PERENCANAAN

GEOMETRIK
JALAN
PERTEMUAN 10 - 14
EFRILIA RAHMADONA, S.ST, M.T
ALINYEMEN
HORIZONTAL
 GAYA SENTRIFUGAL
Apabila suatu kendaraan bergerak dengan kecepatan (V)
pada bidang datar / miring, maka pada kendaraan tsb
bekerja kecepatan dan gaya sentifugal (F). Gaya
sentrifugal adalah gaya yang mendorong kendaraan
secara radial keluar dari jalur jalan, berarah tegak lurus
terhadap gaya kecepatan V. Gaya ini menimbulkan rasa
tidak nyaman pada pengemudi.

Gaya sentrifugal yang terjadi pada F = m. a

m = massa (G/g)
a = percepatan sentrifugal (V²/R)
R = jari-jari lengkung lintasan
V = kecepatan
G = berat kendaraan
G = gaya gravitasi

𝐺.𝑉²
F= 𝑔.𝑅
 Gaya Gesekan Melintasi (Fs ) Antara Ban Kendaraan dan Permukaan Jalan

Gaya gesekan melintang (fs) adalah besarnya gesekan yang timbul

antara ban dan permukaan jalan dalam arah melintang jalan yang
berfungsi untuk mengimbangi gaya sentrifugal.

Kecepatan < 80 km/j f= - 0,00065V + 0,192

Kecepatan > 80 km/j f= - 0,00125V + 0,24
 Kemiringan Melintang Permukaan Pada Lengkung Horizontal (Superelevasi)

Komponen berat kendaraan untuk mengimbangi gaya sentrifugal

diperoleh dengan membuat kemiringan melintang jalan. Kemiringan
melintang jalan pada lengkung horizontal bertujuan memperoleh
komponen berat kendaraan guna mengimbangi gaya sentrifugal
biasanya disebut superelevasi.
ALINYEMEN HORIZONTAL
Alinyemen horizontal terdiri dari bagian lurus Aspek- aspek penting alinyemen horizontal :
dan lengkung (tikungan) : • Gaya sentrifugal
▪ Garis lurus = tangen • Bentuk-bentuk busur peralihan
▪ Garis legkung = tikungan, berupa : busur • Bentuk-bentuk tikungan
lingkaran saja, busur peralihan saja, busur • Diagram superelevasi
lingkaran dan busur peralihan • Pelebaran perkerasan pada tikungan
• Jarak pandang pada tikungan
▪ Perancangan geometric jalan pada bagian
lengkung bertujuan untuk mengimbangi
gaya sentrifugal yang diterima kendaraan
yang berjalan pada kecepatan, untuk
keselamatan pemakai jalan, jarak pandang
dan kebebasan samping jalan harus
diperhitungkan.
DERAJAT LENGKUNG
Derajat lengkung (˚) adalah besarnya sudut
lengkung yang mengahsilkan Panjang busur
25m
Dalam perencanaan apabila semakin besar
nilai R maka semakin kecil nilai D dan semakin
tumpul lengkung horizontal rencana.
Jari-jari tikungan atau radius tikungan
Dalam perencanaan alinyemen horizontal
radius tikungan dipengaruhi oleh nilai e dan f
serta nilai kecepatan rencana yang ditetapkan.
R min =
𝑉²
127 𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠+𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠
R min = jari- jari minimum (m)
V = kecepatan kendaraan (km/jam)
emaks = superelevasi maksimum (%)
f = koefisien gesekan melintang
Untuk superlevasi maksimum 8 % dan
10%
Lengkung Peralihan
Bagian alinyemen horizontal jalan yang merupakan trasnsisi dai alinyemen lurus (tangen ke lingkaran (circle)

Fungsi Lengkung Peralihan

1 Membuat gaya sentrifugal yang bekerja pada kendaraan dapat
berubah secara berangsur-angsur

Fungsi Lengkung Peralihan

2 Tempat berubahnya kemiringan perkerasan jalan untuk
mengimbangi gaya sentrifugal

Fungsi Lengkung Peralihan

3 Tempat mulainya perubahan lebar perkerasan untuk
mengakomodasi radius putar kendaraan

Fungsi Lengkung Peralihan

4 Memudahkan pengemudi agar tetap pada lajurnya saat
menikung
Lengkung Peralihan 01 S-C-S
Bagian alinyemen horizontal jalan yang
merupakan trasnsisi dari alinyemen lurus
(tangen ke lingkaran (circle)

02 S-S

03 Compound Spiral

04 Compound Circle
 BENTUK LENGKUNG HORIZONTAL DAN DIAGRAM
SUPERLELEVASI

• Lengkung busur lingkaran sederhana (full circle, FC)

• Lengkung busur lingkaran dengan lengkung peralihan (spiral-circle-spiral, S-C-S)

• Lengkung berbentuk spiral-spiral (S-S)

TIKUNGAN FULL CIRCLE (FC)

𝑉²
Rmin = 127 𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠+𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠
Tc = Rc. tan ½ ∆
Ec = Rc / cos ½ ∆ atau Ec = Tc. Tan ¼ ∆
Lc = 2 / 360. R. ∆
Lc = Rc. ∆

Keterangan :
Tc = jarak antara TC-PH (m)
Ec = jarak PH ke busur lingkaran (m)
Lc = panjang busur lingkaran (m)
R = jari-jari lingkaran (m)
∆ = sudut tangen / sudut tikungan (derajat)
 TIKUNGAN SPIRAL – CIRCLE- SPIRAL (SCS)

𝐿𝑠
Θs = 2.𝑅𝑐 ---- (Radian)
Θs = 90. Ls / . Rc ----(Derajat)
Θc = ∆ - 2. Θs
2𝜋
Lc = Rc. Θc . 360
Ls³
Xc = Ls – 40.𝑅𝐶²
Ls²
Yc = 6.𝑅𝐶
p = Yc – Rc (1- cos Θs)
k = Xc – Rc sin Θs
Ts = (Rc +p) x tan ½ ∆+ k

𝑅𝑐+𝑝)
Es = - Rc
𝐶𝑜𝑠
1
2
∆𝑐

L total = Lc + 2. Ls

Keterangan :
Θs = besarnya sudut spiral TS – SC (derajat)
Ts = jarak antara TS-PH (m)
Es = jarak PH ke busur lingkaran (m)
Lc = panjang busur lingkaran (m)
Rc = jari-jari rencana (m)
∆ = sudut perpotongan (derajat)
L total = Panjang lengkung total (m)
 TIKUNGAN SPIRAL –SPIRAL (SS)
1
θs = ( 2 ). Δ
Δ𝑐 = 0
𝐿𝑐 = 0
𝐿𝑠²
𝑌c = ( 6.𝑅 )

𝐿𝑠³
𝑋c = ( 40.𝑅² )

𝑘 = 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑅 sin θ𝑆
𝑝 = 𝑌𝐶 − 𝑅 (1 − cos θ𝑆 )
Δ
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑅 + 𝑝 tan + 𝑘
2
𝑅 + 𝑝
𝐸𝑠 = − 𝑅
Δ
cos
2

𝐿 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐿𝑠

Keterangan :
Θs = besarnya sudut spiral TS – SC (derajat)
Ts = jarak antara TS-PH (m)
Es = jarak PH ke busur lingkaran (m)
Lc = panjang busur lingkaran (m)
Rc = jari-jari rencana (m)
∆ = sudut perpotongan (derajat)
L total = Panjang lengkung total (m)
Bagan Alir Pemilihan Tikungan Berdasarkan Bina Marga
Tikungan Spiral-Circle-Spiral

Ya
Lc < 25 m ?
Tikungan Spiral-Spiral

Tidak

Ya
p < 0,10 m ?
Tikungan Full Circle

Tidak

Ya
e < min (0,04 Tikungan Full Circle
atau 1,5 en) ?

Tidak

Tikungan Spiral-Circle-Spiral
Panjang Bagian Lurus Maksimum

Panjang Bagian Lurus Maximum (m)

Fungsi
Datar Bukit Pegunungan
Arteri 3000 2500 2000
Kolektor 2000 1750 1500
B= ( 𝑅𝑐 2 − 64 + 1,25)² + 64 − √(𝑅𝑐² − 64) + 1,25

Rc = radius lajur sebelah dalam – ½ lebar perkerasan + ½ b

Rc = Ri – ½ L + ½ b

U = B-b

0,105.𝑉
Z = 𝑅

Bt = n (B”+C) + Z

∆b = Bt – Bn
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