Komputasi dan Simulasi

Transport Neutron
Coaching Neutronik 2008
Computational Division
PPIN – BATAN

last edited : august 6th 2007

Pendahuluan
 Masalah utama dalam fisika reaktor
nuklir adalah penentuan distribusi
neutron dalam teras reaktor.
 Distribusi neutron menentukan laju
terjadinya berbagai reaksi nuklir
dalam teras reaktor.
 Dengan memahami keadaan
populasi neutron maka stabilitas dari
reaksi fisi berantai dapat diprediksi
dengan baik.
Proses transport neutron..
 Untuk menentukan distribusi neutron
dalam teras reaktor kita harus
memahami dengan baik proses
transport neutron.
 Yaitu proses yang terjadi selama
neutron bergerak dalam teras
reaktor, yang melibatkan berbagai
interaksi neutron dengan inti
penyusun teras reaktor berupa
tumbukan hingga akhirnya neutron
hilang karena diserap atau keluar
dari teras reaktor.
Proses difusi..
 Kebanyakan studi neutronik teras
reaktor memperlakukan gerak
neutron sebagai proses difusi.
 Dimana diasumsikan bahwa neutron
cendrung untuk berdifusi dari daerah
dengan densitas neutron tinggi ke
daerah dengan densitas neutron
lebih rendah, seperti difusi panas
dari daerah bertemperatur tinggi ke
temperatur rendah.
Keterbatasan ‘difusi’..

 Namun,berbeda dengan
penanganan difusi pada
konduksi panas dan gas yang
yang memberikan simulasi yang
akurat, pendekatan difusi
terhadap transport neutron
memiliki validitas yang terbatas.
Diffusion’s limitation..(cont’d)
 The reason for this failure is easily
understood when it is noted that in
most diffusion process the diffusing
particles are characterized by very
frequent collisions that give rise to
very irregular, almost random, zigzag
trajectories.
 However, the cross-section for
neutron-nuclear collisions is quite
small (about 10-24 cm2). Hence
neutron tend to stream relatively
large distances between interactions.
Diffusion’s limitation..(cont’d)
 The mean free path (mfp)
characterizing fast neutrons is
typically on the order of centimeters.
 And the dimensions characterizing
changes in reactor core composition
are usually comparable to a neutron
mfp. (noted that a reactor fuel pin is
typically about 1 cm in diameter).
 Hence, it is required a more accurate
description of neutron transport that
takes into account the relatively long
neutron mfp and neutron streaming.
Diffusion’s limitation..(cont’d)

 In practical problem, neutron

diffusion theory is invalid near
the boundary of a reactor, or
near a highly absorbing material
such as a fuel rod or control
element.
More accurate ???

 Such a description has been

borrowed from the kinetic theory of
rarefied gases (which are also
characterized by long mfp).
 The fundamental equation describing
dilute gases was first proposed more
than one century ago by Boltzmann,
and even today the Boltzmann
equation remain the principal tool of
the gas dynamicist.
Neutron transport equation
 Its counter part for the neutron “gas” called ‘neutron
transport equation’.
 It is far simpler than Boltzmann equation. Where it
is linear equation while the boltzmann equation is
non linear equation.
 Neutron transport equation is much simpler to
derive, requiring only the concept of neutron
conservation plus a bit of vector calculus, and
easier to understand than the neutron diffusion
equation.
 It is far more fundamental and exact description of
the neutron population in reactor, indeed, it is the
fundamental cornerstone on which all of the various
approximate methods used in nuclear reactor
analysis are based.
Transport problem..
 But, neutron transport theory has
come to be associated with a
hideous plethora of impenetrable
mathematics, unwieldy formulas, and
the expenditure of enourmos
amounts of money on computer
number-crunching.
 It is usually very dificult to solve the
transport equation for any but
simplest modeled problems
But..
 However that is quite all right, since it is not
the intent to attack the transport equation
head on (for a while).
 Rather the job of the reactor analyst is to
develop suitable (calculationally feasible
and accurate) approximation to it.
 Usually, only by comparing these various
approximation theories to the transport
equation from which they originated can
one really assess their range of validity.
 The effort in understanding the neutron
transport equation will provide one with a
much deeper and more thorough
understanding of the approximate methods
Some Introductory Concept
Neutron Density and Flux
 Start by defining the neutron density
N(r,t) at any point in reactor core by
N(r,t) d3r ≡ expected number of
neutrons in d3r about r at a time t.
 It is a statistical theory in which only
mean or average values are
calculated.
 The neutron density N(r,t) is of
interest because it allows us to
calculate the rate at which nuclear
reactions are occuring at any point in
the reactor.
Neutron Density and Flux (cont’d)

 Let us suppose that all the neutrons

in the reactor have the same speed
ν.
 The frequency with which a neutron
will experience a given neutron-
nuclear reaction in terms of the
macrocospic cross section
characteizing that reaction Σ and the
neutron speed v is
vΣ = interaction frequency
Neutron Density and Flux (cont’d)

 Hence, the reaction-rate density

F(r,t) at any point in the system is
defined by multiplying the neutron
density N(r,t) by the interaction
frequency vΣ :
F(r,t) d3r ≡ vΣ N(r,t) d3r
≡ expected rate at
which interactions are
occuring in d3r about r at
a time t.
Neutron Density and Flux (cont’d)

 Example :
Neutron density of N=108 cm-3 in a
graphite medium where its total
cross section Σt=0.385 cm-1, neutron
speed 2.2x105 cm/sec. We would
find a reaction rate density of
8.47x1012 reactions/cm3/sec. In this
particular case, most of these
reactions would consist of scattering
collisions.
Neutron Density and Flux (cont’d)

 These concept can easily be

extended to the case in which the
neutron density is different for
various neutron energies E by
defining :
N(r,E,t) d3r dE ≡ expected number of
neutrons in d3r about r, energies in
dE about E, at time t.
 Also the reaction rate density
F(r,t) d3r dE ≡ vΣ(E) N(r,E,t) d3r dE
Neutron Density and Flux (cont’d)

 The product vN(r,t) occurs very

frequently in reactor theory, and
therefore it is given a special name
Φ(r,t) ≡ vN(r,t) ≡ neutron flux
 Its unit is [cm-2 sec-1]
 Noted that neutron fux is scalar
quantity not as others definition of
flux in electromagnetic or heat
conduction.
Angular Densities and Currents

 So far, we already use three variable

to characterize the state of individual
neutron; the neutron position (r), its
energy (E), and the time (t) at which
the neutron is observed.
 Yet, notice that to specify the state of
the neutron, we must also give its
direction of motion characterized by
the unit vector Ω=v/|v|.
Angular Densities and Currents
(cont’d)
 By introducing this new variable lets
generalize the concept of density by
defining the angular neutron density :
n(r,E,Ω,t) d3r dE dΩ = expected
number of neutrons in d3r about r,
energy dE about E, moving in
direction Ω in solid angle dΩ at time
t.
 This is the most general neutron density
function we need to define since it happens
that one can derive an essential exact
equation, the neutron transport equation,
for the angular neutron density n(e,E,Ω,t).
Angular Densities and Currents
(cont’d)
 Angular neutron flux
φ(r,E,Ω,t) ≡ v n(e,E,Ω,t)
 Angular current density
j(r,E,Ω,t) ≡ vΩn(e,E,Ω,t)
≡ Ωφ(r,E,Ω,t)
 Notice that since Ω is a unit vector, the
angular flux is actually nothing more
than the magnitude of the angular
current density.
|j|=|Ω|φ = φ
Angular Densities and Currents
(cont’d)
 The angular current density has a
useful physical interpretation.
j(r,E,Ω,t) dA dE dΩ ≡ expected
number of neutrons passing through
an area dA per unit time with eergy E
in dE, direction Ω in dΩ at time t.
 We can also define an angular
interaction rate
f(r,E,Ω,t) = v Σ(r,E) n(e,E,Ω,t)
= Σ(r,E) φ(r,E,Ω,t)
Angular Densities and Currents
(cont’d)
 All of the angle-dependent quantities
can be related to the earlier definition
by simply integrating over the
angular variables.
 For neutron density :
N(r,E,t) = ∫4πdΩ n(e,E,Ω,t)
further
N(r,t) = ∫0∞ dE N(r,E,t)
= ∫0∞ dE ∫4πdΩ n(e,E,Ω,t)
Angular Densities and Currents
(cont’d)
 For neutron flux
Φ(r,E,t) = ∫4πdΩ φ(e,E,Ω,t)
and
Φ(r,t) = ∫0∞ dE Φ(r,E,t)
= ∫0∞ dE ∫4πdΩ φ(e,E,Ω,t)
Angular Densities and Currents
(cont’d)
 For neutron current
J(r,E,t) = ∫4πdΩ j(e,E,Ω,t)
J(r,E,t) is called neutron current
density. Also,
J(r,t) = ∫0∞ dE J(r,E,t)
= ∫0∞ dE ∫4πdΩ j(e,E,Ω,t)
More about J(r,t) and Φ(r,t)
 Notice that J(r,t) is actually what would be
reffered to as the ‘flux’ in other fields of
physics, since if we have a small area dA
at a position r, then
J(r,t).dA = net rate at which neutrons pass
through a surface area dA.
 The unit of both J(r,t) and Φ(r,t) are
identical [cm-2 .sec-1].
 However, J is a vector quantity that
characterize the net rate at which neutrons
pass through a surface oriented in a given
direction, whereas Φ simply characterize
the totalrate at which neutron pass through
a unit area, regardless of orientation.
More about J(r,t) and Φ(r,t)
 Such an interpretation would suggest
that J is a more convenient quantity
for describing neutron leakage or
flow , while Φ is more suitable for
characterizing neutron reaction rates
in which the total number of neutron
interactions in a sample is of interest.
 Although the angular flux and current
density are very simply related, we
will find that there is no simple
analogous relationship between J
and Φ.
Persamaan Transport Neutron
Pendahuluan
 Persamaan yang
menggambarkan kerapatan
neutron angular pada sistem
nuklir akan diturunkan dengan
melakukan akuntansi terhadap
proses-proses yang dapat
memunculkan neutron dan
menghilangkan neutron dari
sembarang volume v dalam
sistem.
 Neutron pada volume v
 Untuk sembarang volume V, jumlah
neutron dengan energi E dalam dE,
dengan arah Ω dalam dΩ dalam V
adalah
( ∫ n(r, E, Ωˆ , t)d r )dE ⋅ dΩˆ
3
V
 Laju perubahannya terhadap waktu
diberikan oleh kesetimbangan berikut
∂
∂t
(∫ n(r, E, Ωˆ , t )d r )dE ⋅ dΩˆ = muncul pada V – hilang dari V
V
3

 Bila volume V diasumsikan tidak u/ simpifikasi

bergantung waktu, maka notasi

variabel
dihilangkan

∂
∂t
(∫ n(r, E, Ωˆ , t )d r )dE ⋅ dΩˆ =  ∫ ∂∂nt d
V
3
V
3 

ˆ
r dE ⋅ dΩ
Mekanisme pada volume V
 Mekanisme neutron ‘muncul’ :
1. sumber neutron dalam volume V
2. neutron yang terhambur dengan variabel
akhir E,Ω dari sembarang E’, Ω’.
(ruang energi dan arah)
3. neutron masuk volume V melalui
permukaan S.(ruang spasial)

 Mekanisme neutron ‘hilang’ :

4. neutron bocor melalui permukaan S.
5. neutron dalam V (dengan variabel E, Ω)
mengalami tumbukan sehingga
variabelnya menjadi E’, Ω’.
Mekanisme Neutron Muncul

1.Sumber neutron pada V,

dengan definisi sumber berikut

( )
ˆ , t d 3 r ⋅ dE ⋅ dΩ
s r, E, Ω ˆ

Maka suku sumber dinyatakan sbb:

[∫ (
V
ˆ 3
) ] ˆ
s r , E , Ω, t d r dE ⋅ dΩ
 Mekanisme Neutron Muncul

2. Neutron muncul karena tumbukan

dan terhambur ke ‘ruang’ V.
Laju neutron terhambur dari suatu ruang (E,Ω)
ke (E’, Ω’) adalah

[∫ υ '⋅Σ ( E ' → E, Ωˆ ' → Ωˆ ) ⋅ n(r, E, Ωˆ , t )d r ]dE ⋅ dΩˆ

V
s
3

Karena harus diperhitungkan neutron dari

semua ‘ruang’ lain maka

 3
( ( ) ( )) 
∞

 ∫V d r ∫4dπ Ωˆ ' ∫ dE ' υ '⋅Σ s E ' → E , Ωˆ ' → Ωˆ ⋅ n r , E , Ωˆ , t  dE ⋅ dΩˆ

 0 
Mekanisme Neutron ‘hilang’

5. Neutron yang terhambur ke ‘ruang’

lain dari V. Laju neutron mengalami
interaksi adalah
( ) (
f t r , E , Ωˆ , t = υ ⋅ Σ t ( r , E ) ⋅ n r , E , Ωˆ , t )
Maka neutron yang terhambur ke ‘ruang’ V
dinyatakan sebagai berikut

[∫ υ ⋅ Σ ( r, E ) ⋅ n(r, E, Ωˆ , t )d r ]dE ⋅ dΩˆ

V
t
3
 Mekanisme ‘hilang’+’muncul’
(3+4) Bocor kedalam dan keluar volume V
digabung.
Dengan konsep rapat arus angular j, maka laju
pada E,Ω akan bocor dari permukaan dS adalah
( )
ˆ , t ⋅ dS = υ ⋅ Ω
j r, E, Ω (
ˆ ⋅ n r, E, Ω )
ˆ , t ⋅ dS

Untuk seluruh permukaan, total bocor keluar dan

masuk,
∫
S
dS υ
⋅ ⋅ Ω (
ˆ ⋅ n r, E, Ω
ˆ ,t )
∫ dS ⋅A(r ) = ∫ ( d r∇ ⋅ A(r ))
Dari pers. Gauss berikut 3

[∫ dS ⋅υ ⋅ Ωˆ ⋅ n( r, E, Ωˆ , t )]dE ⋅ dΩˆ = ∫ d r(∇ ⋅ υ ⋅ Ωˆ ⋅ n( r, E, Ωˆ , t ))dE ⋅ dΩˆ

Didapat, S V

3
S V

Atau
V ∫
3
d r (υ ⋅ ˆ ⋅ ∇ n( r , E , Ωˆ , t ) )dE ⋅ dΩˆ
Ω
 Total semua mekanisme
 Dengan mensubstitusi semuanya ke
pers. Awal diperoleh :
 ∂n  

( )
∞

∫V d r  ∂t + υ ⋅ Ω ⋅ ∇n + υ ⋅ Σt ⋅ n − ∫0 dE ' ∫4π dΩ' v'⋅Σs ( E ' → E , Ω → Ω' ) ⋅ n  − s dE ⋅ dΩˆ = 0

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
3

 

Karena volume V sembarang maka integran diatas harus nol.

Maka didapat hubungan kesetimbangan

berikut :

( )
∞
∂n
+ υ ⋅ Ωˆ ⋅ ∇ n + υ ⋅ Σ t ⋅ n(r , E , Ωˆ , t ) = ∫ dE ' ∫ dΩˆ ' v'⋅Σ s ( E ' → E , Ωˆ → Ωˆ ' )n(r , E , Ωˆ , t ) + s(r , E , Ωˆ , t )
∂t 0
4π
 Formulasi
Persamaan Transpor
 Dengan menggunakan notasi fluks angular
maka persamaan transport biasa ditulis
sbb:

( )
∞
1 ∂ϕ ˆ
+ Ω ⋅ ∇ ϕ + Σ t (r , E ) ⋅ ϕ (r , E , Ωˆ , t ) = ∫ dE ' ∫ dΩˆ ' Σ s ( E ' → E , Ωˆ → Ωˆ ' )ϕ (r , E , Ωˆ , t ) + s(r , E , Ωˆ , t )
υ ∂t 0
4π

Dimana :
ˆ ,0) = ϕ (r , E , Ω
ϕ (r , E , Ω ˆ , t)
-Syarat awal : 0

- Syarat batas : ˆ , t) = 0
ϕ (rs , E , Ω

Bila ˆ • eˆ < 0
Ω u/ semua rs pada S
Mis.Syarat batas s
vakum
Persamaan Diffusi
Satu Energi
 Dengan akuntansi yang sama, untuk
asumsi satu energi diperoleh
persamaan berikut
3  1 ∂φ 
∫V υ ∂t
d r − S + Σ a φ + ∇ ⋅ J =0

Sehingga 1 ∂φ
= −∇ ⋅ J − Σ aφ + S
υ ∂t
Dari pers. Diatas, untuk dapat diselesaikan lebih
lanjut diperlukan hubungan antara J dan Φ. Ini
diberikan oleh Hukum Fick’s berikut

J ( r , t ) ≅ − D(r )∇ ⋅ φ (r , t )
Konstanta
diffusi
Persamaan Diffusi
Satu Energi

 Setelah disubstitusikan kembali

maka diperoleh
1 ∂φ
− ∇ ⋅ D(r )∇φ (r , t ) + Σ a (r )φ (r , t ) = S (r , t )
υ ∂t

 Untuk D yang homogen : Pers.Difusi

1 ∂φ Satu Grup
− D∇ 2φ (r , t ) + Σ a (r )φ (r , t ) = S (r , t )
υ ∂t
 Lebih jauh, untuk masalah statis :
− D∇ 2φ (r ) + Σ a (r )φ (r ) = S (r )
Persamaan Helmholtz
 Pers.Difusi : Kasus 1-D
 Untuk satu dimensi (mis.X)
maka
d 2φ
− D 2 + Σ aφ ( x) = S (r )
dx
φ (0) = φ (a) = 0
 Diskritisasi ruang, operator diff.
menjadi :
dφ 2d φ
2
φ i + 1 ≡ φ ( xi + 1 ) = φ i + ∆ + ∆ 2 + ...
dx i dx i
d 2φ φi +1 − 2φi + φi −1
≅
dφ 2d φ
2 2
dx i ∆2
φ i −1 ≡ φ ( xi −1 ) = φi − ∆ +∆ 2
− ...
dx i dx i
Pers.Difusi : Kasus 1-D

 Setelah substitusi diperoleh,

 φi +1 − 2φi + φi −1 
− D  + Σ aφi = S i
 ∆ 2

Dengan pengaturan variabel :
D  2D  D
− 2 φi −1 +  2 + Σa φi − 2 φi +1 = S i
∆ ∆  ∆
Atau (untuk i=1,2,…,N-1)

ai ,i −1φi −1 + ai ,iφi + ai ,i +1φi +1 = S i

Aφ = S A  matriks (n-1)x(N-1)
Φ,S vektor kolom (N-1)
Bentuk lebih umum u/ 1-D
 Pers.diff umum 1-D pada geometri
bidang datar :
d dφ
− D( x) + Σ a ( x)φ ( x) = S ( x)
dx dx
 Cara memecahkan persamaan ini
terbagi kedalam dua langkah :
1. menurunkan persamaaan beda
(diskritisasi).
2. menyelesaikan persamaan beda
dengan algoritma tertentu.
Diskritisasi
 Metoda umum untuk memperoleh
pers.beda (difference eq.) adalah dengan
melakukan integrasi terhadap pers.diff
pada sembarang mesh interval.

 Integrasi dari tiap suku pers.diff dilakukan

terhadap mesh interval berikut :

∆i ∆ i +1
xi − xi +
2 2

x i −1 xi x i +1
Integrasi tiap suku
suku sumber dan penyerapan

 Suku sumber
∆
xi + i +1
2
∆ ∆ 1 
∫∆ ⋅ ≅ +
i i+
dx S ( x ) S i  
 2 2 
xi − i
2

 Suku penyerapan
∆
xi + i +1
2
∆i ∆i +1 
∫∆ a
dx ⋅
Σ ( x )φ( x ) ≅ Σ φ
ai i 
 2
+
2 

x − i
i
2
Integrasi tiap suku
suku bocor

 Suku bocor :
∆ ∆
xi + i +1 xi + i +1
2
d dφ dφ 2

∆
∫dx ⋅ dx
D( x)
dx
≅ D( x)
dx xi −∆i
xi − i 2
2

Suku ini memerlukan beberapa langkah detail berikut :

∆i +1
dφ φ i +1 − φ i xi +
2
≅
dx xi +
∆ i +1 ∆ i +1 xi x i +1
2

∆i
dφ φi − φ−1i xi −
≅ 2

dx xi −
∆i ∆i
2 x i −1 xi
Integrasi tiap suku
suku bocor

 Untuk nilai D,
 ∆  1
D xi + i +1  = [ Di +1 + Di ] ≡ Di ,i +1
 2  2

 ∆  1
D xi − i  = [ Di −1 + Di ] ≡ Di ,i −1
 2  2

 Sehingga total suku bocor,

∆ i +1
xi +
2
d dφ Di ,i −1  Di ,i +1 Di ,i −1  Di ,i +1
∫∆dx ⋅ dx D( x) dx ≅ ∆ i φi −1 −  ∆ i +1 + ∆ i φi + ∆ i +1 φi +1
i
xi −
2
Hasil integrasi
 Substitusi hasil integrasi terhadap
pers.diffusi awal sbb:
ai ,i −1φi −1 + ai ,iφi + ai ,i +1φi +1 = S i
Dimana koefisiennya adalah
 Di + Di −1  1
a i ,i −1 = −
 
 ∆ +∆
 ∆i  i i +1

 D + Di Di −1 + Di  1
ai ,i = Σ a +  i +1 + 
 ∆ i +1 ∆i  ∆ i + ∆ i +1
 Di +1 + Di  1
ai ,i +1 = −
 
∆ +∆
 ∆i  i i +1

Diperoleh N -1 pers.beda tiga titik (three-point

difference equations) untuk N+1 variabel tak
diketahui yaitu Φ0,Φ1,…, ΦN.
Syarat batas
 Syarat batas umum dapat diberikan
sbb:
a 0, 0φ0 + a 0,1φ1 = S 0

a N , N −1φN −1 + a N , N φN = S N
Solusi ‘pers.differensial 3-titik’
 Persamaan terakhir yang kita
dapatkan adalah

A ⋅φ = S
Lebih eksplisitnya

 a11 a11 0  0  φ1   S1 
    
 a11 a11 a11  0  φ2   S 2 
 0 a11 a11  0  φ3  =  S 3 
    
     ⋅      
 0    
 0 0 ⋅ ⋅ φN −1   S N −1 
 Matrik tridiagonal dapat langsung
dipecahkan dengan eliminasi Gaussian.
Sehingga diperoleh matriks berikut :
1 A1 0 0  φ1   α1 
    
0 1 A2 0  φ2   α2 
0 0 1 A3  φ  = α 
  3   3 
⋅ 0 ⋅  ⋅      
0    
 0  0 1φN −1  αN −1 

dimana
a n , n +1 a1, 2
An = A1 =
a n,n + a n,n −1 An−1 a1,1

S n − a n ,n −1α n −1 s1
αn = α1 =
a n ,n − a n ,n −1 An −1 a1,1
 Maka, nilai fluks diperoleh dengan
substitusi kembali, dan diperoleh :

φ N −1 = α n −1
φ N − 2 = − AN − 2φ N − 1 + α N − 2 = − AN − 2α N − 1 + α N − 2
dst,
 Dekomposisi LU
 Secara formal yang telah dilakukan adalah
dekomposisi LU berikut
 a11 0 0 0 ⋅  1 A1 0 0 
  
 a 21 (a 22 − a 21 A1 ) 0 0 ⋅  0 1 A2 0 
A=  0 a32 (a33 − a32 A2 ) 0 ⋅  0 0 1 A3 
  
 0 0   ⋅  ⋅ 0 ⋅  ⋅
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅   0 0  0 1 

Sehingga penyelesaiannya sebagai berikut

A⋅φ = L ⋅U ⋅φ = S Forward
elimination
−1
U ⋅φ = L S = α
−1 −1 −1
Back A ⋅φ = U ⋅L ⋅S =U ⋅α
substitution
Perhitungan Kritikalitas

 Sekarang kita beralih kepada

perhitungan yang sangat
penting, yaitu tingkat kritikalitas
suatu sistem nuklir dengan
mengetahui komposisi bahan
dan geometrinya.
Pers.Difusi
 Persamaan Difusi yang harus
dipecahkan,misalnya (pada kasus
sederhana)
− D∇ φ (r ) + Σ a (r )φ (r ) = S (r )
2

 Pada perhitungan kritikalitas sumber

hanya diberikan dari reaksi fisi

− D∇ 2φ (r ) + Σ a (r )φ (r ) = υ Σ f φ ( r )
Mencari Kesetimbangan
 Untuk menentukan komposisi agar
diperoleh kesetimbangan maka
diberikanlah koefisien k berikut
1
− D∇ 2φ (r ) + Σ a (r )φ (r ) = υΣ f φ ( r )
k
 Cara lain … dengan menganggap v
variabel, dimana keadaan kritis dicapai
pada nilai v tertentu yaitu vC
− D∇ 2φ (r ) + Σ a (r )φ (r ) = υ C Σ f φ ( r )
 Hubungannya…
υ
k =
υC
Perhitungan Kritikalitas
 Secara sederhana persamaan yang
akan dipecahkan berbentuk
1
M ⋅φ = F ⋅φ
k
dengan
M ⋅ ≡ − D∇ 2 ⋅ +Σ a (r ) ⋅ Operator ‘destruksi’

F ⋅ = υΣ f (r ) ⋅ Operator ‘sumber’
Metoda iterasi
 Solusi dilakukan dengan metoda iterasi
berikut, diawali dengan memberi sumber
awal dan k tebakan.

S (r ) ≡ F ⋅ φ ≅ S ( 0) (r ) k ≅ k (0)
Lalu tentukan flux Φ(1) sbb :
1 (0)
M ⋅ φ (1) ≡ − D∇ 2 ⋅ φ (1) + Σ a (r ) ⋅ φ (1) = (1)
S
k
Dengan hasil diatas dapat kita hitung sumber
dan k baru sbb

S (1)
= F ⋅φ (1)
= υΣ f φ (1)
Bagan Algoritma
Input geometri dan
komposisi bahan

Tebak sumber
awal (S(0)) dan k(0)

Iterasi 1
Mφ ( n +1) = Fφ ( n +1)
dalam k (n)
S ( n +1) = F ⋅ φ ( n +1)
( n +1) ∫d
3
rS ( n +1) ( r ) Iterasi
k ≅
1
∫d luar
3
(n)
rS ( n ) ( r )
k

k ( n ) − k ( n −1) S ( n ) − S ( n −1)
< ε1 < ε2 No
k (n) S (n)
Yes
Keff
 Tim Java [Arya dan Sinta
AW,Aniq)
 Tim Visual Basic [Elfrida,Utaja]
 Tim Fortran [Marsodi, Sangadji]
 Tim MATLAB
[Mike,Entin,Wahyu,Dinan]
Eksplisit ‘Code programming’

 Input
 Solver
 Output
Input
INPUT

Geometri Panjang bahan Bil.riil L

Lebar partisi Bil.riil H

Material Pen.lintang Array 1-D Bil.riil pla[n], plf[n],

absorpsi,fisi, D[n]
konstanta difusi
Neutron per fisi Array 1-D bil.riil D[n]

Perhitungan Fluks awal Array 2-D bil.riil Fl[n,i]

K-awal Array Bil.riil K[i]

Solver

 Iterasi dalam
inloop(
 Iterasi luar
 Untuk memantapkan
pemahaman kita, mari kita
simak penjelasan untuk hal
yang sama dari pengembang
MCNP F.Brown dari Los Alamos
National Laboratory.