SISTEM PENCERNAAN

1. Rongga Mulut
 Sel2 epitelium pipih: diffuse/filtrate substance
 Lidah:
- otot lurik (voluntarily)
- diselubungi selaput mukosa
- Papila” (tastebuds)
- mencampur makanan n dorong ke esofagus
- saliva + food = bolus

 Kelenjar Ludah:
- Parotis (near ear): air n amilase 25%
- Submaksilaris (under rahang): air/lendir 70%
- Sublingualis (under tongue): air/lendir 5%
- Amilase (ptilain): amilum (karbo)-> glukosa

2. Pharynx: oropharynx
3. Esofagus/kerongkongan (25 cm):
- Epitelium berlapis pipih: berfungsi untuk melindungi atau proteksi.
- 1/3 otot lurik & 2/3 otot polos
- Gerak Peristaltik: kontraksi secara bergantian (terdorong menuju lambung)

4. Lambung
- Sfingter Kardial: terbuka secara reflek kl ad makanan
- GERD: frequent acid reflux, stifngter melemah
- Kardia, Fundus, Pilorus

- Dinding lambung menghasilkan asam lambung

- Asam Lambung:
  Mengandung HCL, enzim pencernaan (lipase, renin and pepsin) dan hormon gastrin
 HCl mengaktifkan pepsinogen -> pensin
 Pensin: berfungsi memecah protein -> proteose and pepton
 Renin: kaseinogen -> kasein -> menggumpalkan kasein dan susu, menjaga kadar natrium, kalium.
 Natrium kurang: hipertensi -> kejang2
 Mukosa (Rugae): melindungi dinding lambung
 Otot gerak peristaltik -> setelah 3 jam, jd bubur -> kim

5. Intestinum (Usus Halus): duodenum (12 jari), jeujunum (kosong), ileum (penyerapan)
Pencernaan Kimiawi (Duodenum)
- Suasana asam stimulates the duodenum to secrete sekretin & kolesitokinin
- Kolesitokinin stimulates the gal bladder to secrete bile
- Sekretin and Kolesitokinin stimulates the pancreas to secrete water, ion, enzymes & proenzymes
o Bicarbonate ion neutralize kim so enzymes function at an optimal pH.
o Enzim hasil: Lipase, Amilase, trypsinogen (not active)
 Amilase: amilum -> maltose
 Lipase: lemak -> gliserol n asam lemak
 Tripsinogen activated by enterokinase -> tripsin
 Tripsin: protein & pepton -> asam amino (dipeptide), gliserol, asam lemak
- Hasil pencernaan kimiawi -> sari makanan: asam amino, glukosa, asam lemak dan gliserol
Jejenum
- Kelenjar mukosa halus (dinding usus): 3 liter getah, akalis (netralin makanan).
o Enterokinase: activate tripsin
o Peptidase: polipeptida -> asam amino
o Disakarase : disakarida ->monasakarida
o Sukrasme: lemak -> sukrosa -> glukosa n fruktosa
o Maltase: maltosa -> glukosa
o Laktase: laktosa -> glukosa
o Erepsinogen diaktifkan enterokinase -> erepsin.
o Erepsin: pepton -> asam amino
o Lipase : trigliserida ->gliserol dan asam lemak

Penyerapan
- Vili -> memperluas permukaan usus halus utk penyerapan.
- Vili: pembuluh darah, pembuluh limfa dan sel goblet (secretes mucus)
- Mikrovili: absorb and transport nutrients inside
- Diangkat oleh Vili:
o Sabun: garam empedu (hati) & bicarbonate bereaksi dgn asam
lemak
 Sabun & Gliserol diserap ke dlm vili
 (dalem vili) asam lemak melapas dr garam empedu dan
mengikat dgn gliserin to form lemak again.
 Garam empedu goes back to hati -> becomes bile again
o Glukosa: freely in blood
o Protein
o Vitamin B dan C
o Mineral
o Air
- Diangkat oleh limfa (lymphatic system):
o Asam lemak
o Gliserol
o • Vitamin A, D, E, dan K
- Calcium and Zinc, vitamin b12 is absorbed in ileum
6. Kolon (Big intestine)
- Absorb water
 - Escherichia coli: pembusukan sisa makanan -> faeces, Vitamin K & Biotin is synthesized and absorbed ->
infections: diare
- Kolon asenden, transenden & desenden.
- Faeces pushed out ke rectum oleh gerak peristaltic
- Defekasi :) -> faeces getting out of our anus (otot stifngter)
- Gastrokolik -> ngeden, otot lurik

Kelenjar Pencernaan
 Pankreas
o Exocrine (sel asiner): secretion of enzymes, ions and water to duodenum
o Endocrine (pulau Langerhans): release hormones (insulin and glucagon) that control blood sugar (glucose)

- Insulin: a. stimulate body cells to absorb more glukosa darah

b. increase cellular respiration that uses glucose
c. stimulate the liver to absorb glukosa darah
d. stimulate sel2 lemak utk mengubahny menjadi lemak
- Glucagon: stimulate liver utk mengubah glikogen hati jd glukosa dan
mengeluarkan glucose kl rendah.
 Liver
o Produces bile (empedu) which is stored in the gal bladder
o Bile contains:
- Garam Empedu: menurunkan butir lemak -> bisa di emulsikan -> easier absorbtion
- Pigemen Bilirubin dan Biliverdin: gives colour to the faeces.
- Kolestrol
- Water
- Lesitin: yellow-brownish fatty substances (in animal/plant tissues)