Pemfaktoran dan Pecahan Algebra

BAB 2 Factorisation and Algebraic Fractions

2.1 Kembangan Buku Teks: m.s. 21 – 24

Video

(+) × (+) + Sama simbol

• (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

Video
• a(b + c) = ab + ac (–) × (–) + Same symbol
• (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
• (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd (–) × (+) –
• (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2 Tidak sama simbol
(+) × (– ) – Different symbols

A. Kembangkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.

Expand each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.1.2 TP3

1. 5(2 + a) 2. a(a – 2b) 3. 4c(2b + c)

=5×2+5×a = a × a – a × 2b = 4c × 2b + 4c × c
= 10 + 5a = a2 – 2ab = 8bc + 4c2

3f
4. –3d(b + 4) 5. – e (9f – 3) 6. (8f – 12g + 4h)
3 4
= –3d × b – 3d × 4 = –3ef + e = 6f 2 – 9fg + 3fh
= –3bd – 12d

B. Kembangkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.

Expand each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.1.2 TP3

1. (u + 4)(u + 3) 2. (v – 5)(v + 2)
= u(u + 3) + 4(u + 3) = v(v + 2) – 5(v + 2)
= u2 + 3u + 4u + 12 = v2 + 2v – 5v – 10
= u2 + 7u + 12 = v2 – 3v – 10

3. (1 – w)(4 + 3w) 4. (2w + 3x)(3w – x)

= 1(4 + 3w) – w(4 + 3w) = 2w(3w – x) + 3x(3w – x)
= 4 + 3w – 4w – 3w2 = 6w2 – 2wx + 9wx – 3x2
= –3w2 – w + 4 = 6w2 + 7wx – 3x2

5. (4y + 3)2 6. (2z + 5)(2z – 5)

= (4y)2 + 2(4y)(3) + 32 (a + b)2 = (2z)2 – 52 (a + b)(a – b)
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a 2 – b2
= 16y2 + 24y + 9 [a = 4y, b = 3]
= 4z2 – 25 [a = 2z, b = 5]

7 SP 2.1.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.1 Kembangan Buku Teks: m.s. 24 – 25

A. Permudahkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.1.3 TP3

1. (2p – 5)(p – 4) + 8p 2. 7qr – (q – 4r)2

= 2p(p – 4) – 5(p – 4) + 8p = 7qr – [q2 – 2(q)(4r) + (4r)2]
= 2p2 – 8p – 5p + 20 + 8p = 7qr – q2 + 8qr – 16r2
= 2p2 – 5p + 20 = –q2 + 15qr – 16r2

3. (4r – s)(3r + s) – r(r + 3s) 4. (s + 2t)2 + (s – 3t)(2s – t)

= 4r(3r + s) – s(3r + s) – r(r + 3s) = s2 + 4st + 4t2 + 2s2 – st – 6st + 3t2
= 12r2 + 4rs – 3rs – s2 – r2 – 3rs = 3s2 – 3st + 7t2
= 11r2 – 2rs – s2

B. Hitung luas kawasan berlorek dalam setiap rajah yang berikut.

Calculate the area of the shaded region in each of the following diagrams. SP2.1.3 TP3

1. 2. 2x

x+5
2x – 5
2x + 3

Luas kawasan berlorek 4x – 2

Area of the shaded area Luas kawasan berlorek
= (2x + 3)(x + 5) Area of the shaded region
= 2x2 + 10x + 3x + 15 =
1
× (4x – 2 + 2x) × (2x – 5)
= 2x2 + 13x + 15 2
1
= × (6x – 2) × (2x – 5)
2
= (3x – 1)(2x – 5)
= 6x2 – 17x + 5
3. x+1 x+1 4. 6x + 4
x–1

4x + 2
2x – 1

Luas kawasan berlorek Luas kawasan berlorek

Area of the shaded region Area of the shaded region
= (x + 1 + x + 1)(2x – 1 + x – 1) – (x + 1)(x – 1) = (6x + 4)(4x + 2) – 1 × (3x + 2) × (4x + 2)
= (2x + 2)(3x – 2) – (x2 – 1) 2
= 6x2 – 4x + 6x – 4 – x2 + 1 = (6x + 4)(4x + 2) – (3x + 2)(2x + 1)
= 5x2 + 2x – 3 = 24x2 + 12x + 16x + 8 – 6x2 – 3x – 4x – 2
= 18x2 + 21x + 6

8 SP 2.1.3 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.1 Kembangan Buku Teks: m.s. 25 – 27

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.

Solve each of the following problems. SP2.1.4 TP4

1. Sharifah menyusun buku rujukan Matematik, Sains dan Sejarah di atas sebuah rak buku. Diberi jumlah
buku rujukan itu adalah 3 kali bilangan buku rujukan Sains. Bilangan buku rujukan Sains adalah
6 buah kurang daripada buku rujukan Matematik. Ungkapkan bilangan buku rujukan Sejarah dalam
bentuk ungkapan algebra.
Sharifah arranges Mathematics, Science and History reference books on a bookshelf. Given the total number of
reference books is 3 times the number of Science reference books. The number of Science reference books is 6 less
than the Mathematics reference books. Express the number of History reference books in the form of an algebraic
expression.

Buku rujukan Bilangan buku rujukan

Reference book Number of reference books
Matematik/Mathematics x
Sains/Science x–6
Sejarah/History
Jumlah/Total 3(x – 6)

Bilangan buku rujukan Sejarah

Number of History reference books
= 3(x – 6) – x – (x – 6)
= 3x – 18 – x – x + 6
= x – 12

2. Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan panjang dan lebar bagi tanah sebuah

rumah.
The diagram shows the length and width of the land of a house.
(a) Ungkapkan perimeter, dalam m, pagar rumah itu dalam bentuk
ungkapan algebra. (2x + 5) m
(3x – 2) m
Express the perimeter, in m, of the fence of the house in the form of
an algebraic expression.
2(3x – 2) + 2(2x + 5)
= 6x – 4 + 4x + 10
= (10x + 6) m

(b) Ungkapkan luas, dalam m2, tanah rumah itu dalam bentuk ungkapan algebra.
Express the area, in m2, of the land of the house in the form of an algebraic expression.

(3x – 2)(2x + 5)
= 6x2 + 15x – 4x – 10
= (6x2 + 11x – 10) m2

9 SP 2.1.4 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 27 – 29

Aktiviti
Kembangan Interaktif
Expansion
2 4m2 + 2mn FSTB bagi 4m2 dan 2mn
m 2
2m + mn HCF of 4m2 and 2mn
2m(2m + n) = 4m2 + 2mn =2×m
2m + n = 2m
Pemfaktoran 4m2 + 2mn = 2m(2m + n)
Factorisation

A. Senaraikan semua faktor sepunya dan FSTB bagi setiap yang berikut.
List all the common factors and state the HCF of each of the following. SP2.2.1 TP1

1. 6a, 9ab 2. 4x, 6x2y, 8xy2

6a = 1 × 2 × 3 × a 4x = 1 × 2 × 2 × x
9ab = 1 × 3 × 3 × a × b 6x2y = 1 × 2 × 3 × x × x × y
8xy2 = 1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × y × y
Faktor sepunya/Common factors = 1, 3, a, 3a
Faktor sepunya/Common factors = 1, 2, x, 2x
FSTB/HCF = 3a
FSTB/HCF = 2x
Aktiviti Interaktif

B. Tentukan faktor sepunya terbesar (FSTB) bagi setiap yang berikut dengan pembahagian berulang.
Determine the highest common factor (HCF) of each of the following using repeated division. SP2.2.1 TP1

1. 14mn, 21n 2. 10a2, 20ab2, 40abc

7 14mn , 21n FSTB/HCF 2 10a2 , 20ab2 , 40abc FSTB/HCF
=7×n =2×5×a
n 2mn , 3n = 7n 5 5a2 , 10ab2 , 20abc = 10a
2m , 3 a a2 , 2ab2 , 4abc
a , 2b2 , 4bc

C. Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut dengan pembahagian berulang.

Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions using repeated division. SP2.2.2 TP1

1. 6u + 8 = 2(3u + 4) 2. 18p2 + 6pq = 6p(3p + q)

FSTB/HCF = 2 FSTB/HCF 2 18p2 + 6pq

=2×3×p
= 6p 3 9p2 + 3pq
2 6u + 8
p 3p2 + pq
3u + 4
3p + q

10 SP 2.2.1 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 SP 2.2.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 29 – 30

A. Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.

Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.2.2 TP3 Aktiviti
Interaktif
CONTOH
1. n2 – 64 = n2 – 82
2 2
2
16m – 9 = (4m) – 3 2 2 a –b = (n + 8)(n – 8)
= (a + b)(a – b)
= (4m + 3)(4m – 3)

2. 4p2 – 1 = (2p)2 – 12 3. 9 – 25q2 = 32 – (5q)2

= (2p + 1)(2p – 1) = (3 + 5q)(3 – 5q)

4. 72 – 2r2 = 2(36 – r2) 5. 48s2 – 27 = 3(16s2 – 9)

= 2(62 – r2) = 3[(4s)2 – 32]
= 2(6 + r)(6 – r) = 3(4s + 3)(4s – 3)

Aktiviti Interaktif
B. Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.
Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.2.2 TP3

CONTOH

5pr – 10qr + ps – 2qs = (5pr – 10qr) + (ps – 2qs) ac + bc + ad + bd

= (ac + bc) + (ad + bd)
= 5r(p – 2q) + s(p – 2q) Faktor sepunya: = c(a + b) + d(a + b)
Common factor: = (c + d)(a + b)
= (5r + s)(p – 2q) (p – 2q)

1. uv + un + mv + mn 2. ab + ad + 2bc + 2cd
= u(v + n) + m(v + n) = a(b + d) + 2c(b + d)
= (u + m)(v + n) = (a + 2c)(b + d)

3. pq + 12xy – 3qx – 4py 4. 2xy – 2hk + xh – 4ky

= pq – 4py – 3qx + 12xy = 2xy + xh – 4ky – 2hk
= p(q – 4y) – 3x(q – 4y) = x(2y + h) – 2k(2y + h)
= (p – 3x)(q – 4y) = (x – 2k)(2y + h)

5. 8wx – 3yz – 4wz + 6xy 6. 6st + 25uv – 15sv – 10tu

= 8wx – 4wz + 6xy – 3yz = 6st – 15sv – 10tu + 25uv
= 4w(2x – z) + 3y(2x – z) = 3s(2t – 5v) – 5u(2t – 5v)
= (4w + 3y)(2x – z) = (3s – 5u)(2t – 5v)

11 SP 2.2.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 30 – 31

Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.

Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.2.2 TP3

CONTOH
Susunan yang mungkin/Possible arrangement: Pendaraban silang:
3 x2 – 2x – 5 Cross multiplication:
3=1×3 –5 = –1 × 5 3=1×3 –5 = –5 × 1
3=1×3 –5 = –1 × 5 3x –5 –5x
3=3×1 –5 = –5 × 1 ➀ (x – 1) ➁ (x – 5)
(3x + 5) (3x + 1) (×) (×) (+)
➂ (3x – 1) ➃ (3x – 5)
(x + 5) (x + 1) x +1 +3x
2
3x –5 –2x
3=3×1 –5 = –1 × 5 3=3×1 –5 = –5 × 1

Maka/Thus, 3x2 – 2x – 5 = (3x – 5)(x + 1).

1. x2 + 5x + 6 2. y2 + 3y – 18 3. z2 – 9z + 20
= (x + 2)(x + 3) = (y – 3)(y + 6) = (z – 4)(z – 5)

x +2 +2x y –3 –3y z –4 –4z

(×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+)

x +3 +3x y +6 +6y z –5 –5z

2 2 2
x +6 +5x y –18 +3y z +20 –9z

4. 2p2 + 5p + 3 5. 3q2 – 4q – 4 6. 9r2 – 18r + 8

= (2p + 3)(p + 1) = (3q + 2)(q – 2) = (3r – 2)(3r – 4)

2p +3 +3p 3q +2 +2q 3r –2 –6r

(×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+)

p +1 +2p q –2 –6q 3r –4 –12r

2 2 2
2p +3 +5p 3q –4 –4q 9r +8 –18r

7. –s2 + 6s + 7 8. –6t2 + 11t – 4 9. –8u2 – 14u + 15

= (–s + 7)(s + 1) = (2t – 1)(–3t + 4) = (2u + 5)(–4u + 3)

–s +7 +7s 2t –1 +3t 2u +5 –20u

(×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+)

s +1 –s –3t +4 +8t –4u +3 +6u

2 2 2
–s +7 +6s –6t –4 +11t –8u +15 –14u

12 SP 2.2.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 32 – 33

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.

Solve the following problems. SP2.2.3 TP4 TP5

1. Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi empat sama. Diberi
luas muka berlorek kuboid itu ialah (3x2 + 10x – 8) cm2. Hitung tinggi, dalam cm,
kuboid itu.
The diagram shows a cuboid with a square base. Given the area of the shaded face of the
cuboid is (3x2 + 10x – 8) cm2. Calculate the height, in cm, of the cuboid.
(x + 4) cm

Luas muka berlorek

Area of the shaded face x +4 +12x
= (3x2 + 10x – 8) cm2
= (x + 4)(3x – 2) cm2 (×) (×) (+)

Luas muka berlorek 3x –2 –2x

Area of the shaded face 2
= Panjang tapak × Tinggi kuboid 3x –8 +10x
Length of base × Height of cuboid

Maka, tinggi kuboid = (3x – 2) cm

Thus, the height of the cuboid = (3x – 2) cm

2. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan luas sebidang tanah yang berbentuk segi empat tepat.
The diagram shows the area of a rectangular plot of land.
P Q

(8x2 + 2x – 3) m2

S R

Diberi x ialah integer positif dan PQ lebih panjang daripada QR. Luas tanah itu boleh diungkapkan
dalam bentuk pendaraban dua ungkapan algebra dengan keadaan ungkapan algebra itu masing-masing
mewakili panjang dan lebar tanah itu. Tentukan panjang PQ dan QR dalam sebutan x.
Given x is a positive integer and PQ is longer than QR. The area of the land can be expressed in the form of
multiplication of two algebraic expressions where the algebraic expressions representing the length and width of
the land respectively. Determine the lengths of PQ and QR in terms of x.

8x2 + 2x – 3 = (4x + 3)(2x – 1)

4x +3 +6x
Panjang dan lebar tanah itu masing-masing ialah
(×) (×) (+)
(4x + 3) m dan (2x – 1) m.
The length and the width of the land are
(4x + 3) m and (2x – 1) m respectively. 2x –1 –4x
2
8x –3 +2x
Oleh sebab PQ ⬎ QR, maka PQ = (4x + 3) m
dan QR = (2x – 1) m.
Since PQ ⬎ QR, thus PQ = (4x + 3) m and QR = (2x – 1) m.

13 SP 2.2.3 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.3 Ungkapan Algebra dan Hukum Operasi Asas Aritmetik Buku Teks: m.s. 34 – 35

A. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.1 TP1

1. p2 + 2(3p + 4) 2. 4q(q – 1) – 15 3. 2r(6r – 1) – 24

= p2 + 6p + 8 = 4q2 – 4q – 15 = 12r2 – 2r – 24
= (p + 2)(p + 4) = (2q – 5)(2q + 3) = 2(6r2 – r – 12)
= 2(2r – 3)(3r + 4)

B. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.1 TP3

3w 5w 2w 4w 5z z
1. + 2. – 3. –
9 9 5x 5x 6y 6y
3w + 5w 2w – 4w 5z – z
= = =
9 5x 6y
8w –2w 4z
= = =
9 5x 6y
2w 2z
=– =
5x 3y

r r 5 2 s 3
4. – 5. – 6. –
5 10 6s 3s t tu
r×2 r 5 2×2 s×u 3
= – = – = –
5 × 2 10 6s 3s × 2 t × u tu
2r r 5 4 su 3
= – = – = –
10 10 6s 6s tu tu
r 1 su − 3
= = =
10 6s tu

a 3a a b a 4b
7. + 8. + 9. –
3 4 5 2c 2d 7
a × 4 3a × 3 a × 2c b×5 a×7 4b × 2d
= + = + = –
3×4 4×3 5 × 2c 2c × 5 2d × 7 7 × 2d
4a 9a 2ac 5b 7a 8bd
= + = + = –
12 12 10c 10c 14d 14d
13a 2ac + 5b 7a − 8bd
= = =
12 10c 14d

14 SP 2.3.1 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.3 Ungkapan Algebra dan Hukum Operasi Asas Aritmetik Buku Teks: m.s. 35 – 36

A. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.1 TP3

1 4 1 5 3a 4
1. + 2. – 3. –
6e 9e 4a 3ab 10c 15bc
1×3 4×2 1 × 3b 5×4 3a × 3b 4×2
= + = – = –
6e × 3 9e × 2 4a × 3b 3ab × 4 10c × 3b 15bc × 2
3 8 3b 20 9ab 8
= + = – = –
18e 18e 12ab 12ab 30bc 30bc
11 3b – 20 9ab – 8
= = =
18e 12ab 30bc

B. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.2 TP3

CONTOH
p2q – pq pq(p – 1)
2
4xy – xy xy(4y – 1) 1. 2 =
= q q2
x2 x2 p(p – 1)
y(4y – 1) =
= q
x

8ab + 2a2b 2ab(4 + a) h2 – k2 (h + k)(h – k)

2. = 3. =
4a – 2a2 2a(2 – a) (h + k)2 (h + k)2
b(4 + a) h–k
= =
2–a h+k

C. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.2 TP3

x2 – y2 xy2 x2 – 4 4x2 – x
1. 2 × 2. ×
xy y+x 2x (x – 2)2
(x + y)(x – y) xy2 (x + 2)(x – 2) x(4x – 1)
= × = ×
x2y x+y 2x (x – 2)2
y(x – y) (x + 2)(4x – 1)
= =
x 2(x – 2)

6xy 2x2 x2 – 1 (x + 1)2

3. ÷ 4. ÷
3y – x 9y – 3x 8x – 2 16x – 4
6xy 3(3y – x) (x + 1)(x – 1) 4(4x – 1)
= × = ×
3y – x 2x2 2(4x – 1) (x + 1)2
9y 2(x – 1)
= =
x x+1

15 SP 2.3.1 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 SP 2.3.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 2.3 Ungkapan Algebra dan Hukum Operasi Asas Aritmetik Buku Teks: m.s. 37 – 38

Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.3 TP3

CONTOH
3 t
4m2 + 12m + 9 1. (12s + 20) –
4s s
6m2 + m – 12 9s + 15 t
(2m + 3)2 = –
= s s
(2m + 3)(3m – 4) 9s + 15 – t
2m + 3 =
= s
3m – 4

4u2 – 9 18v – 27v2 u2

2. 3. ×
(2u + 3)2 9u – 3u2 v
(2u + 3)(2u – 3) 9v(2 – 3v) u2
= = ×
(2u + 3)2 3u(3 – u) v
2u – 3 3u(2 – 3v)
= =
2u + 3 3–u

x2 – y2 (x + y)2 2z2 – 8z + 8 2z2 – 5z – 3

4. ÷ 5. 2 ÷
8x – 2y 16x – 4y z –4 4z + 2
x2 – y2 16x – 4y 2
2z – 8z + 8 4z + 2
= × = × 2
8x – 2y (x + y)2 z2 – 4 2z – 5z – 3
(x + y)(x – y) 4(4x – y) 2(z2 – 4z + 4) 2(2z + 1)
= × = ×
2(4x – y) (x + y)2 (z + 2)(z – 2) (2z + 1)(z – 3)
2(x – y) 2(z – 2)2 2(2z + 1)
= = ×
Praktis Ekstra

x+y (z + 2)(z – 2) (2z + 1)(z – 3)

4(z – 2)
=
(z + 2)(z – 3)

Praktis Ekstra

16 SP 2.3.3 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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