Statistika - 3. Statistik Deskriptif 1 Grafik

Departemen Teknik Elektro
Fakultas Teknologi Elektro dan Informatika Cerdas

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Bab 3
Statistik Deskriptif 1:
Representasi Grafik
EE184405 Probabilitas, Statistika, & Proses Stokastik
Pengantar Fakta Konsep Ringkasan Latihan Asesmen
Pengantar
CP Pengetahuan
• Menguasai konsep statistik deskriptif data dengan teknik grafis: histogram, pie
chart dan teknik numerik berupa lokasi, sebaran, dan variabilitas data.
CP Keterampilan
• Mampu merepresentasikan data dalam bentuk grafis secara manual
maupun menggunakan alat bantu software R.
• Mampu merepresentasikan data dalam bentuk numerik serta menentukan
lokasi, sebaran dan variabilitas data melalui perhitungan manual maupun
menggunakan alat bantu software R.
Pengantar
Statistika adalah suatu bidang ilmu yang mempelajari cara-cara
mengumpulkan data untuk selanjutnya dapat dideskripsikan dan diolah,
kemudian melakukan induksi/inferensi dalam rangka membuat
kesimpulan, agar dapat ditentukan keputusan yang akan diambil
berdasarkan data yang dimiliki.
DATA =============> PROSES STATISTIK ===========> INFORMASI
Statistik Deskriptif adalah suatu cara menggambarkan persoalan yang
berdasarkan data yang dimiliki yakni dengan cara menata data tersebut
sedemikian rupa agar karakteristik data dapat dipahami dengan mudah
sehingga berguna untuk keperluan selanjutnya.
Fakta
Sebagai contoh, suatu perusahaan Pabrik Elektronik ingin mengetahui
secara pasti perkembangan marketing produknya dipasaran local, maka
dilakukan aktivitas pengumpulan data time series untuk jangka waktu
tertentu (periodik), dan di lakukan deskripsi melalui analisis tren.
Contoh yang lain, seorang Mahasiswa Teknik Elektro ingin meneliti berapa
rata-rata kuota data yang dibutuhkan per sks perkuliahan online dalam
beberapa mode, misal: mode sinkron menggunakan aplikasi telekonferensi
dan mode asinkron dengan menyediakan video lecture pada platform e-
learning. Maka dilakukan survai pengumpulan data pada pelaksanaan
beberapa perkuliahan yang mewakili mode sinkron dan mode asinkron,
untuk pengamatan periode tertentu, dan dihitung rata-ratanya melalui
olahan data sampel pengamatan tadi.
Konsep: Categorical Data
Categorical
Tabulating Graphing
Data Data
Pareto
Bar Charts Pie Charts
Diagram
Graphing Categorical Data: Univariate Data

Categorical Data
Graphing Data
Tabulating Data
The Summary Table
Pie Charts
CD
S a vin g s
B onds
Bar Charts Pareto Diagram
S toc k s
45 120
0 10 20 30 40 50 40
100
35
30 80
25
60
20
15 40
10
20
5
0 0
S toc k s B onds S a vi n g s CD
© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-6
Categorical Data: Summary Table (for an Political Parties)
Investment Category Total Percentage

(in thousands) (in %)
Republics 46.5 42.27

Labors 32 29.09
Democrats 15.5 14.09
Teachers 16 14.55
Total 110 100
Variables are Categorical
Bivariate Categorical Data

• Contingency tables: choosers in thousands
Political Parties Perth Sydney Canberra Total Category
Republics 46.5 55 27.5 129
Labors 32 44 19 95
Democrats 15.5 20 13.5 49
Teachers 16 28 7 51
Total 110 147 67 324
Bar Chart (for Political Parties)
Political Parties
Teachers
Democrats
Labors
Republics
0 10 20 30 40 50
Amount in thousands

Chap 2-9
Pie Chart (for Political Parties)

Amount in Thousands
Teachers
15%
Republics
Democrats 42%
14%
Percentages are
rounded to the
Labors nearest percent.
29%

Chap 2-10
Pareto Diagram
45% 100%
40% 90%
80%
35%
Axis for
70%
bar 30%
chart 60%
shows 25%
50%
% 20%
chosen 40%
in each 15%
30%
category Axis for line
10%
20%
graph
5% 10% shows
0% 0%
cumulative
Stocks
Republics
Bonds
Labors
Savings
Teachers
CD
Democrats % chosen
Chap 2-11
Tabulating & Graphing Bivariate Categorical Data

• Side by side charts
Comparing Investors
Democrats
Teachers
Labors
Republics
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Canberra Sydney Perth

Chap 2-12
Principles of Graphical Excellence

• Presents data in a way that provides substance, statistics
and design
• Communicates complex ideas with clarity, precision and
efficiency
• Gives the largest number of ideas in the most efficient
manner
• Almost always involves several dimensions
• Tells the truth about the data

Chap 2-13
Errors in Presenting Data

• Using “chart junk”
• Failing to provide a relative basis in comparing data between groups
• Compressing the vertical axis
• Providing no zero point on the vertical axis

Chap 2-14
“Chart Junk”
Bad Presentation  Good Presentation

Minimum Wage Minimum Wage
1960: $1.00 $
4
1970: $1.60
2
1980: $3.10
0
1990: $3.80 1960 1970 1980 1990

Chap 2-15
No Relative Basis
Bad Presentation
A’s received by
 Good Presentation
A’s received by
students. students.
Freq. 30 %
300
200 
 10
0 
FR SO JR SR FR SO JR SR
FR = Freshmen, SO = Sophomore, JR = Junior, SR = Senior

Chap 2-16
Compressing Vertical Axis
Bad Presentation Good Presentation

Quarterly Sales Quarterly Sales
200
$ 50
$
100 25
0 0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Chap 2-17
No Zero Point on Vertical Axis
Bad Presentation  Good Presentation

Monthly Sales
Monthly Sales $
$ 45
45 42
42 39
39 36
36
0
J F M A M J J F M A M J
Graphing the first six months of sales.

Chap 2-18
Tabulating and Graphing Numerical Data

Numerical Data 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21
Frequency Distributions O g ive
Ordered Array 120
Cumulative Distributions 100
80
60
40
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41 20
10 20 30 40 50 60
Stem and Leaf 2 144677 Histograms Ogive

Display 3 028 7
4 1
5
Tables 3
1
Polygons
0
10 20 30 40 50 60

Chap 2-19
Frequency Distributions, Relative Frequency Distributions and

Percentage Distributions
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Relative
Class Frequency Frequency Percentage
10 but under 20 3 .15 15
20 but under 30 6 .30 30
30 but under 40 5 .25 25
40 but under 50 4 .20 20
50 but under 60 2 .10 10
Total 20 1 100
© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap

2-20
Graphing Numerical Data: The Histogram

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Histogram
7 6
6 5
No Gaps
Frequency
5 4
4 3 Between
3 2 Bars
2
1 0 0
0
5 15 25 36 45 55 More
Class Boundaries
Class Chap
Midpoints
2-21
Graphing Numerical Data: The Frequency Polygon

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Frequenc y
5 15 25 36 45 55 M ore
© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Class Midpoints

Chap 2-22
Tabulating Numerical Data: Cumulative Frequency

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Cumulative Cumulative
Class Frequency % Frequency
10 but under 20 3 15
20 but under 30 9 45
30 but under 40 14 70
40 but under 50 18 90
50 but under 60 20 100

Chap 2-23
Graphing Numerical Data: The Ogive (Cumulative % Polygon)

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Ogive
100
80
60
40
20
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Class Boundaries (Not Midpoints)

Chap 2-24
Organizing Numerical Data

• Data in raw form (as collected):
24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38
• Data in ordered array from smallest to largest:
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
• Stem-and-leaf display:
2 144677
3 028
4 1

Chap 2-25
Graphing Bivariate Numerical Data (Scatter Plot)
Mutual Funds Scatter Plot

40
Total Year to
Date Return
30
(%) 20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Net Asset Values
Chap 2-26
Variables and Data

• A variable is a characteristic that changes or varies over time and/or for
different individuals or objects under consideration.
• Examples: Hair color, white blood cell count, time to failure of a
computer component.
Definitions
• An experimental unit is the individual or object on which a variable is
measured.
• A measurement results when a variable is actually measured on an
experimental unit.
• A set of measurements, called data, can be either a sample or a
population.
Example
• Variable
• Hair color
• Experimental unit
• Person
• Typical Measurements
• Brown, black, blonde, etc.
Example
• Variable
• Time until a
light bulb burns out
• Experimental unit
• Light bulb
• Typical Measurements
• 1500 hours, 1535.5 hours, etc.
How many variables have you measured?

• Univariate data: One variable is measured on a
single experimental unit.
• Bivariate data: Two variables are measured on a
single experimental unit.
• Multivariate data: More than two variables are
measured on a single experimental unit.
Types of Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
Discrete Continuous
Types of Variables
•Qualitative variables measure a quality or

characteristic on each experimental unit.
•Examples:
•Hair color (black, brown, blonde…)
•Make of car (Dodge, Honda, Ford…)
•Gender (male, female)
•State of birth (California, Arizona,….)
Types of Variables
•Quantitative variables measure a
numerical quantity on each
experimental unit.
Discrete if it can assume only a finite
or countable number of values.
Continuous if it can assume the
infinitely many values corresponding to
the points on a line interval.
Examples
• For each orange tree in a grove, the number of
oranges is measured.
• Quantitative discrete
• For a particular day, the number of cars entering a
college campus is measured.
• Quantitative discrete
• Time until a light bulb burns out
• Quantitative continuous
Graphing Qualitative Variables

• Use a data distribution to describe:
• What values of the variable have been measured
• How often each value has occurred
• “How often” can be measured 3 ways:
• Frequency
• Relative frequency = Frequency/n
• Percent = 100 x Relative frequency
Example
m m m m m m m m m m
• A bag of M&Ms contains
m 25 m candies:
m m m m m m m m
• Raw Data: m m m m m
• Statistical Table:
Color Tally Frequency Relative Percent
Frequency
Red mmm 3 3/25 = .12 12%
Blue mmmmmm 6 6/25 = .24 24%
Green mm mm 4 4/25 = .16 16%
Orange mmmmm 5 5/25 = .20 20%
Brown mm m 3 3/25 = .12 12%
Yellow mmmm 4 4/25 = .16 16%
Graphs
6
4
Frequency
3 Pie Chart
2
1 Green Brown
16.0% 12.0%
0
Brown Y ellow Red Blue Orange Green
Color Y ellow
16.0%
Orange
20.0%
Bar Chart Red

12.0%
Blue
24.0%
Graphing Quantitative Variables

• A single quantitative variable measured for different
population segments or for different categories of
classification can be graphed using a pie or bar chart.
5
A Big Mac
hamburger costs 4
Cost of a Big Mac ($)

$4.90 in Switzerland, 3
$2.90 in the U.S. and 2
$1.86 in South
1
Africa.
0
Switzerland U.S. South Africa
Country
• A single quantitative variable measured over
time is called a time series. It can be graphed
using a line or bar chart.
CPI: All Urban Consumers-Seasonally Adjusted
Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
178.10 177.60 177.50 177.30 177.60 178.00 178.60
Dotplots
• The simplest graph for quantitative data
• Plots the measurements as points on a horizontal axis,
stacking the points that duplicate existing points.
• Example: The set 4, 5, 5, 7, 6
4 5 6 7
Stem and Leaf Plots

• A simple graph for quantitative data
• Uses the actual numerical values of each data point.
–Divide each measurement into two parts: the stem
and the leaf.
–List the stems in a column, with a vertical line to their
right.
–For each measurement, record the leaf portion in the
same row as its matching stem.
–Order the leaves from lowest to highest in each stem.
–Provide a key to your coding.
Example
The prices ($) of 18 brands of walking shoes:
90 70 70 70 75 70 65 68 60
74 70 95 75 70 68 65 40 65
4 0 4 0
Reorder
5 5
6 580855 6 055588
7 000504050 7 000000455
8 8
9 05 9 05
Interpreting Graphs: Location and Spread
• Where is the data centered on the horizontal axis, and

how does it spread out from the center?
Interpreting Graphs: Shapes

Mound shaped and symmetric
(mirror images)
Skewed right: a few unusually
large measurements
Skewed left: a few unusually

small measurements
Bimodal: two local peaks

Interpreting Graphs: Outliers

• Are there any strange or unusual measurements that stand out in the
data set?
No Outliers Outlier
Example
• A quality control process measures the diameter of a gear
being made by a machine (cm). The technician records 15
diameters, but inadvertently makes a typing mistake on the
second entry.
1.991 1.891 1.991 1.988 1.993 1.989 1.990 1.988

1.988 1.993 1.991 1.989 1.989 1.993 1.990 1.994
Relative Frequency Histograms

• A relative frequency histogram for a quantitative
data set is a bar graph in which the height of the bar
shows “how often” (measured as a proportion or
relative frequency) measurements fall in a particular
class or subinterval.
Create Stack and draw bars

intervals

• Divide the range of the data into 5-12 subintervals of
equal length.
• Calculate the approximate width of the subinterval as
Range/number of subintervals.
• Round the approximate width up to a convenient value.
• Use the method of left inclusion, including the left
endpoint, but not the right in your tally.
• Create a statistical table including the subintervals, their
frequencies and relative frequencies.

• Draw the relative frequency histogram, plotting the subintervals on the
horizontal axis and the relative frequencies on the vertical axis.
• The height of the bar represents
• The proportion of measurements falling in that
class or subinterval.
• The probability that a single measurement, drawn
at random from the set, will belong to that class or
subinterval.
Example
The ages of 50 tenured faculty at a state university.
34 48 70 63 52 52 35 50 37 43 53 43 52 44
42 31 36 48 43 26 58 62 49 34 48 53 39 45
34 59 34 66 40 59 36 41 35 36 62 34 38 28
43 50 30 43 32 44 58 53
• We choose to use 6 intervals.

• Minimum class width = (70 – 26)/6 = 7.33
• Convenient class width = 8
• Use 6 classes of length 8, starting at 25.
Age Tally Frequency Relative Percent

Frequency
25 to < 33 1111 5 5/50 = .10 10%
33 to < 41 1111 1111 1111 14 14/50 = .28 28%
41 to < 49 1111 1111 111 13 13/50 = .26 26%
49 to < 57 1111 1111 9 9/50 = .18 18%
57 to < 65 1111 11 7 7/50 = .14 14%
65 to < 73 11 2 2/50 = .04 4%
14/50
12/50
Relative frequency
10/50
8/50
6/50
4/50
2/50
0
25 33 41 49 57 65 73
Ages
Describing the Distribution

14/50
12/50
Relative frequency
10/50
Shape? Skewed right 8/50
6/50
Outliers? No. 4/50
2/50
What proportion of the (14 + 5)/50 0
tenured faculty are 25 33 41 49

Ages
57 65 73
younger than 41? = 19/50 = .38
What is the probability that (8 + 7 + 2)/50 = 17/50 = .34

a randomly selected
faculty member is 49 or
older?
Key Concepts (1/2)

I. How Data Are Generated
1. Experimental units, variables, measurements
2. Samples and populations
3. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data
II. Types of Variables
1. Qualitative or categorical
2. Quantitative
a. Discrete
b. Continuous
III. Graphs for Univariate Data Distributions
1. Qualitative or categorical data
a. Pie charts
b. Bar charts
Key Concepts (2/2)

2. Quantitative data
a. Pie and bar charts
b. Line charts
c. Dotplots
d. Stem and leaf plots
e. Relative frequency histograms
3. Describing data distributions
a. Shapes—symmetric, skewed left, skewed right,
unimodal, bimodal
b. Proportion of measurements in certain intervals
c. Outliers
Latihan 1
Latihan 2
Latihan 3
• Seribu warga Minnesota dimintai pendapat tentang
musim yang paling mereka sukai. Hasilnya adalah
100 orang menyukai musim dingin, 300 orang
penyuka musim semi, 400 orang menyukai musim
panas dan 200 orang menyukai musim gugur.
• Dalam membuat tabel frekuensi, berapa kelas yang
harus dibuat untuk data tersebut?
• Bagaimana frekuensi relatif untuk tiap kelas?
Latihan 4
• Wellstone Inc., ingin membuat dan memasarkan rangka
ponsel dalam 5 warna: putih, hitam, hijau, oranye dan merah.
Sebelum melakukan produksi masal, perusahaan tersebut
membuka gerai mall dan mendapatkan hasil dari survey
singkat sbb:
Putih 130 • Disebut apa tabel disamping?

Hitam 104 • Buatlah diagram batangnya
Kuning 325 • Buatlah diagram pienya.
Hijau 455 • Jika Wellstone Inc. berencana
Merah 286 memproduksi 1 juta ponsel, berapa rangka
dari tiap warna harus diproduksi?
Latihan 5
• Quick Change Oil Company memiliki sejumlah gerai
di kota Seattle. Jumlah pelanggan yang mengganti
oli di gerai mereka selama 36 hari terakhir. Buatlah
histogramnya.
65 98 55 62 79 59 51 90 72
56 70 62 66 80 94 79 63 73
71 85 77 18 63 84 38 54 50
59 54 56 36 26 50 34 44 41
Praktikum dan Kuis Online

• Percobaan 1
• Representasi Data
• Kuis Online: Senin, 20 April 2020 (tentative)

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Departemen Teknik Elektro

Fakultas Teknologi Elektro dan Informatika Cerdas

Konsep: Categorical Data

Graphing Categorical Data: Univariate Data

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Categorical Data: Summary Table (for an Political Parties)

Investment Category Total Percentage

Republics 46.5 42.27

Bivariate Categorical Data

Bar Chart (for Political Parties)

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Pie Chart (for Political Parties)

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Tabulating & Graphing Bivariate Categorical Data

Canberra Sydney Perth

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Principles of Graphical Excellence

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Errors in Presenting Data

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Bad Presentation  Good Presentation

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

FR = Freshmen, SO = Sophomore, JR = Junior, SR = Senior

Compressing Vertical Axis

Bad Presentation Good Presentation

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

No Zero Point on Vertical Axis

Bad Presentation  Good Presentation

Graphing the first six months of sales.

Tabulating and Graphing Numerical Data

Frequency Distributions O g ive

Ordered Array 120

Cumulative Distributions 100

21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41 20

Stem and Leaf 2 144677 Histograms Ogive

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Frequency Distributions, Relative Frequency Distributions and

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap

Graphing Numerical Data: The Histogram

Graphing Numerical Data: The Frequency Polygon

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Class Midpoints

Tabulating Numerical Data: Cumulative Frequency

Data in ordered array:

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Graphing Numerical Data: The Ogive (Cumulative % Polygon)

Data in ordered array:

Class Boundaries (Not Midpoints)

Organizing Numerical Data

© 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Graphing Bivariate Numerical Data (Scatter Plot)

Mutual Funds Scatter Plot

Variables and Data

How many variables have you measured?

•Qualitative variables measure a quality or

Graphing Qualitative Variables

Bar Chart Red

Graphing Quantitative Variables

Cost of a Big Mac ($)

$2.90 in the U.S. and 2

Stem and Leaf Plots

Interpreting Graphs: Location and Spread

• Where is the data centered on the horizontal axis, and

Interpreting Graphs: Shapes

Skewed left: a few unusually