TKS 82108 DINAMIKA DAN REKAYASA GEMPA

Sesi 1 : Intro to Structural Dynamic

Program Studi Magister

Departemen Teknik Sipil Pengampu :
Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Brawijaya
Dr. AZ

Deskripsi Singkat
Mata kuliah ini menjelaskan tentang pengetahuan kegempaan,
perilaku struktur akibat beban dinamik, ketentuan dan persyarat-
an bangunan tahan gempa, perhitungan beban rencana struktur
akibat gempa, baik secara beban statik ekivalen maupun dengan
metoda dinamik sederhana untuk bangunan berlantai banyak.
Mekanisme terjadinya gempa dan cara-cara mengukur kekuatan
gempa, analisis gaya gempa pada struktur, perancangan struktur
tahan gempa cara elastis dan cara daktail, Peraturan Gempa
Indonesia dan aplikasinya.

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 Capaian Pembelajaran
Capaian pembelajaran yang diharapkan adalah:
1. Mampu mengidentifikasi masalah, menganalisis suatu
bangunan dalam merespon gempa sesuai dengan aturan SNI.
2. Mampu menghitung beban gempa statik ekivalen bangunan
beraturan.
3. Mampu mengidentifikasi bentuk respon struktur akibat beban
harmonik dan sembarang serta menjelaskan respon dinamik
struktur akibat gempa.
4. Mampu menghitung nilai dan vektor eigen struktur MDOF
serta gaya geser akibat gempa.
5. Mampu menghitung beban gempa statik ekivalen bangunan tak
beraturan.

Pokok Bahasan
1. Teori dasar tentang dinamika dan pengetahuan dasar tentang
gempa.
2. Pengetahuan tentang standar dan peraturan yang terkait
dengan kegempaan.
3. Respon dinamik struktur SDOF dan MDOF.
4. Analisis struktur gempa bangunan beraturan dan tak beraturan.

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 Pustaka
1. Paz, M., 1985, Structural Dynamics – Theory and
Computation, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
2. Clough & Penzien, 1993, Dynamic of Structures, , 2nd ed., Mc.
Graw-Hill, Inc., New York.
3. Chopra, A.K., 1995, Dynamics of Structures-Theory and
Applications to Earthquacke Engineering, Prentice Hall Inc.,
New Jersey.
4. Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa untuk Bangunan
Gedung (SNI 03-1726-2019).
5. Pustaka lain yang berhubungan dengan Dinamika dan
Rekayasa Gempa.
6. http://litbang.pu.go.id/puskim/berita/detail/1719/open-to-
public-aplikasi-online-desain-spektra-indonesia-2019
7. http://zacoeb.lecture.ub.ac.id/category/kuliah/drg/

Komponen Evaluasi
Evaluasi mata kuliah mencakup beberapa komponen
penilaian yaitu :
1. Tugas Mandiri (TM)
2. Tugas Kelompok (TK)
3. Kuis (K)
4. Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)
5. Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS)
Persentase dari komponen-komponen tersebut
tergantung pada kebijaksanaan dosen pengampu mata
kuliah.

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 Introduction
▪ Human in a daily live frequently suffered by vibration, and so
did the structures.
▪ Modern structures are increasingly slender and have reduced
redundant strength due to improved analysis and design
methods.
▪ Such structures are increasingly responsive to the manner in
which loading is applied with respect to time and hence the
dynamic behavior of such structures must be allowed for in
design; as well as the usual static considerations.
▪ In this context then, the word dynamic simply means “changes
with time”; be it force, deflection or any other form of load
effect.

Introduction (cont’d)
Examples of dynamics in structures are:
▪ Soldiers breaking step as they cross a bridge to prevent
harmonic excitation;
▪ The Tacoma Narrows Bridge footage, failure caused by vortex
shedding;
▪ The London Millennium Footbridge: lateral synchronize
excitation.

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 SDOF
The most basic dynamic system is the mass-spring system. An
example is shown in Fig. 1.1(a) along with the structural
idealisation of it in Fig. 1.1(b). This is known as a Single Degree-
of-Freedom (SDOF) system as there is only one possible
displacement: that of the mass in the vertical direction.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.1 Basic idealization of SDOF

SDOF (cont’d)
SDOF systems are of great importance as they are relatively
easily analyzed mathematically, are easy to understand
intuitively, and structures usually dealt with by Structural
Engineers can be modeled approximately using an SDOF model,
for example can be viewed in Fig. 1.2.

(a) (b)

Fig. 1.2. Structural idealization of SDOF

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 Initial Example
If we consider a spring-mass system as shown in Fig. 1.3 with the
properties m = 10 kg and k = 100 N/m and if give the mass a
deflection of 20 mm and then release it (i.e. set it in motion), we
would observe the system oscillating as shown in Fig. 1.3.

Fig. 1.3 Initial example of SDOF

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Initial Example (cont’d)

From Fig. 1.3, we can identify that the time between the masses
recurrence at a particular location is called the period of motion
or oscillation or just the period, and we denote it T, it is the time
taken for a single oscillation. The number of oscillations per
second is called the frequency, denoted f, and is measured in
Hertz (cycles per second). Thus we can say:
𝟏
𝒇=𝑻 (1.1)

We will show in next session, for a spring-mass system that:

𝟏 𝒌
𝒇 = 𝟐𝝅 (1.2)
𝒎

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 Initial Example (cont’d)
In our system:
𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒇 = 𝟐𝝅 = 0.503 Hz
𝟏𝟎

and from equation (1.1):

𝟏 𝟏
𝑻 = 𝒇 = 𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝟑 = 1.987 secs
We can see from Fig. 1.4 that this is indeed the period observed.

Fig. 1.4 The period observed

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Initial Example (cont’d)

Another question, to reach the deflection of 20 mm just applied,
we had to apply a force of 2 N, given that the spring stiffness is
100 N/m. As noted previously, the rate at which this load is
applied will have an effect of the dynamics of the system. Would
you expect the system to behave the same in the following cases?
• If a 2 N weight was dropped onto the mass from a very small
height?
• If 2 N of sand was slowly added to a weightless bucket
attached to the mass?

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 Initial Example (cont’d)
Assuming a linear increase of load, to the full 2N load, over
periods of 1, 3, 5 and 10seconds, the deflections of the system are
shown in Fig. 1.5.

Fig. 1.5. Dynamic effect of load application duration

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Initial Example (cont’d)

Remembering that the period of vibration of the system is about 2
seconds, we can see that when the load is applied faster than the
period of the system, large dynamic effects occur. Stated another
way, when the frequency of loading (1, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 Hz for
our sample loading rates) is close to, or above the natural
frequency of the system (0.5 Hz in our case), we can see that the
dynamic effects are large. Conversely, when the frequency of
loading is less than the natural frequency of the system little
dynamic effects are noticed - most clearly seen via the 10 second
ramp-up of the load, that is, a 0.1 Hz load.

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