag) = 19.20 cm2 M Tahanan (Wx-Wy) = 24.70 cm3
Weight = 15.10 kg/m M Kelambatan (Ix-Iy) = 177.00 cm4
Jarak titik berat (e) = 2.82 cm Jari-jari Kelambatan (ix-iy) = 3.04 cm
♠ Rencana Konstruksi
Dipakai Baut = 12.00 mm L = 1.479 M
Tebal Plat Simpul = 12.00 mm Pu = -57689.111 Kg → Tekan
Diameter Lubang = 14.40 mm
♠ BATANG 85
Gaya Tarik Maximum : 1431.200 Kg.m
Panjang Batang : 1.646 m
Dipakai Baut : 8.00 mm
Diameter Lubang : 9.60 mm
Rencana Profil Siku-Siku : ┴ 60 60 6 mm
Sectional Area (Ag) = 6.91 cm2 M Tahanan (Wx-Wy) = 5.29 cm3
Weight = 5.42 kg/m M Kelambatan (Ix-Iy) = 22.80 cm4
Jarak titik berat (e) = 1.69 cm Jari-jari Kelambatan (ix-iy) = 1.82 cm
No. Sambungan 51 45
75 60
85 1431.20 kg
-56722.55 91
81 -1253.87 kg
GAYA - GAYA YANG BEKERJA
1 Gaya Tarik ( Nu )
– Nut = 0.50 x ( S99 – S91 ) – S81 COS 75 + S85 COS 45
= 0.50 x 57689.11 – 56722.55 – 1253.87 COS 75 + 1431.20 COS 45
= 0.50 x 966.56 – 324.53 + 1012.01
= 1333.028 kg
2 Gaya Lintang ( Vu )
– Vu = S81 SIN 75 + S85 SIN 45
= 1253.87 SIN 75 + 1431.20 SIN 45
= 1211.15 + 1012.01 = 1336.537 kg
3 Momen ( Mu )
– Mu = 0.50 x ( S99 - S91 ) δ1 – S81 COS 75 · δ2 + S85 COS 45 · δ3
= 0.50 x 2725.70 – 548.45 + 1710.30
= 2798.924 kg
4 Gaya Tarik Nominal
– φt Nnt = φ Fy Ag simpul
= 0.90 2400 1.2 25 = 64800 kg
= φ Fu An
= 0.75 3700 30.0 – 17.3 = 35298 kg
Z = 0.25 t h2 – Ø lubang · δ1
= 0.25 1.2 625.0 – 48.73 = 138.7704 cm3
5 Momen Nominal
– φb Mn = φ Z fy
= 0.90 139 2400 = 299744.06 kg.cm
6 Gaya Lintang Nominal
– φv Vn = φ 0.6 An fu
= 0.75 0.60 12.7 3700 = 21178.80 kg
7 Persamaan Interaksi Aksial - Momen
Nut Mu Vu
[ + ]2 + [ ]2 ≤ 1.0
φt Nnt φb Mn φv Vn
1333.03 2798.92 1336.54
[ + ]2 + [ ]2 ≤ 1.0
64800.00 299744 21178.80
[ 0.0206 + 0.009 ]2 + [ 0.063 ]2 ≤ 1.0
0.005 ≤ 1.0 Ok !!!
89 -809.64 kg
85 1431.20 kg 79 45443.38 kg
60 75
45
No. Sambungan 41
44476.82 71
TITIK SAMBUNGAN
60 60
41867.49 kg 41867.49 kg
= 18267.741 kg
S 115 S 116
– N = x Cos 45 + x Cos 45
2 2
-4292.77 -4494.90
= x 0.707 + x 0.707 = -3106.909 kg
2 2
– Nut = 15160.832 kg
2 Gaya Lintang ( Vu )
– Vu = S117 SIN 45 – S 104
= 25834.49 0.707 – 41867.49 = 23599.75 kg
3 Momen ( Mu )
– Mu = 0.50 x ( S99 - S91 ) δ1 – S81 · δ1
= 0.50 x 0.00 – 72853.25 = 72853.25 kg
4 Gaya Tarik Nominal
– φt Nnt = φ Fy Ag simpul
= 0.90 2400 1.2 88.78 = 230117.8 kg
= φ Fu An
= 0.75 3700 106.5 – 1.728 = 290842.2 kg
Z = 0.25 t h2 – Ø lubang · δ1
= 0.25 1.2 7882 – 4.87 = 2359.694 cm3
5 Momen Nominal
– φb Mn = φ Z fy
= 0.90 2360 2400 = 5096938.09 kg.cm
6 Gaya Lintang Nominal
– φv Vn = φ 0.6 An fu
= 0.75 0.60 104.8 3700 = 174505.32 kg
7 Persamaan Interaksi Aksial - Momen
Nut Mu Vu
[ + ]2 + [ ]2 ≤ 1.0
φt Nnt φb Mn φv Vn
15160.83 72853.25 2 23599.75 2
[ + ] + [ ] ≤ 1.0
230118 5096938 174505
[ 0.0659 + 0.014 ]2 + [ 0.135 ]2 ≤ 1.0
0.025 ≤ 1.0 Ok !!!
KONTROL TEGANGAN
1 Tegangan Tarik
Nut Muy
+ ≤ σ't
A net φ Mny
15160.83 72853.25
+ ≤ 0.75 x 1400
85.8 1957.35
213.92 ≤ 1050.00 kg/cm2 Ok !!!
2 Tegangan Geser
Vu
≤ τ
A net
23600
≤ 0.58 x 1400
85.8
275.0553 ≤ 812.00 kg/cm2 Ok !!!
3 Tegangan Idiil
σ'i = σ't2 + 3 τ2 ≤ σ'
= 45762 + 226966 ≤ 1400
522.23 ≤ 1400 Ok !!!
B PERENCANAAN SAMBUNGAN REGEL PADA KOLOM
♠ PU akibat Angin Tekan // Regel : 235.48 Kg
MU akibat Angin Hisap ┴ Regel : 469.46 kg/m
Panjang Batang : 6.00 m
Dipakai Baut : 8.00 mm
Diameter Lubang : 9.60 mm
Tebal Plat : 10.00 mm
Pu 12359.66 kg ♠ qW = -1.00 x W x L
= 1.00 x 30.00 x 7.85 = 235.5 kg/m
B Hb 606.31 ♠ Tumpuan Kolom Diasumsikan jepit
MAB ♠ MAB = - 1/12 x qW x L2
= - 1/12 x 235.5 x 7.85 2 = -1209.34 kg/m
♠ MBA = 1/12 x qW x L2 + Hb x L
7.85
A
I KEKAKUAN STRUKTUR KOLOM
Kolom diasumsikan Struktur Bergogang karena hanya diperkaku ikatan angin dan regel
1 TEKUK SUMBU X-X → ARAH MELINTANG
– KcA = 1.00 → Tumpuan Jepit
– L = 7.85 m = 785 cm
Lkx = = KcA L = 1.00 785 = 785.0 cm
Lkx 785.0
– λx = ix =
29.2
= 26.9 cm
λx fy
– λc =
π √ E
26.9 2400
=
3.14 √2100000
= 0.289 cm
Tegangan kritis Euler akibat tekuk
π2 x E x Ag
– Fcr = 2
λ
9.87 x 2100000 x 235.50
= = 6766416.28 kg
721.366
♠ Jika Nilai Kelangsingan (λc) pada hal 83 :
Berada pada ω = λc < 1.2 maka disebut Batang Pendek
Berada pada ω = 0.25 < λc <1.2 maka disebut Batang Menengah yang dipakai :
Berada pada ω = λc > 1.2 maka disebut Batang Panjang
1.43
– ω = 1.60
- 0.67 · λc
1.43
= = 1.017
1.60 - 0.67 · 0.29
Tekuk kritis adalah arah X, maka → ω = 1.017
Ag x fy
– Ncr =
ω
235.5 x 2400
= = 555861 > ### kg OK!!!
1.017
Komponen struktur dengan penampang simetris yang mengalami momen lentur dan
gaya aksial (LRFD Page 75)
Nu
– Nn =
φ x Nn
12359.66 MAKA DIPAKAI PERSAMAAN
= = 0.03 < 0.20
0.85 x ### INTERAKSI 1 hal 75
Untuk Kolom dianggap tidak bergoyang maka :
Cmx
– δbx = Nu > 1.0
1 -
Fcrbx
1.00
= 12359.7 > 1.0
1 -
6766416
= 1.002 > 1.0 OK!!!
Untuk Elemen beban transversal ujung tumpuan sederhana
♠ Mux = Mntx x δbx
= 5968.9 x 1.002 = 5979.82 kgm
♠ Mnx = Zx x fy
= 6459.2 x 2400 = 15501962.1 kgm
φb Mnx = φ x Mnx
= 0.9 x 15501962 = 13951765.9 kgm
n
0.85 B
B
n
m 0.95 L m
40 30
5
5 70 5
IV PERHITUNGAN ANGKER
Y = B - X
= 40 - 6.80 = 33.2 cm
σu min = 1.5 d = 1.5 ( 2 x tf )
= 7.2 cm
80 1/3 X = 2.27 cm
X Y 1/3 Y = 11.1 cm
P M M - P X
T =
σu min 40 Y
104089 - 11828.3 2.267
=
11.1
= 6982.985 kg
1/3 X 1/3 Y
6983.0
– τ = 3 Baut = 1163.83 kg
2 Sisi
τ 6982.99
– Ld = =
σb' * 2π * d 7.00 · 6.28 · 4.80
= 33.077 cm ~ 34 cm
V PERHITUNGAN LAS FLENDES
Profil baja Bj → Fu 3700 kg/cm2
Pu
Fu P =
te x Ab
6982.99
= = 175.407 kg/cm2
2 x 18.10
Fu = Фf • 0.6 • F70xx
= 0.75 • 0.6 • 4921.00 = 2214.45
Fu P
e = = 0.079 cm
e = = 0.079 cm
Fu
H PERHITUNGAN KOLOM BETON ( 1 & 2 )
♠ DIMENSI KOLOM
a. Lebar1 Kolom ( b1 ) : 400 mm
b. Lebar2 Kolom ( b2 ) : 800 mm
c. Tinggi ( lu ) : 0 mm
e. r : 0.3 x b2
: 0.3 x 800 : 240 mm
f. Ig kolom : 1 / ### x b1 x b2 3
: 1 / ### x 400 x 800 3
: 1.7E+10 mm 4
1.2 D : Berat Sendiri = 768 kg/m +
g. βd = →
(1.2 D + 1.6 L) Total = 768 kg/m
Beban hidup = 250 kg/m
: 1.2 x 768 / ( 1.2 x 768 + 1.6 x 250 )
: 0.697 ~ 0.70
h. EI kolom 2/5 x Ec x Ig kolom
:
1 + βd
2/5 x 25743 x 1.707E+10
: : 1.0E+14 Nmm2
1 + 0.70
π 2 x El k
- Pc :
( k x lu ) 2
3.14 2 x 1.034E+14 1.021E+15
: : : #DIV/0! N
( 1.000 x 0 ) 2 0
Cm 1.082
- δb : :
( 1 - Pu ) ( 1 - 14750060 )
Φ Pc #DIV/0!
1.082
:
( 1 - #DIV/0! )
: #DIV/0!
Cm 1.082
- δs : :
( 1 - Σ Pu ) ( 1 - 14750 )
ΣΦ Pc #DIV/0!
1.082
:
( 1 - #DIV/0! )
: #DIV/0!
MU 86346.75
- et : : : 5.854 m
PU 14750.06
- eo min : 15 + ( 0.003 x 800 ) : 17.40 mm = 0.0174 m
et > eo min
PU 1475005.96
- Sumbu vertikal : :
Ø A gr 0.81 ƒ'c 0.65 320000 0.81 30
: 0.292
- eo = e t : 5854 mm ; et 585.4
= = 0.7317
h 800.0
- et > eo min : 0.73 > 0.017
- ρ : ρ x β
: 0.010 x 1.2 : 0.012
- As tot : ρ x A gr
: 0.012 x ( 400 x 800 ) : 3840.00 mm2
Jumlah tulangan keseluruhan yang dipasang : 12 Ø 22 = 4562 mm2 …Ok !!!
: 500 - 40 - 8 - ( 16 / 2 )
: 444 mm
d' : selimut + beugel + ( tul. pokok / 2 )
: 40 + 8 + ( 16 / 2 )
b : 56 mm
2 Perhitungan r Beton ( sama )
3 Perhitungan Momen ( Dari Konstruksi Baja Karangan Ir. A.P. Potma dan Ir. J.E. De Vries )
1/24 1/9 1/24
1/11 1/11
♣ Mt1 = 1/16 * qu. * L 2
= 1/24 x 13.84 x 2.00 2 = 2260533.33 Nmm
♣ Mt2 = 1/16 * qu. * L 2
= 1/9 x 13.84 x 2.00 2 = 6028088.89 Nmm
♣ ML1 = 1/12 * qu. * L 2
= 1/11 x 13.84 x 2.00 2 = 4932072.73 Nmm
3a Perhitungan pada Tumpuan 1
♣ Mu (t) = 6028088.89 Nmm
♣ Rn Mu (t)
=
Ø x b x d 2
6028088.89
= = 0.15289163
0.8 x 250 x 444 2
♣ r perlu 1 2 x Rn x m
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
m (fy)
1 2 x 0.1529 x 9.41
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 400
= 0.0003829 > r min = ( 0.00350 )
♣ r b = 0.85 x b1 x fc 600
x
fy 600 + fy
= 0.85 x 0.85 x 30 600
x = 0.03251
400 600 + 400
♣ r max = 0.75 x r b
= 0.75 x 0.0325 = 0.024384375
Dipakai r perlu = 0.000383
♣ As = ρ perlu x b x d
= 0.00038 x 250 x 444 = 4 mm2
Dipasang tulangan = 3 Ø 16 = 603 mm2
3b Perhitungan pada Lapangan
♣ Mu (L) = 4932072.73 Nmm
♣ Rn Mu (L)
=
Ø x b x d 2
4932072.73
= = 0.1250932
0.8 x 250 x 444 2
♣ r perlu 1 2 x Rn x m
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
m (fy)
1 2 x 0.125093152 x 9.41
= x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 400
= 0.0003132 > r min = ( 0.00350 )
Dipakai r perlu = 0.000313
♣ As = ρ perlu x b x d
= 0.000313 x 250 x 444 = 3 mm2
Dipasang tulangan = 3 Ø 16 = 603 mm2
BAB VI
PERENCANAAN PONDASI
I. DATA - DATA
♣ Mutu Beton (fc') : 30 Mpa
♣ Mutu Baja (fy) : 240 Mpa (Tulangan Ulir / Deform)
♣ Bentang Pondasi Setempat
Arah Melintang (L) : 2.50 m'
Arah Memanjang (B) : 1.50 m'
V1 = 16160 V2 = 16160
M1 = 104089 M2= -104089
H2 = 11828 H2 = -11828
h= 1.60 h = 2.0
d= 0.40
L= 2.00
1.5
2.5
♣ Beban Ultimate
Q ult = ( 1.2 x Pu ) + ( 1.6 x LL )
= ( 1.2 x 29420 ) + ( 1.6 x 250.00 ) = 35703.66 kg-m
Qs = ( Q ult / LXB )
= ( 35704 / 3.81 ) = 9380.14 kg-m
Lx Ly 2.54
β = = = 1.7 < 2 ( Penulangan 2 arah )
Ly Lx 1.50
B = 2.54
r perlu = 1 2 x Rn x m
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 (fy)
= 1 2 x
0.607546838 x 9.41
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 240
= 0.002562 < r min = ( 0.00350 )
r pakai = 0.00350 x 1.33 = 0.00466
As pasang = r x b x dy
= 0.00466 x 1000 x 332 = 1545.46 mm 2
Dipakai tulangan = Ø 16 - 130 ( As = 1547 mm2 )
VI. PERHITUNGAN TULANGAN LENTUR
Lx Ly 2.54
β = = = 1.7 < 2 ( Penulangan 2 arah )
Ly Lx 1.50
B = 2.54
DITINJAU DARI ARAH X
M = 1/2 * qu. * Ly 2
= 1/2 x 9380.1 x 0.55 2 = 1418.75 kg/m
dx = h - d' - ( tul. pokok / 2 )
L= 1.50 = 400 - 50 - ( 12 / 2 )= 344.0 mm
♣ m = fy
( 0.85 x fc )
= 240
( 0.85 x 30 )
= 9.41
♣ Rn M
=
Ø x b x dx 2
141874644
=
0.8 x 1000 x 344 2
= 1.498642048
r perlu = 1 2 x Rn x m
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 (fy)
= 1 2 x
1.498642048 x 9.41
x ( 1 - 1 - )
9.41 240
= 0.006439 > r min = ( 0.00350 )
r pakai = 0.00644 x 1.33 = 0.00856
As pasang = r x b x dx
= 0.00856 x 1000 x 344 = 2946.19 mm 2
Dipakai tulangan = Ø 16 - 120 ( As = 1676.2 mm2 )
(WIDE FLANGE SHAPE )
ix iy Sx Sy Cx Cy Zx Zy
cm cm cm³ cm³ cm cm cm³ cm³
36.96 6.57 10907.50 1039.19 11.27 10.61 12495.91 1634.34
36.42 6.39 9130.29 844.56 11.27 10.71 10449.23 1328.85
35.68 6.17 7750.81 689.55 11.61 10.93 8908.71 1090.08
33.19 6.71 8388.02 916.35 9.42 10.45 9529.42 1430.77
33.00 6.63 7282.47 783.59 9.20 10.44 8238.19 1220.81
32.25 6.39 6396.00 663.59 9.69 10.72 7282.99 1040.81
29.42 6.87 6690.10 854.98 7.79 10.25 7554.58 1328.03
29.23 6.79 5747.92 723.15 7.57 10.24 6459.15 1121.37
28.53 6.54 4974.34 603.15 8.01 10.55 5623.95 941.37
24.83 6.91 4614.80 702.49 6.35 10.20 5192.53 1089.86
24.74 6.85 4008.46 602.79 6.11 10.15 4484.21 933.21
24.23 6.64 3520.57 512.79 6.42 10.43 3957.71 798.21
24.61 4.32 3377.65 315.38 7.80 7.17 3890.87 500.44
24.33 4.23 2979.00 271.61 7.81 7.22 3430.01 431.46
24.01 4.12 2583.36 228.69 7.86 7.29 2976.40 363.99
23.86 4.06 2301.49 199.82 7.81 7.31 2648.39 317.82
20.80 7.05 2900.82 542.01 4.69 9.90 3223.67 834.43
20.34 6.83 2497.70 452.01 4.95 10.19 2787.17 699.43
20.73 4.44 2230.61 257.39 5.96 6.98 2539.23 403.30
20.45 4.33 1910.58 214.68 5.98 7.05 2173.42 336.86
20.31 4.27 1684.98 186.00 5.91 7.07 1912.71 291.67
18.85 7.18 2543.10 541.56 4.07 9.72 2821.76 830.89
18.59 7.05 2150.84 448.44 4.07 9.85 2381.37 689.03
18.58 4.40 1484.32 187.55 5.16 6.98 1677.77 292.31
18.43 4.33 1284.47 159.18 5.11 7.01 1448.85 247.98
19.67 11.07 11960.94 4369.43 6.13 12.86 14454.49 6727.02
18.81 10.70 8168.37 2903.49 4.85 12.45 9537.96 4438.60
18.17 10.45 5566.44 1934.78 3.91 12.19 6309.03 2943.40
17.71 10.25 4477.72 1532.71 3.69 12.35 5023.91 2333.67
17.49 10.14 3840.24 1300.76 3.52 12.38 4277.29 1979.73
16.81 9.75 3540.29 1167.68 4.08 13.23 3990.06 1796.29
17.44 10.13 3326.95 1121.10 3.22 12.22 3670.06 1702.41
16.68 9.65 3026.94 985.96 3.90 13.19 3387.71 1513.55
17.32 10.07 2845.83 951.33 3.02 12.17 3116.04 1443.33
16.55 9.55 2519.73 809.36 3.71 13.15 2799.73 1239.87
16.85 7.29 1979.06 481.09 3.43 9.59 2185.54 735.61
16.73 7.21 1740.73 418.20 3.35 9.63 1915.49 639.51
A (mm2) At (cm2)
10268 168.56 168.56 15192 168.56 168.56 10268 364.022 7596 182.01
8400 168.56 168.56 13504 168.56 168.56 8400 309.782 6752 154.89
6877 168.56 168.56 12660 168.56 168.56 6877 270.882 6330 135.44
9060 168.56 168.56 11968 168.56 168.56 9060 307.622 5984 153.81
7800 168.56 168.56 10472 168.56 168.56 7800 267.462 5236 133.73
6600 168.56 168.56 10472 168.56 168.56 6600 243.462 5236 121.73
8456 168.56 168.56 9780 168.56 168.56 8456 273.662 4890 136.83
7200 168.56 168.56 8476 168.56 168.56 7200 235.502 4238 117.75
6000 168.56 168.56 8476 168.56 168.56 6000 211.502 4238 105.75
6946 168.56 168.56 7672 168.56 168.56 6946 222.382 3836 111.19
6000 168.56 168.56 6576 168.56 168.56 6000 192.502 3288 96.251
5100 168.56 168.56 6576 168.56 168.56 5100 174.502 3288 87.251
4646 104.06 104.06 7358 104.06 104.06 4646 170.662 3679 85.331
4020 104.06 104.06 6792 104.06 104.06 4020 152.482 3396 76.241
3400 104.06 104.06 6226 104.06 104.06 3400 134.422 3113 67.211
2985 104.06 104.06 5660 104.06 104.06 2985 120.462 2830 60.231
5400 145.34 145.34 4972 145.34 145.34 5400 163.534 2486 81.767
4500 145.34 145.34 4972 145.34 145.34 4500 145.534 2486 72.767
3819 86 86 5148 86 86 3819 131.3 2574 65.65
3200 86 86 4680 86 86 3200 114.24 2340 57.12
2786 86 86 4212 86 86 2786 101.28 2106 50.64
5400 123.84 123.84 4444 123.84 123.84 5400 157.394 2222 78.697
4485 123.84 123.84 4040 123.84 123.84 4485 135.054 2020 67.527
2800 69.66 69.66 3798 69.66 69.66 2800 96.7664 1899 48.383
2388 69.66 69.66 3376 69.66 69.66 2388 84.3064 1688 42.153
30240 104.06 104.06 16110 104.06 104.06 30240 770.062 8055 385.03
20850 104.06 104.06 10740 104.06 104.06 20850 528.562 5370 264.28
14245 104.06 104.06 7160 104.06 104.06 14245 360.662 3580 180.33
11340 104.06 104.06 6444 104.06 104.06 11340 295.402 3222 147.7
9672 104.06 104.06 5728 104.06 104.06 9672 254.882 2864 127.44
8568 104.06 104.06 7518 104.06 104.06 8568 250.702 3759 125.35
8400 104.06 104.06 4654 104.06 104.06 8400 218.702 2327 109.35
7290 104.06 104.06 6444 104.06 104.06 7290 214.402 3222 107.2
7164 104.06 104.06 3938 104.06 104.06 7164 186.822 1969 93.411
6030 104.06 104.06 5370 104.06 104.06 6030 178.462 2685 89.231
4800 104.06 104.06 3580 104.06 104.06 4800 135.962 1790 67.981
4186 104.06 104.06 3222 104.06 104.06 4186 120.102 1611 60.051
2600 55.04 55.04 2992 55.04 55.04 2600 84.1216 1496 42.061
2189 55.04 55.04 2618 55.04 55.04 2189 72.1616 1309 36.081
7744 86 86 4368 86 86 7744 202 2184 101
6783 86 86 5928 86 86 6783 198.38 2964 99.19
6650 86 86 3744 86 86 6650 173.88 1872 86.94
5664 86 86 4992 86 86 5664 166.64 2496 83.32
5568 86 86 3120 86 86 5568 146 1560 73
4563 86 86 4056 86 86 4563 135.26 2028 67.63
3500 86 86 2808 86 86 3500 101.52 1404 50.76
2988 86 86 2496 86 86 2988 88.16 1248 44.08
1925 42.14 42.14 2296 42.14 42.14 1925 63.1456 1148 31.573
1566 42.14 42.14 1968 42.14 42.14 1566 52.6856 984 26.343
5117 69.66 69.66 2970 69.66 69.66 5117 134.826 1485 67.413
4575 69.66 69.66 4050 69.66 69.66 4575 134.786 2025 67.393
4500 69.66 69.66 2700 69.66 69.66 4500 119.786 1350 59.893
4186 69.66 69.66 2430 69.66 69.66 4186 110.806 1215 55.403
3624 69.66 69.66 3240 69.66 69.66 3624 107.666 1620 53.833
2814 69.66 69.66 2430 69.66 69.66 2814 83.3664 1215 41.683
2400 69.66 69.66 2160 69.66 69.66 2400 72.3864 1080 36.193
1350 36.335 36.335 1833 36.335 36.335 1350 46.7834 916.5 23.392
1192 36.335 36.335 1551 36.335 36.335 1192 40.8034 775.5 20.402
3570 55.04 55.04 3108 55.04 55.04 3570 104.682 1554 52.341
3500 55.04 55.04 1998 55.04 55.04 3500 92.1816 999 46.091
3237 55.04 55.04 1776 55.04 55.04 3237 84.7016 888 42.351
2772 55.04 55.04 2442 55.04 55.04 2772 82.0616 1221 41.031
1925 55.04 55.04 1554 55.04 55.04 1925 56.2416 777 28.121
1125 30.96 30.96 1392 30.96 30.96 1125 37.6584 696 18.829
992 30.96 30.96 1160 30.96 30.96 992 32.6784 580 16.339
3232 36.335 36.335 1760 36.335 36.335 3232 83.6934 880 41.847
2448 36.335 36.335 2112 36.335 36.335 2448 71.5334 1056 35.767
2400 36.335 36.335 1408 36.335 36.335 2400 63.5334 704 31.767
1350 36.335 36.335 1056 36.335 36.335 1350 39.0134 528 19.507
800 26.015 26.015 1012 26.015 26.015 800 27.1606 506 13.58
693 26.015 26.015 828 26.015 26.015 693 23.1806 414 11.59
1925 30.96 30.96 1147.5 30.96 30.96 1925 51.2134 573.75 25.607
1000 30.96 30.96 841.5 30.96 30.96 1000 29.6534 420.75 14.827
720 17.415 17.415 795 17.415 17.415 720 23.0466 397.5 11.523
1500 26.015 26.015 910 26.015 26.015 1500 40.1406 455 20.07
900 26.015 26.015 780 26.015 26.015 900 26.8406 390 13.42
525 13.76 13.76 680 13.76 13.76 525 17.8504 340 8.9252
1125 21.5 21.5 695.5 21.5 21.5 1125 30.315 347.75 15.158
480 17.415 17.415 654 17.415 17.415 480 16.8366 327 8.4183
800 21.5 21.5 504 21.5 21.5 800 21.9 252 10.95
350 13.76 13.76 430 13.76 13.76 350 11.8504 215 5.9252
AT y (mm)
5134 168.56 7596 168.56 5134 182.01 17 48 48 456 864 864 895
4200 168.56 6752 168.56 4200 154.89 14 42 42 450 858 858 886
3438.5 168.56 6330 168.56 3438.5 135.44 11.5 37 37 445 853 853 878.5
4530 168.56 5984 168.56 4530 153.81 15 44 44 404 764 764 793
3900 168.56 5236 168.56 3900 133.73 13 40 40 400 760 760 787
3300 168.56 5236 168.56 3300 121.73 11 36 36 396 756 756 781
4228 168.56 4890 168.56 4228 136.83 14 42 42 354 666 666 694
3600 168.56 4238 168.56 3600 117.75 12 38 38 350 662 662 688
3000 168.56 4238 168.56 3000 105.75 10 34 34 346 658 658 682
3473 168.56 3836 168.56 3473 111.19 11.5 37 37 297 557 557 582.5
3000 168.56 3288 168.56 3000 96.251 10 34 34 294 554 554 578
2550 168.56 3288 168.56 2550 87.251 8.5 31 31 291 551 551 573.5
2323 104.06 3679 104.06 2323 85.331 11.5 34 34 306 578 578 600.5
2010 104.06 3396 104.06 2010 76.241 10 31 31 303 575 575 596
1700 104.06 3113 104.06 1700 67.211 8.5 28 28 300 572 572 591.5
1492.5 104.06 2830 104.06 1492.5 60.231 7.5 26 26 298 570 570 588.5
2700 145.34 2486 145.34 2700 81.767 9 31 31 244 457 457 479
2250 145.34 2486 145.34 2250 72.767 7.5 28 28 241 454 454 474.5
1909.5 86 2574 86 1909.5 65.65 9.5 29 29 253 477 477 496.5
1600 86 2340 86 1600 57.12 8 26 26 250 474 474 492
1393 86 2106 86 1393 50.64 7 24 24 248 472 472 489
2700 123.84 2222 123.84 2700 78.697 9 30 30 220 410 410 431
2242.5 123.84 2020 123.84 2242.5 67.527 7.5 27 27 217 407 407 426.5
1400 69.66 1899 69.66 1400 48.383 7 23 23 225 427 427 443
1194 69.66 1688 69.66 1194 42.153 6 21 21 223 425 425 440
15120 104.06 8055 104.06 15120 385.03 35 81 81 249 417 417 463
10425 104.06 5370 104.06 10425 264.28 25 61 61 229 397 397 433
7122.5 104.06 3580 104.06 7122.5 180.33 17.5 46 46 214 382 382 410.5
5670 104.06 3222 104.06 5670 147.7 14 39 39 207 375 375 400
4836 104.06 2864 104.06 4836 127.44 12 35 35 203 371 371 394
4284 104.06 3759 104.06 4284 125.35 10.5 32 32 200 368 368 389.5
4200 104.06 2327 104.06 4200 109.35 10.5 32 32 200 368 368 389.5
3645 104.06 3222 104.06 3645 107.2 9 29 29 197 365 365 385
3582 104.06 1969 104.06 3582 93.411 9 29 29 197 365 365 385
3015 104.06 2685 104.06 3015 89.231 7.5 26 26 194 362 362 380.5
2400 104.06 1790 104.06 2400 67.981 8 27 27 195 363 363 382
2093 104.06 1611 104.06 2093 60.051 7 25 25 193 361 361 379
1300 55.04 1496 55.04 1300 42.061 6.5 21 21 200 379 379 393.5
1094.5 55.04 1309 55.04 1094.5 36.081 5.5 19 19 198 377 377 390.5
3872 86 2184 86 3872 101 11 32 32 178 324 324 345
3391.5 86 2964 86 3391.5 99.19 9.5 29 29 175 321 321 340.5
3325 86 1872 86 3325 86.94 9.5 29 29 175 321 321 340.5
2832 86 2496 86 2832 83.32 8 26 26 172 318 318 336
2784 86 1560 86 2784 73 8 26 26 172 318 318 336
2281.5 86 2028 86 2281.5 67.63 6.5 23 23 169 315 315 331.5
1750 86 1404 86 1750 50.76 7 24 24 170 316 316 333
1494 86 1248 86 1494 44.08 6 22 22 168 314 314 330
962.5 42.14 1148 42.14 962.5 31.573 5.5 18 18 175 332 332 344.5
783 42.14 984 42.14 783 26.343 4.5 16 16 173 330 330 341.5
2558.5 69.66 1485 69.66 2558.5 67.413 8.5 26 26 152 278 278 295.5
2287.5 69.66 2025 69.66 2287.5 67.393 7.5 24 24 150 276 276 292.5
2250 69.66 1350 69.66 2250 59.893 7.5 24 24 150 276 276 292.5
2093 69.66 1215 69.66 2093 55.403 7 23 23 149 275 275 291
1812 69.66 1620 69.66 1812 53.833 6 21 21 147 273 273 288
1407 69.66 1215 69.66 1407 41.683 7 23 23 149 275 275 291
1200 69.66 1080 69.66 1200 36.193 6 21 21 147 273 273 288
675 36.335 916.5 36.335 675 23.392 4.5 15.5 15.5 150 284.5 284.5 295.5
596 36.335 775.5 36.335 596 20.402 4 14.5 14.5 149 283.5 283.5 294
1785 55.04 1554 55.04 1785 52.341 7 22 22 125 228 228 243
1750 55.04 999 55.04 1750 46.091 7 22 22 125 228 228 243
1618.5 55.04 888 55.04 1618.5 42.351 6.5 21 21 124 227 227 241.5
1386 55.04 1221 55.04 1386 41.031 5.5 19 19 122 225 225 238.5
962.5 55.04 777 55.04 962.5 28.121 5.5 19 19 122 225 225 238.5
562.5 30.96 696 30.96 562.5 18.829 4.5 15 15 125 235 235 245.5
496 30.96 580 30.96 496 16.339 4 14 14 124 234 234 244
1616 36.335 880 36.335 1616 41.847 8 22.5 22.5 104 185.5 185.5 200
1224 36.335 1056 36.335 1224 35.767 6 18.5 18.5 100 181.5 181.5 194
1200 36.335 704 36.335 1200 31.767 6 18.5 18.5 100 181.5 181.5 194
675 36.335 528 36.335 675 19.507 4.5 15.5 15.5 97 178.5 178.5 189.5
400 26.015 506 26.015 400 13.58 4 13.5 13.5 100 186.5 186.5 196
346.5 26.015 414 26.015 346.5 11.59 3.5 12.5 12.5 99 185.5 185.5 194.5
962.5 30.96 573.75 30.96 962.5 25.607 5.5 17 17 87.5 158 158 169.5
500 30.96 420.75 30.96 500 14.827 4 14 14 84.5 155 155 165
360 17.415 397.5 17.415 360 11.523 4 12.5 12.5 87.5 162.5 162.5 171
750 26.015 455 26.015 750 20.07 5 15.5 15.5 75 134.5 134.5 145
450 26.015 390 26.015 450 13.42 4.5 14.5 14.5 74 133.5 133.5 143.5
262.5 13.76 340 13.76 262.5 8.9252 3.5 11 11 75 139 139 146.5
562.5 21.5 347.75 21.5 562.5 15.158 4.5 14 14 62.5 111 111 120.5
240 17.415 327 17.415 240 8.4183 4 12.5 12.5 62.5 112.5 112.5 121
400 21.5 252 21.5 400 10.95 4 13 13 50 87 87 96
175 13.76 215 13.76 175 5.9252 3.5 11 11 50 89 89 96.5
x
245 151 128 174 151 128 174 151 75.5 128 146.5 128 75.5
239 150 128 172 150 128 172 150 75 128 146 128 75
234 149.5 128 171 149.5 128 171 149.5 74.75 128 145.75 128 74.75
217 151 129 173 151 129 173 151 75.5 129 147 129 75.5
213 150 129 171 150 129 171 150 75 129 146.5 129 75
209 150 129 171 150 129 171 150 75 129 146.5 129 75
191 151 129.5 172.5 151 129.5 172.5 151 75.5 129.5 147.25 129.5 75.5
187 150 129.5 170.5 150 129.5 170.5 150 75 129.5 146.75 129.5 75
183 150 129.5 170.5 150 129.5 170.5 150 75 129.5 146.75 129.5 75
160 151 130 172 151 130 172 151 75.5 130 147.5 130 75.5
157 150 130 170 150 130 170 150 75 130 147 130 75
154 150 130 170 150 130 170 150 75 130 147 130 75
164.5 101 83.5 118.5 101 83.5 118.5 101 50.5 83.5 97.75 83.5 50.5
161.5 100.5 83.5 117.5 100.5 83.5 117.5 100.5 50.25 83.5 97.5 83.5 50.25
158.5 100 83.5 116.5 100 83.5 116.5 100 50 83.5 97.25 83.5 50
156.5 99.5 83.5 115.5 99.5 83.5 115.5 99.5 49.75 83.5 97 83.5 49.75
131 150 131.5 168.5 150 131.5 168.5 150 75 131.5 147.25 131.5 75
128 150 131.5 168.5 150 131.5 168.5 150 75 131.5 147.25 131.5 75
136 100.5 85 116 100.5 85 116 100.5 50.25 85 97.75 85 50.25
133 100 85 115 100 85 115 100 50 85 97.5 85 50
131 99.5 85 114 99.5 85 114 99.5 49.75 85 97.25 85 49.75
119 150 132.5 167.5 150 132.5 167.5 150 75 132.5 147.25 132.5 75
116 149.5 132.5 166.5 149.5 132.5 166.5 149.5 74.75 132.5 147 132.5 74.75
119.5 100 86.5 113.5 100 86.5 113.5 100 50 86.5 97.75 86.5 50
117.5 99.5 86.5 112.5 99.5 86.5 112.5 99.5 49.75 86.5 97.5 86.5 49.75
159.5 216 182.5 249.5 216 182.5 249.5 216 108 182.5 204.75 182.5 108
139.5 208.5 182.5 234.5 208.5 182.5 234.5 208.5 104.25 182.5 201 182.5 104.25
124.5 203.5 182.5 224.5 203.5 182.5 224.5 203.5 101.75 182.5 198.5 182.5 101.75
117.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 101.25 182.5 198 182.5 101.25
113.5 201.5 182.5 220.5 201.5 182.5 220.5 201.5 100.75 182.5 197.5 182.5 100.75
110.5 204 182.5 225.5 204 182.5 225.5 204 102 182.5 198.75 182.5 102
110.5 200 182.5 217.5 200 182.5 217.5 200 100 182.5 196.75 182.5 100
107.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 182.5 222.5 202.5 101.25 182.5 198 182.5 101.25
107.5 199 182.5 215.5 199 182.5 215.5 199 99.5 182.5 196.25 182.5 99.5
104.5 201 182.5 219.5 201 182.5 219.5 201 100.5 182.5 197.25 182.5 100.5
105.5 150 134 166 150 134 166 150 75 134 147.5 134 75
103.5 149.5 134 165 149.5 134 165 149.5 74.75 134 147.25 134 74.75
10 6.8067
9.95 6.8331
17.6 10.748
17.85 11.571
17.5 10.711
17.7 11.527
17.4 10.675
17.55 11.49
12.5 8.0791
12.45 8.1191
8.75 5.9909
8.7 6.026
15.05 9.2476
15.25 9.927
15 9.2761
14.95 9.219
15.1 9.8883
10.05 6.547
10 6.5747
7.5 5.2418
7.45 5.1884
12.75 8.2664
12.5 7.6753
12.45 7.6189
12.6 8.2257
8.75 5.6617
6.25 4.2978
6.2 4.2413
10.1 6.1271
10.2 6.5954
10 6.1541
7.5 4.8287
5 3.4444
4.95 3.3952
8.75 5.3955
6.25 4.0668
4.5 3.0299
7.5 4.6343
5 3.2469
3.75 2.5794
6.25 3.8699
3 2.0554
5 3.1076
2.5 1.6861