Oleh
Dr. Ir. Sufriadin, MT
+2 cations
+1 cations
Ikatan Kovalen
• Dibentuk oleh penggunaan
bersama elektron kulit luar
• Ikatan kimia sangat kuat
• Menghasilkan mineral yang
tidak larut, titik leleh tinggi,
keras, non-konduktor, simetri
rendah .
• Umum diantara unsur-unsur
dengan jumlah kekosongan
pada kulit luar tinggi (misal: C,
Si, Al, S)
Diamond
Ikatan Kovalen Intan
• 4 orbitals shown as
bonds, call s bonds
• s bonds distorted
Similar s bonds,
but only in
layers
Covalent bonds
within the sheets
Ionic Pairs
Covalent
Pairs
Gradasi Ionik-Kovalen
These bond types share characteristics of each other
▪Ikatan Elektrostatik H+
NaCl CaF2
• Aturan-3: Sharing polyhedral Elements I- Jalinan sisi dan
muka dari dua polihedra anion dalam suatu kristal akan
menurunkan kestabilan kristal
Rb – 2.50
Decreasing
Ionic radii
Control of CN
(# of nearest
neighbors) on
ionic radius
Reflects
expansion of
cations into
larger “pore
spaces”
between anion
neighbors
Ko-ordinasi Ion
• For minerals formed largely by ionic bonding, the
ion geometry can be simply considered to be
spherical
• Spherical ions will geometrically pack (coordinate)
oppositely charged ions around them as tightly as
possible while maintaining charge neutrality
• For a particular ion, the surrounding coordination
ions define the apices of a polyhedron
• The number of surrounding ions is the
Coordination Number
Bilangan
koordinasi dan
Radius Ratio
Koordinasi
dengan anion
O-2
When
Ra(cation)/Rx(anion) ~1
Closest Packed
Array
Perkiraan bilangan koordinasi pada mineral utama
pembentuk batuan