STEPS IN CONDUCTING RISK ASSESSMENT

2
Preparation Risk Evaluation Record Keeping

Hazards Risk Control Implementation,

Identification Monitoring and
Review
3 Prinsip dasar
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS

Hazard
Identificat
ion

Risk
Risk
Evaluati
Control
on
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
proses untuk mengenali bahaya potensial yang ada dan
menentukan karakteristiknya
Identifikasi potensi bahaya terkait
aktivitas kerja;

Berkaitan dengan aktivitas dari setiap

proses;

Dilakukan melalui spot hazards, brain

storming dan konsekuensi yg
ditimbulkannya.
IDENTIFIKASI DAN MENCARI POTENSI BAHAYA

KENAL DAN AMATI

SEKELILING
TEMPAT KERJA, PERIKSA CATATAN
PERHATIKAN KASUS
PERUBAHAN YANG KECELAKAAN
TERJADI KERJA

CARI INFORMASI PERIKSA SOP DAN

MENGENAI MSDS
KONDISI TEMPAT
KERJA
Identifikasi potensi bahaya terkait aktivitas kerja
Dgn mempertimbangkan :

Electrical and
Method of Manual material
mechanical
work; handling;
hazards;

Machinery or
Temporary
Chemical plant
structure
hazards; (unguarded
(scaffolds)
machine);

Layout and
Environmental
location
Conditions;
equipment etc
 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE

• Incident Data
Increasing Level of Effort Required

• Checklist Analysis
• Brainstorming
• Job Safety Analysis
• What if
• Guideword Analysis
• Hazard and Operability Study
• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
• Task Analysis
• Event Tree
• Fault Tree
• etc
Tipe “Hazard”

Physical Chemical

Biological Ergonomic
Physical Chemical

Physical Hazard
Biological Ergonomic

Noise/Kebisingan

Vibration/getaran

Radiasi (ionizing or non-ionizing)

Temperatur (tinggi atau rendah)

Tekanan, Viskositas, Ketinggian

Listrik (voltase tinggi, energi listrik)

Benda tajam, licin, benda kasar

Peralatan yang berpindah seperti :

forklift
Physical Chemical

Chemical Hazard
Biological Ergonomic

Type of chemicals:

Route:
Explosives
Flammable
liquids
Inhalation
Corrosives Skin
Oxidizing materials Absorption
Toxic
Ingestion

carcinogenic
mutagenic Injection
teratogenic
substances
water reactive
Physical Chemical

Biological Hazard
Biological Ergonomic

Type

Route :
Biological wastes (blood, fluids, etc)
Airborne
Drugs (antibiotics, marijuana)
Bloodborne
Contact
Genetically-engineered materials
Fecal-oral
Foodborne
Viruses, bacteria Animal-
borne
Fungi, molds
Insect-borne
Parasites, insects

Poisonous or diseased plants, animals

Physical Chemical

Ergonomic Hazard
Biological Ergonomic

Physical

Environmental

Psycho-Social
 Ergonomic Hazards

Physical Environmental Psycho-Social

Poor work, task design Poor lighting, glare Work-rest cycles

Repetitive motion Poor ventilation Violence, discrimination

Prolonged sitting Poor temperature control Extraneous stress

Poor layout Poor humidity control Uneven workload

Poor posture, excessive bending Lack of personal space, privacy

Improper lifting and handling, overload Poor inter-staff relationships

Poorly designed tools and equipment Negative company culture

Monotonous, repetitive work

STEPS IN CONDUCTING RISK ASSESSMENT

Preparation Risk Evaluation Record Keeping

Hazards Risk Control Implementation,

Identification Monitoring and
Review
TUJUAN PENILAIAN RISIKO

Untuk mengetahui, memahami dan

mengukur risiko yang terdapat di
tempat kerja
Untuk melakukan penilaian finansial
dan risiko

Untuk mengendalikan risiko

Pendekatan terhadap penilaian resiko
Assess risk

Analyse the risks Identifikasi bahaya

Tentukan siapa yang mungkin terkena bahaya dan

Evaluate the risks bagaimana caranya

Evaluasi resiko dan tentukan apakah kontrol yang

sudah ada sesuai atau perlu lebih banyak lagi

Catat temuan anda

Review penilaian anda dan revisi jika diperlukan

Metode Risk Assessment
TETAPKAN KONSEKUENSI
DAN
KEMUNGKINAN KEJADIAN

SIAPA YANG MELAKUKAN

Tetapkan siapa yang PENILAIAN RISIKO???
akan cidera • Dapat dilakukan oleh
manager/supervisor/ ahli
• Pekerja K3 di perusahaan ybs.
baru/magang/hamil/wani • Dapat dilakukan oleh pihak
ta ketiga.
• Petugas • Memahami
MSDS/Label/informasi
kebersihan/tamu/ tempat kerja.
kontraktor/teknisi • Kualifikasi yang melakukan
•Bagaimana proses
Masyarakat lainnya :
kejadiannya – Memahami peraturan peruu.
K3
– Memiliki keahlian di bidang
K3
Penilaian Risiko
Notes :
Risk • Likelihood : used as a general description of
probability or frequency
Formula : R = P(L) x C(S) • Probability : a measure of the chance of
occurrence expressed as a number
between 0 and 1
Consequences/Severity/
Probability/Likelihood (AS/NZS 4360:2004-1.3.6)
Impact/Tingkat
/Kemungkinan
Keparahan
likelihood yang lebih consequences lebih menitikberatkan pada
menitikberatkan pada receptor (penerima) dari risiko ketika sumber
sumber risiko risiko gagal untuk dikontrol.

1. Likelihood memberikan indikator pada seberapa sering potensi risiko bakal muncul
2. Likelihood "selalu" menjadi parameter mengenai kemunculan atas potensi risiko.
3. Likelihood kerapkali diterjemahkan dalam bentuk bahasa lain seperti :
✓ seberapa sering penyimpangan suatu aktifitas/proses terjadi
✓ seberapa sering suatu abnormal peralatan terjadi
✓ seberapa sering "shutdown" suatu sistem terjadi dan lain sebagainya.

Seberapa sering atau seberapa banyak merupakan "ukuran" yang harus dikontrol oleh suatu
aktifitas/sistem yang sesuai sebagai risk controlnya
Penilaian Risiko (2)
Risk
Formula : R = P(L) x C(S)
Probability/Likelihood
/Kemungkinan
likelihood yang lebih
menitikberatkan pada
sumber risiko
Notes :
• Likelihood : used as a general description of
probability or frequency
• Probability : a measure of the chance of
occurrence expressed as a number
between 0 and 1
Consequences/Severity/
(AS/NZS 4360:2004-1.3.6)
Impact/Tingkat
Keparahan
consequences lebih menitikberatkan pada
receptor (penerima) dari risiko ketika sumber
risiko gagal untuk dikontrol.

Satuan yang biasa dipergunakan disini adalah seberapa parah dampak yang diterima
oleh suatu sistem (bisa orang, bisa peralatan, dan bisa juga lingkungan) ketika
sumber risiko "lepas" menjadi risiko.
Sebagai contoh :
1. Seberapa parah dampak yang diterima oleh receptor (orang, aset, atau
lingkungan) ketika overpressure (sumber risiko) berubah (lepas) menjadi
ledakan (risiko)
2. Seberapa besar dampak ketika LFL - Lower Flammability Limit (sumber risiko)
berubah (lepas) menjadi flash fire (risiko).
Penilaian Risiko (3)
Risk
Formula : R = P(L) x C(S)
Probability/Likelihood
/Kemungkinan
Ukuran Penyebab (3 Factors)
Unsafe Act, Unsafe Condition
& Lack of Management
Controls
Notes :
1. Likelihood membutuhkan
konsistensi dan fokus
2. consequences membutuhkan
kesiapsiagaan dan response.
Consequences/Severity/
Impact/Tingkat
Keparahan
Ukuran Akibat (Sasaran & Target)
PARE ( People, Assest, Reputation &
Environment)

ROI (Return of Investment) or CBA (Cost Benefit Analysis)

• Total Risk = worst case scenario, without considering existing program or reliability
• Residual Risk = Total Risk – Existing program (reliability)
Probability of Failure (PoF) & Probability of Survive (PoS)
• Residual Risk = Reliability/Consequences
Total Risk = Probability of Failure (PoF) x Consequences of Failure (CoF)
 HAZARD PROBABILITY MATRIX LEVEL
CLASSIFICATION PROBABILITY
DESCRIPTION LEVEL SPECIFIC INDIVIDUAL ITEM
S E D C B A
PREQUENT A Likely to occur frequent E
V IV 1 1 2 2 2
PROBABLE B Will occur several times
E III 1 2 3 3 3
OCCASIONAL C Likely to occur sometime
R
REMOTE D Unlikely but possible to occur I II 2 2 3 4 4
IMPROBABLE E So unlikely
T
I 3 3 4 4 5
Y
HAZARD SEVERITY MATRIX LEVEL OF RISK
CLASSIFICATION 1 : NEGLIGIBLE DANGER – Corrective action optional
DESCRIPTION CATEGORY MISHAP DEFINITION
2 : MINOR DANGER – Safety devices or Procedural controls
Catastrophic I Death or System Loss required

Critical II Severe Injury, severe 3 : MODERATE DANGER – Engineering or Safety devices or

occ. illness or major Procedural controls required
system damage
Marginal III Minor injury, minor occ. 4 : SERIOUS DANGER – Engineering&Safety devices required
Illness or minor system
damage 5 : IMMINENT DANGER – Immediate engineering corrective
action required
Negligible IV Less than minor
injury,occ.illness or
system damage
ACTION TO REDUCE OR PROCEDURE TO
CONTROL LIKELIHOOD REDUCE OR CONTROL
CONSEQUENCES
Audit and compliance program

Contract conditions Contingency plan

Formal review of requirements, specifications,

design, engineering and operations Contractual arrangement

Inspection and process control Contract condition

Preventive maintenance
Design features

Structured training and other programms

Disaster recovery plan

Supervision
Engineering and Structural barrier

Testing
Minimizing exposure to sources of risk

Technical control
Separation or relocation of an activity
and resources
Research and development, technological
development
PREDICTIVE HAZARD EVALUATION
SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION

HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION

ACCIDENT ACCIDENT
PROBABILITIES CONSEQUENCES
ESTIMATION ESTIMATION

RISK
DETERMINATION
NO
RISK MODIFY
ACCEPTANCES SYSTEM
YES ACCEPTABLE RISK
OPERATE Risk that has been reduced to a level that can
SYSTEM be tolerated by the organization having regard
to its legal obligations and own OHS policy”
STEPS IN CONDUCTING RISK ASSESSMENT

4
Preparation Risk Evaluation Record Keeping

Hazards Risk Control Implementation,

Identification Monitoring and
Review
RISK CONTROL
Bagian dari risk management yang melibatkan penerapan
kebijakan, standar, prosedur dan perubahan-perubahan
fisik untuk mengeliminasi atau meminimumkan gangguan
risiko.
Moderate risk :
High risk : senior management
management responsibility
attention needed; must be
specified;

Extreme risk : Low risk : manage

immediate action by routine
required; procedures

Risk
 Reasonably Practicable

Yang harus dipertimbangkan :

• Keparahan yang ditimbulkan (severity of hazard)
• Informasi sumber bahaya yang akan dikendalikan
(knowledge of hazard)
• Ketersediaan tindakan pengendalian yang layak
(availability of suitable control measures)
• Biaya tindakan pengendalian (cost of control
measures)
HIERARCHY OF RISK CONTROL
Highest Most
SAFE DESIGN
ELIMINATION

SUBSTITUTION
Level of Protection

ENGINEERING

Reliability
CONTROL
ADMINISTRATIVE

SAFE WORKER
CONTROL

PPE
Lowest Least
HIERARCHY OF RISK CONTROL
Long Most
Term ELIMINATION Preferred

SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING
CONTROL

ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL

PPE
Short Least
Term Preferred
 HIERARCHY OF RISK CONTROL

Most ELIMINATION
Effective If not possible

SUBSTITUTION

If not possible

ENGINEERING

If not possible

ADMINISTRATION

If not possible
Least
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Effective
 IMPLEMENTING
THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Process Example
Person

Hazard
(Energy Source)
Energy Path

Control at Source Control on Path Control by Person

• Design • Separation • Administration

• Eliminate • Engineering • Personal
• Substitution • Isolation Protective
• Redesign Equipment

Example : Noise
•Use bolts instead of rivets •Acoustic hood •Job Rotation
•Or buy a quieter machine •Vibration isolators •Earplugs
•Distance •Earmuffs
 ELIMINATION

If not possible

SUBSTITUTION

If not possible Good

engineering
Pneumatic design
mechanical
ENGINEERING lifting

If not possible Supplier

handling

ADMINISTRATION

If not possible

The most Effective Method

PERSONAL PROTECTION
 ELIMINATION

If not possible

SUBSTITUTION

If not possible

ENGINEERING

If not possible

ADMINISTRATION

If not possible

PERSONAL PROTECTION
 ELIMINATION

If not possible

SUBSTITUTION Close Potential hazard

If not possible • ISOLATION
• Isolate hazardous job / area / time e.g.
dust isolated area, welding, chemical
ENGINEERING stores
• ENCLOSURE
If not possible • eg. : noise, guarding
VENTILATION
ADMINISTRATION
• prevent workplace from heat, cold,
dry, wet
If not possible
• prevent workplace from air
contamination Ventilation should
combine with other control method
PERSONAL PROTECTION
e.g. use of flexible piping on welding
fumes
 ELIMINATION Administration

If not possible
( 5S/5R )

SUBSTITUTION
Maintenance
If not possible
Job design
ENGINEERING
Training
If not possible

Safety sign
ADMINISTRATION

If not possible SOP

Working
PERSONAL PROTECTION Instruction
 ELIMINATION

If not possible

SUBSTITUTION

If not possible

ENGINEERING

If not possible

ADMINISTRATION

If not possible

PERSONAL PROTECTION
Selection of Control
Technological options, Legal and
other requirements, Business,
Views of interested parties, risk

Low probability of failure or

non- compliance

Low Cost/Benefit(Risk
reduction) ratio

Cost little to implement or

comply and maintain

Effectively reduces the

probability or severity of
accidents

As low as reasonable and

practicable(ALARP)
 TOLERABILITY LEVELS
Cost of Risk Reduction

Risk
Level
Not acceptable

ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable (Practicable)

ALARP
Best Practicable Technology
Best Available Technology
Negligible

Risk never zero

Time
Money $
Effort
Investment