MEMORANDUM

No :0636/-/MEMO/PM.01/VI/2023

Kepada : Dekan Fakultas Teknologi Industri

Dari : Ketua Program Studi Teknik Mesin

Perihal : Pemberitahuan dan Permohonan Insentif Penerbitan Publikasi Jurnal Ilmiah

Lampiran :2

Sifat Surat :B

Dengan hormat,

Melalui memorandum ini, kami sampaikan kabar baik dari Program Studi Teknik Mesin, Fakultas
Teknologi Industri mengenai publikasi yang telah terbit dan ditulis oleh dosen kami Dr.Eng. Sri
Hastuty dalam Jurnalnya dengan keterangan sebagai berikut :

1. Judul Jurnal : Corrosion Behavior of Hastelloy C-276 in Hydrochloric and Sulfuric Acid
Nama Jurnal : Key Engineering Materials
Tautan : https://www.scientific.net/KEM.940.83

2. Judul Jurnal : Analysis of Voltage, Current Density, and Welding Speed of Flux Core Arc
Welding on The Hardness and Micro-Structure of High Strength Low Alloy (ASTM A572)
Nama Jurnal : Key Engineering Materials
Tautan : https://www.scientific.net/KEM.948.33

Sesuai dengan kebijaksanaan Universitas Pertamina mengenai insentif publikasi, dengan ini kami
juga menyampaikan permohonan insentif untuk publikasi tersebut.

Demikian yang dapat kami sampaikan kiranya agar dapat disetujui dan diproses lebih lanjut. Atas
perhatian dan kerjasamanya kami ucapkan terima kasih

1
 Jakarta, 27 Juni 2023
Ketua Program Studi Teknik Mesin,

Dr.Eng. Sri Hastuty

NIP. 116104

Tembusan :
1. Staf Administrasi Fakultas Teknologi Industri

2
 FORMULIR PENGAJUAN INSENTIF PUBLIKASI DOSEN

Nama Dosen : Dr. Eng. Sri Hastuty

NIP : 116104
Program Studi : Teknik Mesin
Judul Publikasi : Corrosion Behavior of Hastelloy C-276 in Hydrochloric and Sulfuric Acid
Jenis Publikasi :  Buku ajar/Buku
Teks/Buku
Referensi :
ISBN :
Penerbit : (minimal 150 halaman)
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Referensi
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Terkait dengan :
mata kuliah
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 Jurnal Internasional Terindeks SCOPUS atau Thomson
 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
 Jurnal Internasional Tidak Terindeks SCOPUS atau Thomson
 Jurnal Nasional Terakreditasi DIKTI
 Jurnal Nasional Tidak Terakreditasi
Nama Jurnal : Key Engineering Materials
ISSN : 1662-9795
Volume : Vol. 940, pp 83-88
URL : https://www.scientific.net/KEM.940.83
Institusi yang menerbitkan *:
*khusus untuk Jurnal Nasional tidak terakreditasi
 Prosiding Internasional Terindeks SCOPUS atau Thomson
 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
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Nama Jurnal :
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 FORMULIR PENGAJUAN INSENTIF PUBLIKASI DOSEN

Jakarta, 27 Juni 2023

( Dr. Eng. Sri Hastuty)

Catatan:
Daftar jurnal internasional terindeks SCOPUS atau Thomson dapat dilihat pada website
Scimago Journal & Country Rank melalui tautan www.scimagojr.com dan/atau Scopus melalui
tautan https://www.scopus.com/sources
Daftar Jurnal nasional terindeks DIKTI dapat dilihat melalui tautan http://sinta2ristekdikti.go.id
Key Engineering Materials Submitted: 2021-12-18
ISSN: 1662-9795, Vol. 940, pp 83-88 Accepted: 2022-08-11
doi:10.4028/p-182v0d Online: 2023-01-30
© 2023 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland

Corrosion Behavior of Hastelloy C-276 in Hydrochloric and Sulfuric Acid

Sri Hastuty1,a*, Anang Widiatmoko1,b, Toto Sudiro2,c,
Muhammad Awwaluddin3,d Poppy Puspitasari4,e
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta 12220 Indonesia.
1

Research Center for Physics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Puspiptek
2

Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia.

3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok
1642, Indonesia.
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Malang, Semarang St. No. 5 Malang,
East Java, Indonesia.
a
*sri.hastuty@universitaspertamina.ac.id, banangwm47@gmail.com, ctoto009@brin.go.id,
dmuhammad.awwaluddin91@ui.ac.id, epoppy@um.ac.id

Keywords: Hastelloy C-276, Corrosion, Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid.

Abstract. This research was conducted to determine the corrosion rate by varying the concentration
of the solution against hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. The method used is open circuit potential
(OCP) and Tafel plot. Based on the research conducted, Hastelloy C-276 was more prone to get
oxidized in sulfuric acid rather than hydrochloric acid. It can be seen from the OCP value of sulfuric
acid was much more negative than that of hydrochloric acid as of -1.5 V for 0.5 M sulfuric acid and
-0.2 V for hydrochloric acid. The corrosion rate of Hastelloy C-276 in sulfuric acid was also higher
compared to same alloy in hydrochloric acid. At the most concentrated solution, 0.5 M, the corrosion
rate of sulfuric acid reached 0.39 mmpy and as for corrosion cate in hydrochloric acid, only at 0.16
mmpy. It is thought that there was a difference of passive film composition for both solutions.

Introduction
Nickel and nickel-base alloys are very important to chemical process industry because these alloys
have an ability to withstand a wide variety of severe operating conditions involving aggressive
environments, elevated temperatures, high residual stress, and combinations of these conditions.
There are some reasons for these capabilities, principally in the transfer pipe (tubing), pump and
reaction vessel [1]. Nickel-alloys containing optimum amounts of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo)
and tungsten (W) are widely used in the chemical process industries due to their tolerance to both
oxidizing and reducing conditions [2]. Hastelloy C-276 is a candidate material for the fabrication of
component in the chemical process equipment at in the corrosive environment. This alloy is
considered to have a stable composition in various conditions, which made Hastelloy C-276 quite
popular compared to other alloys in the industry. For example, Hastelloy C-276 invisible to be
appropriate for an application as a pump impeller in 35 % HCl on the elevated temperatures [3].
Hastelloy C-276 is a nickel primarily based alloy material (57 Ni –7 Fe –16.5 Cr – 17 Mo – 4.5 W
– 2.5 Co – 1 Ma – 0.35 Vn – 0.08 Si – 0.03 S – 0.02 C), it has outstanding corrosion resistance due
to thin protecting chemical compound (passive) film that protects the substrate of metal/alloy [4][5].
Some these studies have been carried out to investigate the corrosion resistance of Hastelloy C-276
in acidity and aqueous environment, although is number is still limited [6-8]. Therefore, this work to
explores the effects of pH on the Hastelloy C-276 composition on the corrosion resistance of alloys.

Experimental
The working electrode was a Hastelloy C-276 cylinder with diameter of 10 mm. Its chemical
composition is shown in Table 1. Surface preparation was started from grinding by emery paper of
grit 600 until 1000 followed washing with distilled water and ethanol and then dried up.

All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans
Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (#619328295-27/06/23,07:25:36)
84 Advances in Functional Materials and Materials Technologies

The configuration electrochemical test was set up where as platinum as counter electrode, silver-
silver chloride reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), and Hastelloy C-276 as working electrode.
The solutions were prepared using hydrochloride acid and sulfuric acid of Sigma Aldrich
analytical grade at a concentration of 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mol/L. The pH of solutions was also measured
by New Advanced Digital pH Meter Pocket Tester Measure LCD. The experimental was performed
at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, 25oC.
Afterwards, corrosion testing was carried out in by using electrochemical test such as immersion
times at 10 minutes and Tafel. The Tafel plot experiments was based on ASTM G-61 86 [14]
conducted to obtain corrosion potential and corrosion current density to determine corrosion rate
(CR). The potential was scanned between the limits of -1.5 to 1.50 V with respect to Ag/AgCl, and
the electrode potential scan rate was 10 mV/s.
After electrochemical testing, Hastelloy C-276 were characterized using Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) to identify surface condition and the Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS)
testing process to determine the chemical composition of the forming oxide layer on the surface of
Hastelloy C-276 material that has been treated with acid environments.
Table 1. Chemical composition of material.

Result and Discussion

Open Circuit Potential (OCP). Prior conducting corrosion testing using Tafel plot methods, the
specimens were tested in open circuit potential mode. It is a method to study the behavior of alloys
in relax condition for a certain length of time, without applying an overpotential. The results would
be used as comparison with accelerated condition, whereas the overpotential is applied.
Figure 1 shows open circuit potential (OCP) of Hastelloy C-276 in various concentration HCl and
H2SO4 at room temperature. Hastelloy C-276 in demineralized water has OCP value around -0.19 V,
while in case immersion in HCl, the OCP was higher by almost 400 mV. In the other hand, OCP of
Hastelloy in sulfuric acid located in the lower region of the graph, ranging from -0.7 to -0.6 V.
Therefore, comparing the behavior of OCP of Hastelloy in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid were clearly
observed. The OCP of Hastelloy C-276 in sulfuric acid produced a much higher and stable potential
compared to hydrochloric acid by 400 – 600 mV. From Fig. 1, another behavior can be observed that
the increasing molarity of acid solution (HCl & H2SO4) by 100 times does not have much effect on
OCP changes. It strongly suggested it is related with the interactions of alloys surface and the acids
ions.
 Key Engineering Materials Vol. 940 85

Figure 1. Open Circuit Potential (OCP) of Hastelloy C-276 in various concentration HCl and
H2SO4 at room temperature.
Tafel Plot. Figure 2 displayed the graph of Tafel plot of Hastelloy C-276 in various concentration
HCl and H2SO4 at room temperature. Tafel plot shows the cathodic and anodic areas when the alloys
were polarized against the counter electrode, platinum wire. The x-axis, current density, represents
the kinetic of corrosion and y-axis represents the tendency of corrosion commencement. If a curve
located in right-hand and lower area, it means the alloy has a lower corrosion resistance and higher
corrosion rate, or vice versa. In Fig. 2, the curves of Hastelloy C-276 in demineralized water is in the
middle between hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, while for curves of nickel-based alloys in
hydrochloric acid have higher potential and higher current density. Furthermore, the Tafel curves in
sulfuric acid have lower potential and higher current density. This comparison gave us information
that Hastelloy C-276 corroded much easier in sulfuric acid, rather than in hydrochloric acid. A detail
data of these curves is displayed in Table 2.
In order to measure the corrosion rate, an analysis of corrosion current (Icorr) was ran. Table 2 also
shows that corrosion current value (Icorr) of demineralized water was 1.2061 x 10-7 A/cm2 meaning
Hastelloy C-276 has very strong corrosion resistance in that environment and has the lowest corrosion
rate of 0.001202 mmpy. In other case, Hastelloy C-276 in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution tends to
have an increasingly positive value of corrosion current value by increasing the solution
concentration. It means corrosion current was increased if the acid concentration was increased. for
example, from 1.1152 x 10-5 to 1.6322 x 10-5 A/cm2 of 0.01 to 0.5 M HCl, respectively. These values
corresponded with their corrosion rate, 0.11 to 0.16 mmpy. A similar trend was shown in corrosion
behavior of Hastelloy C-276 in sulfuric acid.
86 Advances in Functional Materials and Materials Technologies

Demineralized Water
0.01 M HCl
0.1 M HCl
0.5 M HCl

0.01 M H2SO4
0.1 M H2SO4
0.5 M H2SO4

Figure 2. Tafel plot Curve of Hastelloy C-276 in various concentration HCl and H2SO4 at room
temperature.

Table 2. Data of Tafel plot of Hastelloy C-276 in various concentration HCl and H2SO4 at
room temperature.
Solution Concentration Ecorr (V) Icorr Corrosion Rate
(M) (A/cm2) (mm/year)
Demineralized - -0.618 1.2061 x 10-7 0.001202
Water
HCl 0.01 -0.37479 1.1152 x 10-5 0.11098
HCl 0.1 -0.29457 1.7561 x 10-5 0.17502

HCl 0.5 -0.26401 1.6322 x 10-5 0.16268

H2SO4 0.01 -1.48896 2.2471 x 10-6 0.022363

H2SO4 0.1 -1.42784 1.2976 x 10-5 0.12913

H2SO4 0.5 -1.50934 3.9239 x 10-5 0.3905

 Key Engineering Materials Vol. 940 87

H2SO4

HCl

Figure 3. Graph of Relationship between Corrosion Rate with Solution Concentration

Figure 3 shows the relationship between corrosion rate of Hastelloy C-276 with solution
concentration of HCl and H2SO4. From the figure, it can be seen that as the solution concentration
of sulfuric acid increased, the corrosion rate of Ni based alloy was also increased from 0.022363 to
0.3905 mmpy for 0.01 to 0.5 M, respectively. In other hand, the corrosion rate in hydrochloric acid
was relatively much lower compared to in sulfuric acid. The maximum corrosion rate in hydrochloric
acid was about 0.16268 mmpy. This figure provides information that Hastelloy C-276 has low
corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid than in hydrochloric acid. It is thought that there was a difference
of passive film composition for both solutions iron hydroxide and iron sulfate were formed on the
surface as a result of interaction with sulfuric acid caused the decreasing of corrosion resistance of
the Ni based alloys [9].

Conclusions
A study about the corrosion behavior of Hastelloy C-276 in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid was carried
out and some conclusions can be withdrawn as written below.
1. Hastelloy C-276 was more prone to get oxidized in sulfuric acid rather than hydrochloric acid. It
can be seen from the OCP value of sulfuric acid was much more negative than that of hydrochloric
acid as of -1.5 V for 0.5 M sulfuric acid and -0.2 V for hydrochloric acid.
2. The corrosion rate of Hastelloy C-276 in sulfuric acid was also higher compared to same alloy in
hydrochloric acid. At the most concentrated solution, 0.5 M, the corrosion rate of sulfuric acid
reached 0.39 mmpy and as for corrosion cate in hydrochloric acid, only at 0.16 mmpy.

References
[1] The International Nickel Company Inc., The Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Containing Alloys
In Sulfuric Acid and Related Compound :New York, 1983.
[2] P. Crook N. S., M. J. Crum and R.B. Rebak, “Corrosion of nickel and nickel – base Aaloys,”
ASM handbook 13B, 228 – 251. 2005.
[3] H.M. Shalaby, “Failure of Hastelloy C-276 pump impeller in hydrochloric acid,” Engineering
Failure Analysis 15, 543–546. 2008.
[4] The Nilaco Coorporation, Japan: Data sheet Product Hastelloy C-276.
88 Advances in Functional Materials and Materials Technologies

[5] J. Shi, Wei Sun, Jinyang Jiang, & Yamei Zhang, “Influence of chloride concentration and pre-
passivation on the pitting corrosion resistance of low-alloy reinforcing steel in simulated concrete
pore solution,” Construction and Building Materials, 805-813. 2016.
[6] H. Wu, C. Zou, “Corrosion failure analysis of a railway tanker containin concentrated sulfuric
acid,” Proc IMechE Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 1–8. 2018.
[7] Z. Panossian, N. L. de Almeida, R. M. F. de Sousa, G. de S. Pimenta, & L. B. S. Marques,
“Corrosion of carbon steel pipes and tanks by concentrated sulfuric acid,” Corrosion Science 58, 1–
11. 2012.
[8] Mishara, “Performance of corrosion-resistant alloys in concentrated acids,” Acta Metall 30(4),
306–318. 2017.
[9] X. Zhang, D. Zagidulin, D.W. Shoesmith, “Characterization of film properties on the Ni–Cr–Mo
alloy C-2000,” Electrochimica Acta 89, 814. 2013.
 FORMULIR PENGAJUAN INSENTIF PUBLIKASI DOSEN

Nama Dosen : Dr. Eng. Sri Hastuty

NIP : 116104
Program Studi : Teknik Mesin
Judul Publikasi : Analysis of Voltage, Current Density, and Welding Speed of Flux Core Arc Welding
on The Hardness and Micro-Structure of High Strength Low Alloy (ASTM A572)
Jenis Publikasi :  Buku ajar/Buku
Teks/Buku
Referensi :
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Nama Jurnal : Key Engineering Materials
ISSN : 1662-9795
Volume : Vol. 948, pp 33-39
URL : https://www.scientific.net/KEM.948.33
Institusi yang menerbitkan *:
*khusus untuk Jurnal Nasional tidak terakreditasi
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 FORMULIR PENGAJUAN INSENTIF PUBLIKASI DOSEN

Jakarta, 27 Juni 2023

( Dr. Eng. Sri Hastuty)

Catatan:
Daftar jurnal internasional terindeks SCOPUS atau Thomson dapat dilihat pada website
Scimago Journal & Country Rank melalui tautan www.scimagojr.com dan/atau Scopus melalui
tautan https://www.scopus.com/sources
Daftar Jurnal nasional terindeks DIKTI dapat dilihat melalui tautan http://sinta2ristekdikti.go.id
Key Engineering Materials Submitted: 2021-10-18
ISSN: 1662-9795, Vol. 948, pp 33-39 Revised: 2022-11-28
doi:10.4028/p-h2zpq0 Accepted: 2023-01-16
© 2023 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland Online: 2023-06-06

Analysis of Voltage, Current Density, and Welding Speed of Flux Core

Arc Welding on The Hardness and Micro-Structure of High Strength Low
Alloy (ASTM A572)
MUHAMMAD Ziyad Afkari1,a, SRI Hastuty1,b*,
MUHAMMAD Akbar Barrinaya1,c, MUHAMMAD Awwaluddin2,d,
MOCHAMAD Syaiful Anwar3,e, GAGUS Ketut Sunnardianto4,f
and FAISAL Mahmuddin5,g
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta 12220 Indonesia
1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok

2

1642, Indonesia
3
Research Center for Metallurgy and Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN),
Puspiptek Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
Research Center for Physics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Puspiptek
4

Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia

5
Marine Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
a
ziyadafkari.333@gmail.com, bsri.hastuty@universitaspertamina.ac.id,
c
barrinaya@universitaspertamina.ac.id, dmuhammad.awwaluddin91@ui.ac.id,
e
moch026@lipi.go.id, fgagu001@brin.go.id, gf.mahmuddin@gmail.com

Keywords: High strength low alloy, flux core arc welding, hardness, microstructure

Abstract. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Flux Core Arc Welding factors on
the mechanical properties of High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA). These selected welding parameters
were the voltage, current density and welding speed which determined the heat input. The mechanical
properties were obtained by performing the hardness test. As for the microstructure changes were
observed by metallography test. In the weld metal area, the highest hardness value of 177.8 HV was
found in sample with low heat input, followed by high heat input samples of 167.03 HV. From the
results, the hardness value is inversely proportional to the heat input. Furthermore, the metallography
test gave a result that the hardness has a strong correlation with the ratio of ferrite and pearlite. The
higher the hardness, the ratio of ferrite and pearlite was smaller.

Introduction
Manufacturing is the activity of converting raw materials into goods that are ready to be used or
consumed by humans [1]. Manufacturing activities themselves have been carried out by humans since
pre-historic times until today. In manufacturing itself, there are various types of activities that are
carried out and affect each other, such as welding.
Welding is a joint activity by melting. In practice, welding uses heat more than the melting point
of the material to melt the workpiece [2]. The types of welding also vary, depending on the needs.
Welding has several advantages in the manufacturing process compared to other processes for a
structure, such as the process is easier to work with, the resulting product can have a shape that suits
the needs of the user and the process is more economical.
Metal is one of the main materials used since the industrial revolution era. Metal materials include
various types of elements and alloys that have different mechanical, physical and chemical properties.
One type of metal that is commonly used is HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy). High-strength low-
alloy materials are a group of metallic materials that have better mechanical properties and corrosion
resistance than steel. This material is used in several applications that require good material strength
but with a material weight that is not too large such as in the main frame structure of a gas refinery

All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans
Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (#619328348-27/06/23,07:27:28)
34 Engineering Materials, Devices and Equipments

where the building has large dimensions and there are various kinds of heavy equipment that require
a strong structure to support the load [3].
Basically, the metal that will be subjected to the hot welding process will affect the mechanical
properties of the metal. HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) is a part of the metal itself which has a different
microstructure due to an increase in temperature during welding. The increase in temperature results
in a growth in grain size which causes the parts that are exposed to heat are softer so that they
experience a decrease in hardness and strength compared to other parts that are not exposed to heat
[4]. This can happen using any type of welding, such as Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW). FCAW
has several advantages compared to other arc welding methods, such as decrease costs than GTAW
(Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) and in its use the operator skill required is not as high as SMAW
(Shielded Metal Arc Welding) or oxy-fuel. There are several variables that can affect FCAW welding,
namely welding position, type and size of filler metal, type and flow rate of shielding gas, heat
treatment before and after welding, current direction, current strength, pressure, and welding speed
which will then affect the heat input [5, 6]. In addition to the advantages, the welding process also
has disadvantages. The weakness of this process is the need for special attention to the connection
between the two metals because the strength of the connection is the value of the quality of the
resulting product [2].
Based on the study of Syarul et al. [7], it was found that the welding variable affected the results
of the tests carried out. The variables are current, voltage, and speed. These three variables affect the
penetration results during the welding process. Welding speed affects the grain boundary size whereas
the speed increases, the resulting grain boundary size gets smaller. Strong currents and voltages also
affect the hardness of the HAZ where the greater the current and voltage, the greater the grain size of
the material, which will reduce the hardness value.
Then from the same study, it can be concluded that the current, voltage, and welding speed have
an influence on the heat input that occurs during the welding process. Therefore, this study aims to
determine how the effect of high strength low alloy ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Material) A572 material which is treated by welding with the flux core arc welding method and the
welding variables are varied.

Study Literature
Welding is a metal joining technique that produces a continuous metal by partially melting the
base metal and filler metal with or without additional metal. The strength of the welded joint is
influenced by several factors, namely the welding procedure, test materials, electrodes, and the type
of connection used [8, 9]. One type of welding that is quite commonly known is FCAW.
FCAW is an arc welding process in which heat for welding is produced by an arc between the
electrode wire which is continuously filled with filler and the workpiece [10]. The advantages of
FCAW welding include high quality welds, decrease costs, and the ability to weld a wide variety of
steels. While the disadvantage is that it is used only for welding ferrous metals, especially steel and
produces a slag cover that must be removed [2].
HSLA often called micro-alloyed steel is a steel that provides better mechanical properties and
resistance than other carbon steels. This steel is an alloy steel designed to have good mechanical
properties. The yield strength of this steel is about 275 MPa. The chemical composition of HSLA
varies depending on the properties required. HSLA steel is widely used in the transmission of oil and
gas pipelines, heavy vehicles, agricultural equipment, bridges, and offshore structures. The choice of
the type of HSLA depends on the properties required, such as strength, ductility, and others. The most
important factor in selecting an HSLA is an appropriate strength-to-weight ratio [3].
ASTM A572 is one of the high-strength HSLA steels that includes standards for classes 42, 50,
55, 60, and 65. This type of steel has the form of plates, piles, and bars for applications in bolted,
welded structures, and nailed to bridges and buildings [11]. This material has many good properties,
such as good corrosion resistance, high strength and ductility, and is malleable. However, the surface
of A572 has a soft texture and is very easy to rust, so it can reduce wear conditions such as abrasive
and impact-based use [12].
 Key Engineering Materials Vol. 948 35

A material has properties that characterize the strength of the material in accepting loads, energy,
and forces without causing damage. One of the important material properties to know is mechanical
properties. Mechanical properties are characteristics that indicate the resistance of a material when
subjected to mechanical loads (static or dynamic). Some of the mechanical properties of materials
such as strength, ductility, and hardness.
Tests carried out to obtain mechanical properties and detect defects or other things are called
mechanical testing. Some of the tests that are commonly carried out are tensile tests, bending tests,
and hardness tests. Hardness testing is a test used to determine the hardness of a material [15]. Another
test carried out to determine the microstructure of the material is metallography [16].

Experimental Procedure
Tools and Materials. The materials used in this research were ASTM A572 HSLA and welding flux
core E71T electrode as the filler. Then the tools used for testing were hardness testing machine, and
optical microscopes.
Methodology. In this study, the variables that varied were the value of current, voltage, and welding
speed. The voltages were kept at 15, 20, and 25 volts. The current was set at 180, 200, and 220
amperes. The welding speeds for each pass were quite varied. Therefore, those values were averaged,
and the average welding speed was used in the calculation of heat input.
The specimen was prepared by making a groove by machining. Afterwards, the welding process
by FCAW was carried out layer by layer until the groove was fulfilled.

Hardness Test. The test object was first cut to the desired size and then the surface of the test object
was smoothed by sanding gradually using sandpaper. The workpiece is then placed on a hardness test
machine and tested. The indentation on the test object is observed with an optical microscope.

Metallography Test. The test object is cut to the desired size first. Then the same as the hardness
test, the surface of the test object is smoothed by sanding gradually using sandpaper with small to
large grades. Furthermore, the test object is polished with a HNO3 solution which can then be directly
observed using an optical microscope.

Experimental Results
Specimen Heat Input Analysis. Differences in welding variables affect the welding time required
for each specimen. In addition, the gap size also caused a longer time for welding, because a larger
gap requires a slower welding speed. To remove the effect of these various welding speeds in heat
input calculation, the welding speeds were averaged.
Hardness Test Result Analysis. Tests were carried out on three areas of the weld specimen, namely
the base metal, heat affected zone, and weld metal. From the Fig.1, the hardness value of each
specimen was obtained. For sample A which has an average hardness value of 177.8 HV, and then
sample B which has an average hardness value is lower than sample A, which is 171.57 HV. Sample
C has the lowest average hardness value of 167.03 HV. It seemed that FCAW has caused the change
in hardness properties of HSLA by comparing the hardness of base metal (140 HV) and weld metal.
Sample A has the highest average hardness value and sample C has the lowest average hardness
value. This is because sample A has a low heat input value, causing the hardness value to increase.
Vice versa with sample C, which was given a high heat input, causing the hardness value to be
lowered. In accordance with the theory where the greater the heat input, the lower the hardness value
and vice versa. This is because the large heat input results in the formation of a lot of acicular ferrites
which can reduce the hardness value of a material [18].
36 Engineering Materials, Devices and Equipments

Table 1. Heat input calculation

Welding Average
Current Voltage Average Welding Heat Input
Specimen Layer Speed Heat Input
(A) (V) Speed (mm/min) (kJ/mm)
(mm/min) (kJ/mm)

1 142.18 1.14
2 133.33 1.22
A 180 15 136.67 1.19
3 125.52 1.29
4 145.63 1.11
1 148.51 1.62
2 140.19 1.71
B 200 20 143.09 1.68
3 132.16 1.82
4 151.52 1.58
1 166.67 1.98
2 155.44 2.12
C 220 25 159.07 2.08
3 145.63 2.27
4 168.54 1.96

205
Vickers Hardness (HV)

A
195
B

185 C

175

165

155
Base HAZ [L] Weld HAZ [R] Base
Metal [L] Metal Metal [R]

Fig. 1. Graph of Vickers Hardness Score

In addition, it can be seen from the graph that the area with the highest hardness value is the weld
metal area. This is because the grains undergo a crystallization and grain growth process, resulting in
an increase in grain size. This large grain size was obtained because the weld metal area received the
most heat, so it has more time to enlarge the grains.
Microstructure Analysis. This test was carried out by looking at the structure of the material at
500x magnification so that the microstructure can be seen more clearly. The parts seen with this
magnification are the weld metal, HAZ, and base metal sections.
Fig. 2 depicted base metal granules have a small and elongated shape. This shape formed during
the production process; the plate is rolled to change its shape according to the desired specifications.
This treatment makes the grain shape elongated.
 Key Engineering Materials Vol. 948 37

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2. Base metal structure: (a) Sample A, (b) Sample B, and (c) Sample C

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 3. HAZ structure: (a) Sample A, (b) Sample B, and (c) Sample C

The shape of the HAZ granules from Fig. 3 is no longer elongated after it received heat from the
welding process, so it undergoes a recrystallization process and the grain shape changes. The
difference that is quite visible for each sample was the grain size of the HAZ.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4. Weld metal structure: (a) sample A, (b) Sample B, and (c) Sample C

Fig. 4 depicted weld metal grains were smaller and sharper than the base metal. This is due to the
different content and heating between the weld metal and base metal. In this figure, the microstructure
of the sample material can be observed. There are two dominant phases that can be observed, namely
pearlite and ferrite. In the Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig.4, the ferrite looked bright and pearlite looked dark.
Pearlite consists of ferrite and cementite and appeared darker than ferrite only The following graph
reflects the ferrite and pearlite content in the samples.
38 Engineering Materials, Devices and Equipments

Fig. 5. Ferrites content chart

Fig. 6. Pearlite content chart

Based on Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, there was an increase in the ferrite content and a decrease in the
pearlite content as the heat input increases. This is due to the increase of heat input; the cooling rate
of the material becomes slower. The resulting effect of this process was the element carbon can
diffuse with other elements in a longer period and a wider range. This makes less pearlite formed. In
specimens A and B, the pearlite content in the HAZ region was more than in the base metal and weld
metal regions. However, this did not occur in specimen C, where the pearlite content had a downward
trend starting from the base metal, HAZ and weld metal regions.
The effect of decreasing pearlite content is a decrease in mechanical strength. It can be seen from
the results of the hardness test, where the hardness value decreased with the decreased in the amount
of pearlite. It is known that ferrite has soft and ductile properties while pearlite is stronger and harder.

Conclusions
It can be concluded that the welding parameters, namely current, voltage, and welding speed affect
the mechanical strength of the material. From the Vickers test, the result was the highest hardness
value of 177.8 HV in sample A, which was a specimen with low heat input. The lowest hardness
value of 167.03 HV was obtained from sample C which was a specimen with high heat input. The
last sample, sample B, has a hardness value of 171.57 HV, where the heat input value given is between
samples A and C. Thus, from these results it can be concluded that the hardness value will be inversely
proportional to the heat input. From the metallographic test, it was observed that the highest ferrite
 Key Engineering Materials Vol. 948 39

content of 74% was found in specimen C which had the highest heat input. On the other hand, the
highest pearlite content of 36.83% was found in specimen A which had the lowest heat input. From
these results, the heat input can affect the structure of the material where the highest heat input has
the highest ferrite content and the lowest pearlite content, and vice versa. Furthermore, this ferrite-
pearlite content affects the mechanical properties of the material where the more ferrite content and
less pearlite content, the lower the mechanical strength produced, which in this case decrease the
hardness value of the material.

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