2. Distribusi
Pada keadaan kehamilan, volume plasma dan cairan
ekstraseluser ibu akan meningkat, dan mencapai 50% pada
akhir kehamilan.
Sebagai salah satu akibatnya obat-obat yang volume
distribusinya kecil, misalnya ampisilin akan ditemukan dalam
kadar yang rendah dalam darah, walaupun diberikan pada
dosis lazim.
Di samping itu, selama masa akhir kehamilan akan terjadi
perubahan kadar protein berupa penurunan albumin serum
sampai 20%.
3. Eliminasi
Pada akhir masa kehamilan akan terjadi peningkatan aliran darah ginjal
sampai dua kali lipat.
Sebagai akibatnya, akan terjadi peningkatan eliminasi obat-obat yang
terutama mengalami ekskresi di ginjal. Dengan meningkatnya aktivitas
mixed function oxidase, suatu sistem enzim yang paling berperan dalam
metabolisme hepatal obat, maka metabolisme obat-obat tertentu yang
mengalami olsidasi dengan cara ini (misalnya fenitoin,
Teratogenik
Obat/senyawa can cause congetinal deffect
on fetal
Terjadi jika ibu hamil mengkonsumsi obat ini
Contoh tragedi teratogenik: THALIDOMID
THALOMIDE
ones of the biggest medical tragedies of modern
times
It was introduced as a SEDATIVE in pregnant woman :
The baby were born with deformatives such as
AMELIA
PHOCOMELIA
CARDIAC ANOMALIS
EYE DEFECT
PHOCOMELIA - AMELIA
WHAT IS TERATOGENIC
DAHULU:
Teratogenic is used to describe drugs which capable of damaging fetus.
(=mailformation=dysmorphogenic= congenital anomaly)
TERATOLOGI
The study of congenital malformations,
observe grossly at birth, induced by exogenous
agent during the organogenesis periode
WHAT IS TERATOGENIC
SEKARANG
TERATOGENICS
Describes
any
adverse
effects
(morphological,
biochemichal, functional, behaviours, induced during
fetal life and detected at birth or later).
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
Including:
loss of pregnancy/abortus
structural abnormalities
growth impairment/gangguan pertumbuhan
decreased organ functional
Metabolite
PLACENTA
FETUS
RECEPTOR
ANNION
LIPID SOLUBILITY
- Lipophilic drugs tend to diffuse readily across the placenta.
FE: thiopental
infant : sedation
apnea
- Complete ionized at physiologic pH
FE: aspirin
2.
UKURAN MOLEKUL
The molecular weight of drug also influences the rate and amount of
drug transfer across the placenta.
Mwof 250-500 : cancross the placenta easily
500-1000 : difficult
>>>1000 : very poorly
FE : HEPARIN (high Mw)
: safely for pregnant
WARFARIN (Low Mw) : Teratogenic
(chondrodysplasla,CNS, malformation,
risk of bleeding)
3.
PLACENTA TRANSPORTERS
During the last decade, many drug transporters have been identified
in placenta.
FE : BCRP transporter
4.
PROTEIN BINDING
The degree of which a drug is bound to plasma proteins, may also
effect the rate of transfer and amount transfered.
FE : PROPYLTHIOURACIL
(strong protein bound)
Thiomides
recommended
not recommended
Kategori A
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI A (nama generik):
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) *masuk kategori C jika
dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Doxylamine,
Ergocalciferol *masuk kategori D jika dosisnya
melebihi US RDA*, Folic acid *masuk kategori C
jika dosisnya melebihi 0,8 mg per hari*,
Hydroxocobalamine *masuk kategori C jika
dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Liothyronine,
Nystatin vaginal sup *masuk kategori C jika
digunakan per oral dan topikal*,
Kategori A
Pantothenic acid *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya
melebihi US RDA*, Potassium chloride, Potassium
citrate, Potassium gluconate, Pyridoxine (vitamin
B6), Riboflavin *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya
melebihi US RDA*, Thiamine (vitamin B1) *masuk
kategori C jika dosisnya melebihi US RDA*,
Thyroglobulin, Thyroid hormones, Vitamin D
*masuk kategori D jika dosisnya melebihi US
RDA*, Vitamin E *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya
melebihi US RDA*.
Kategori B
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI B (nama generik):
Acetylcysteine, Acyclovir, Amiloride *masuk
kategori D jika digunakan untuk hipertensi yang
diinduksi oleh kehamilan*, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonium lactate *topical*, Amoxicillin,
Amphotericin B, Ampicillin, Atazanavir, Azatadine,
Azelaic acid, Benzylpenicillin, Bisacodyl,
Budesonide *inhalasi, nasal*, Buspiron, Caffeine,
Carbenicillin, Camitine, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil,
Cefalexin, Cefalotin, Cefamandole, Cefapirin,
Cefatrizine, Cefazolin, Cefdinir,
Kategori B
Cefditoren, Cefepime, Cefixime, Cefmetazole,
Cefonicid, Cefoperazone, Ceforanide, Cefotaxime,
Cefotetan disodium, Cefoxitin, Cefpodoxime,
Cefprozil, Cefradine, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten,
Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Cetirizine,
Chlorhexidine *mulut dan tenggorokan*,
Chlorpenamine, Chlortalidone *masuk kategori D
jika digunakan untuk hipertensi yang diinduksi
oleh kehamilan*, Ciclacillin, Ciclipirox, Cimetidine,
Clemastine, Clindamycin, Clotrimazole,
Cloxacillin, Clozapine, Colestyramine, . dll
Kategori C
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI C (nama generik):
Acetazolamide, Acetylcholine chloride, Adenosine,
Albendazole, Albumin, Alclometasone, Allopurinol,
Aluminium hydrochloride, Aminophylline, Amitriptyline,
Amlodipine, Antazoline, Astemizole, Atropin, Bacitracin,
Beclometasone, Belladonna, Benzatropine mesilate,
Benzocaine, Buclizine, Butoconazole, Calcitonin,
Calcium acetate, Calcium ascorbate, Calcium carbonate,
Calcium chloride, Calcium citrate, Calcium folinate,
Calcium glucoheptonade, Calcium gluconate, Calcium
lactate, Calcium phosphate, Calcium polystyrene
sulfonate, Capreomycin, Captopril, Carbachol,
Carbidopa,
Kategori C
Carbinoxamine, Chloral hydrate, Chloramphenicol,
Chloroquine, Chlorothiazide, Chlorpromazine, Choline
theophyllinate, Cidofovir, Cilastatin, Cinnarizine,
Cyprofloxacin, Cisapride, Clarithromycin, Clinidium
bromide, Clonidine, Co-trimoxazole, Codeine,
Cyanocobalamin, Deserpidine, Desonide, Desoximetasone,
Dexamethasone, Dextromethorphan, Digitoxin, Digoxin,
Diltiazem, Dopamine, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Fluconazole,
Fluocinolone, Fosinopril, Furosemide, Gemfibrozil,
Gentamicin, Glibenclamide, Glimepiride, Glipizide,
Griseofulvin, Hydralazine, Hydrocortisone, Hyoscine,
Hyoscyamine, Isoniazid, Isoprenaline, Isosorbid dinitrate,
Ketoconazole, Ketotifen fumarate, Magaldrate, Mefenamic
acid, Methyl prednisolon dll
Kategori D
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI D (nama generik):
Amikacin, Amobarbital, Atenolol,
Carbamazepine, Carbimazole,
Chlordizepoxide, Cilazapril, Clonazepam,
Diazepam, Doxycycline, Imipramine,
Kanamycin, Lorazepam, Lynestrenol,
Meprobamate, Methimazole, Minocycline,
Oxazepam, Oxytetracycline, Tamoxifen,
Tetracycline, Uracil, Voriconazole dll
Kategori X
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI X (nama generik): Acitretin,
Alprotadil *parenteral*, Atorvastatin, Bicalutamide,
Bosentan, Cerivastatin disodium, Cetrorelix,
Chenodeoxycholic acid, Chlorotrianisene, Chorionic
gonadotrophin, Clomifen, Coumarin, Danazol,
Desogestrel, Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Dihydro
ergotamin, Dutasteride, Ergometrin, Ergotamin,
Estazolam, Etradiol, Estramustine, Estriol succinate,
Estrone, Estropipate, Ethinyl estradiol, Etretinate,
Finasteride, Fluorescein *parenteral*, Flurouracil,
Fluoxymesterone, Flurazepam, Fluvastatin, Floritropin,
1.
- Organogenesis period
Characterized by diferentiation and
organogenesis.
Teratogenic effect is mostly likely to
be anatomical (malformation)
- Fetogenic period
During this period, the fetus is
growing rapidly.
Teratogenic effect is most likely
functional disorder.
2. DRUGS DOSAGE
3. MOTHERS CONDITION
OXITOCIC
Dug that increased uterine contraction
- Oxytocin agonist:
- Ergot derivat : ergometrin ; metergen
- PG agonist : Dinoprost ; carboprost
2.
TOCOLYTIC
Drug which decreased uterine contraction
- beta2 adrenergic agonist : salbutamol, ritrodin, isosuprim
- NSAIDs : Mefenamic acid, diclofenac
- Calcium channel antagonist
- Oxytocin antagonist: antociban
OXYTOCIN
Dikeluarkan oleh hypofisis posterior.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Oxytocin act through G protein could receptors
increased uterine
contraction
increased uterine
contraction
OXYTOCIN
PHARMACOKINETIC
- Oxytocin, given by injection (IV-IM)
- It is not bound to plasma protein,
- eliminated by kidney and liver.
- T1/2 5 minutes
EFFECT
Increased frequency and force uterine contraction
physiology
contraction
Contraction of myoepithelial cells surounding mammary alveoly
milk injection
OXYTOCIN
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
1.
Induced labor
2.
ERGOMETRIN
- Is an alkaloid isolated from ergot, a fungus.
- Methergin is a semisynthetic product
- Their effects include agonist adrenergic; agonist serotonin.
Side Effects
- increased blood presure
- vomitting, nosea
- uterine raptured
- teratogenic