TAMBANG BAWAH TANAH

21D11121202

PENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP DASAR PERTAMBANGAN

PURWANTO
NIRMANA FIQRA QAIDAHIYANI
KONTRAK KULIAH

Pertemuan 16x
■ Tatap muka/Tugas/Kuis 60%
■ Ujian 40%

Referensi
1. Tatiya, R.R., 2013, Surface and Underground Excavation, 2nd Edition, Methods,
Techniques and Equipment, CRC Press, London
2. Hartman, H.L., and Mtmansky, J.M., 2007, Introductory Mining Engineering, 2nd
Edition, Wiley India
PENDAHULUAN
memahami kondisi geologi dan faktor menentukan tambang
bawah tanah

Mineral
Batuan
Evaluasi cadangan mineral
Penentuan metode tambang bawah tanah

Menyusun ringkasan pengertian mineral dan batuan, serta

faktor yang menentukan metode tambang bawah tanah
PENDAHULUAN
The mineral resources of today are the results of natural processes over
billions of years but with the prevalent rate of consumption, they will be
depleted within the next few centuries.
BATUAN

Geologist
■ Batuan adalah material yang tersusun oleh satu atau lebih mineral dan bahan
organik yang terbentuk secara alami membentuk kulit bumi.
FORMATION PROCESS AND
CLASSIFICATION
■ Rocks are aggregates of any combination of minerals (e.g. Quartz, Calcite, Galena),
elements (e.g. Sulfur, Gold), solid organic material (e.g. Coal), and/or other rocks.

Rocks = Mineral + Elements +/- Solid Organics +/- Other Rocks

+ : Hadir
- : Tidak hadir
SIKLUS BATUAN
PENTINGNYA MINERAL
Figure 1.6 (a): Excavation of
mineral during ancient times
using primitive tools but they
basic versions of modern tools.
(b): A phenomenal growth and
development in mining and
excavation systems with regard
to methods, techniques and
equipment during this modern
era.
Modern equipment – boring and
heading machines capable of
creating excavations in any
direction without aid of
explosives shown.
Figure 1.7 (a): Mining the outcropping or shallow seated
deposits by the application of a surface mining method (open
pit mining in this case) followed by underground mining
beyond the break-even depth. Illustration is typical example of
iron mining in Sweden. (b): Mining and processing to obtain
final product
PERKEMBANGAN
PERTAMBANGAN
EKSKAVASI DAN KLASIFIKASI

■ Arti dari EKSKAVASI (excavate) adalah memindahkan/membongkar batuan massif

dari lokasi asalnya (in-situ) ke tempat lainnya.
■ Terdiri dari 2 kegiatan yaitu :
1. Menggali material (digging)
2. Membuang (disposal)
■ Dilakukan pada jenis material apapun yang ada dalam perut bumi
■ Berdasarkan letak penggaliannya secara garis besar dapat dibagi menjadi:
1. Ekskavasi permukaan (surface excavation)
2. Ekskavasi bawah tanah (subsurface or underground excavation)
Mengapa penting belajar Tambang Bawah Tanah?

■ Kebutuhan akan bahan galian tambang semakin meningkat

■ Jumlah cadangan yang dekat permukaan bumi makin menipis
■ Resiko dan biaya tambang permukaan semakin tinggi karena
tambang permukaan semakin dalam
■ Tantangan dari bidang lingkungan
■ Kebijakan pelarangan tambang terbuka
 TAMBANG TERBUKA SEMAKIN DALAM

https://www.google.com/search?q=tambang+terbuka+AMAN&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjXye6_9
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pei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=xObDYdfXHdeX4t4PopqjoAo&bih=601&biw=1280#imgrc=NiFj1
gSXtfzlnM
https://www.google.com/search?q=tambang+terbuka+grasberg&source=lnms&tbm
=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMqca-
9_j0AhX24nMBHbq7AbIQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1280&bih=601&dpr=1.5#imgrc=
3zJTxap7g9ukVM
KEBIJAKAN
■ Undang-Undang No.41 tahun1999 tentang Kehutanan Pasal 38 Ayat
(4) Pada kawasan hutan lindung dilarang melakukan penambangan
dengan pola pertambangan terbuka.
■ Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2011
Tentang Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan Lindung Untuk Penambangan
Bawah Tanah
– Pasal 2 (1) Di dalam kawasan hutan lindung dapat dilakukan
kegiatan penambangan dengan metode penambangan bawah
tanah.
– Pasal 10 Pemegang izin pinjam pakai kawasan hutan lindung
dilarang melakukan kegiatan penambangan bawah tanah yang
mengakibatkan:
a. terjadinya amblesan (subsidence) permukaan tanah; atau
b. berubahnya fungsi pokok hutan lindung secara permanen
BAGAN ALIR PENAMBANGAN
TUJUAN PENAMBANGAN

Untuk mengekstraksi bahan galian dari dalam bumi

secara aman dan menguntungkan.
FAKTOR YANG MENENTUKAN DALAM PEKERJAAN
PENAMBANGAN

1. Pekerjaan Penambangan harus aman dan Terpercaya

2. Pekerjaan Penambangan harus Efisien dan Ekonomis
3. Pekerjaan Penambangan harus dapat Menambang secara Sempurna
dan Sesuai dengan Kebutuhan
SISTEM PENAMBANGAN

■ TAMBANG TERBUKA
■ TAMBANG BAWAH TANAH
Pilihan antara Tambang Terbuka dan Tambang Bawah
Tanah
Break Even Stripping Ratio
■ BESR yaitu Perbandingan antara keuntungan kotor
dengan ongkos pembuangan overburden (OB)

Rumus yang paling umum adalah :

BESR = (a-b)/c
di mana
a = nilai endapan bahan galian perton
b = ongkos penggalian bahan galian perton (termasuk biaya reklamasi)
c = ongkos pengupasan tanah per m3
BESR > 1 dapat diterapkan tambang terbuka

Striping Ratio adalah perbandingan jumlah tanah kupasan penutup yang harus dibuang untuk
menghasilkan cadangan yang akan diambil.
Gambar Penampang Penambangan
Pada Tambang Terbuka
TAMBANG TERBUKA
Metode Penambangan yang kegiatannya dilakukan pada tempat terbuka
(Langsung berhubungan dengan udara luar)
KEUNTUNGAN TAMBANG TERBUKA

■ Ongkos lebih rendah

■ Pengawasan lebih mudah
■ Kondisi kerja lebih baik, karena langsung berhubungan dengan udara
luar
■ Pergerakan alat-alat mekanis yang besar relatif lebih leluasa
■ Mining recovery lebih besar karena batas endapan bijih mudah dilihat
■ Relatif lebih aman
KERUGIAN TAMBANG TERBUKA

■ Kondisi kerja dipengaruhi cuaca

■ Dalamnya penggalian terbatas
■ Alat-alat mekanis tempatnya tersebar
■ Kesulitan pembuangan Overburden
■ Dampak lingkungan.
TAMBANG BAWAH TANAH
UNDERGROUND MINING

Metode Penambangan yang Kegiatannya dilakukan di Bawah Tanah

(tidak langsung berhubungan dengan udara luar)
FAKTOR PEMILIHAN METODE TAMBANG

1. Shape and size of the deposit

2. Thickness of deposit
3. Dip of the deposit
4. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the ore and the enclosing rocks
5. Presence of geological disturbances and influence of the direction of cleats or
partings
6. Degree of mechanization and output required
7. Ore grade and its distribution, and value of the product
8. Depth of the deposit
9. Presence of water
10. Presence of gases
11. Ore & country rock susceptibility to caking and oxidation
1. Shape and size of the deposit
Based on the shape, the orebodies can be divided as:
1. Isometrical: almost equal dimensions in all the three directions.
– Stock and Nests: These are usually irregular in shape but having almost
equal dimensions in all directions.
– Columnar: extended in one direction downward. As the name suggests
columnar deposits are like a column.
2. Sheet: extended in two directions.
– The sheet deposits have almost a constant thickness.
– Coal seams and ore veins are considered in this category. But the veins
usually do not have uniform thickness.
– Tabular deposits fall in to this category.
– Lenses are considered to be a change from the first to third group,
having irregular shape and unequal dimension in all the three
directions.
2. Thickness of deposit
■ Orebody thickness is the normal distance
between footwall and hangingwall
2. Thickness of deposit
There is no standard classification with regard to thickness of ore, however,
a thickness grouping could be as under [1]:
1. Very thin deposits: thickness less than 0.7 m.
2. Thin deposits: thickness range 0.7–2 m.
3. Medium thick deposit: thickness range 2–5 m.
4. Thick deposit: thickness range 5–20 m.
5. Very thick deposit: thickness exceeding 20 m.
3. Dip of the deposit
Usually the following classification holds good, with regard to dip of a
deposit:
1. Flat dipping: 0° to below 20°
2. Inclined dipping: from 20° to below 50°
3. Steeply inclined dipping: exceeding 50°
4. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the ore
and the enclosing rocks

■ Rock strength: a set of

mechanical and physical
properties such as
hardness, toughness,
jointing, laminations,
presence of foreign
inclusions and intercalation
determine it.
■ The mechanical strength is
measured as compressive,
tensile, bending and shear
strength.
4. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the ore
and the enclosing rocks
Stability of ore and country rock [1]:
1. Very unstable ores and rocks: The rocks which do not allow any exposure of roof and
walls and need advanced timbering; such rocks and ground are: quicksand, loose and
water saturated strata etc.
2. Unstable ores and rocks: In this type of strata the roof/back needs a strong support
immediately after its exposure.
3. Medium stability ores and rocks: This type of strata permit exposure of the roof over a
comparatively large area and requires support if the roof exposure is to be allowed for
a considerable time period.
4. Stable ore and rocks: In these strata roof and side exposures can be allowed for a
considerable time without support. However, some patches may require some
support.
5. Very stable ores and rocks: This type of strata can allow exposure for sufficient time
and space without causing caving. Strata of this kind are rarely encountered comparing
the same with the previous two groups.
5. Presence of geological disturbances and influence
of the direction of cleats or partings
■ Geological disturbance means presence of any one or a combination of more than
one of structures such as fault, folds, joints, fissures, dykes etc.
■ These structures usually require extra care in terms of strata stability, water
seepage, gas leakage etc. making the mining process sometimes more tedious and
slow.
6. Degree of mechanization and output required

■ Mechanization means performing the underground operations using

machines. The capacity of a machine is usually related to its size.
The types of equipment that are available in mines can be grouped in the
following manner:
1. Degree-1 mechanization; Conventional pusherleg drills, rocker
shovels, loco haulage and blasthole drills of 50–60 mm. dia.
2. Degree-2 mechanization means use of jumbos, trackless equipment
such as LHDs (1 cu. yd. capacity or more), low profile dumpers and
small capacity trucks. Drilling in stopes is by the same drills as in
degree-1 mechanization.
3. Degree-3 mechanization has the same set of machines as in degree-
2, except that the drilling (for stoping) is by the down-the-hole drills
capable of drilling holes of 150–200 mm. dia. of +40 m length.
7. Ore grade and its distribution, and value of the product
Ore grade plays a vital role in selecting a mining method:
■ Low-grade deposit can be mined out profitably if bulk-mining methods are applied.
■ High-grade deposits can be mined out by any of the mining methods and even up to
a great depth.
■ Also if grade distribution is not uniform it will be costly to mine out a deposit
compared with one having a uniform grade distribution.
8. Depth of the deposit
Deeper mines will cause: cost of ventilation, support, drainage, hoisting, transportation
also increases. At greater depths apart from rock stability, the problems of heat and
humidity equally arise.
Typical considerations to be weighted in selecting
mining methods
■ Maximize safety
■ Minimize cost (bulk mining methods have lower operating cost than selective)
■ Minimize the schedule required to achieve full production
■ Optimize recovery (80% or more of the geological reserves)
■ Minimize dilution (20% or less of waste rock that may or may not contain economic
minerals)
■ Minimize stope turn around (cycle time for various unit operations)
■ Maximize mechanization
■ Maximize automation (employment of remote controlled equipment)
■ Minimize pre-production development (top down versus bottom up mining)
■ Minimize stope development
■ Maximize gravity assistance (underhand versus overhand)
■ Maximize natural supports
■ Minimize retention period (open stoping versus shrinkage)
■ Maximize flexibility and adaptability
References

■ Ratan Raj Tatiya, Surface and Underground Excavations 2nd Edition,

Methods,Techniques and Equipment, Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, 2013
■ Agoshkov, M., Borisov, S. and Boyarsky,V.: Mining of Ores and Non-metallic Minerals.
Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1988
TUGAS 1

■ Buat ringkasan pengertian mineral dan batuan, serta faktor yang menentukan
metode tambang bawah tanah
■ Satukan file referensi dan digabungkan dalam satu file