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Fitria Arifiyanti

X-Rays & Diffraction

X-Rays adalah gelombang elektromanetik dengan

panjang gelombang pendek,terletak diantara UV &
gamma ray, yang panjang gelombangnya 0.1 100. Diffraction adalah proses dimana gelombang
atau cahaya menyebar melalui celah sempit, yang
secara khas diikuti oleh interferensi dari bentuk
gelombang yang dihasilkan.

X-RAY Metode/Teknik

X-ray absorption(XRA)
X-ray fluorescence(XRF)
X-ray diffraction(XRD)

X Ray Diffraction
Sebuah teknik yang digunakan untuk menentukan
struktur atom dan molekul sebuah kristal, dimana
atom-atom kristal menyebabkan seberkas sinar-X
terdifraksi ke banyak arah tertentu.
Aliran sinar-X diarahkan pada kristal terdifraksi dan
menyebarkan ketika mengenai atom atom, sinar
yang tersebar terinterferensi satu sama lainnya dan
menghasilkan bintik-bintik dengan intensitas yang
berbeda yang dapat direkam pada film.

BRAGGS LAW-Prinsip
Kerja
interferensi konstruktif dari pantulan sinar-sinar yang
muncul dari dua bidang yang berbeda akan terjadi
jika panjang jalur dua sinar sama dengan seluruh
jumlah gelombang

Interferensi konstruktif,
n=2dsin
Persamaan ini
disebut
BRAGGS LAW

X Ray Diffractometer

SKEMA X Ray Diffractometer

VIDEO-X ray
diffractometer
Generating X-rays

Video X-ray tube

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01041/htmldocs/images/xrdtube.jpg

http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/optics_optical_componen
ts/light_sources/x_ray_tubes_sources

Output Data XRD

Aplikasi XRD
X-RD dapat digunakan ntuk menentukan struktur kristal
dengan menggunakan Rietvel Refinement, yaitu metode
penghalusan.
XRD digunakan untuk menentukan analisis kuantitatif dari
suatu mineral.
XRD digunakan sebagai karakterisasi sampel film.
Membedakan antara material yang bersifat kristal dengan
amorf
Mengukur macam-macam keacakan dan penyimpangan
kristal.
Karakterisasi material Kristal
Identifikasi mineral-mineral yang berbutir halus seperti
tanah liat Penentuan dimensi-dimensi sel satuan

Aplikasi XRD

Daftar Pustaka
1)Instrumental methods of chemical analysis ,B.K.sharma,17th
edition 1997-1998,GOEL publishing house.page no:329-359
2)Principles of instrumental analysis,5th edition ,by Dougles
a.skoog,f.James holles,Timothy A.Niemen.page no:277-298
3)Instrumental methods of chemical analysis ,Gurudeep
R.chatwal,sham k.anand,Himalaya publications page no:2.3032.332
4) Instrumental Methods Of Chemical Analysis
H. Kaur pg.no:727-729,737
5) http://www.scienceiscool.org/solids/intro.html
6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

Bagian yang belum

Terus turunkan persamaanan
BRAggs
Cara menghasilkan x ray dari
elektron---+video
kalau ada
Jelaskan Bagian-bagian
diffractometer
x ray tube, collimator, dlll sampai
detektor

X-RAY TECHNIQUES

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X-ray absorption methods

Fraction of X-ray photons absorbed is considered.
Used in elemental analysis and thickness
measurements.
X-ray fluorescence methods
Wavelength and intensity of generated X-rays are
measured for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Non-destructive and requires little sample preparation.
X-ray diffraction methods
Scattering of X-rays by crystals.
Determines crystalline structure.

COLLIMATOR

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Inserted in the diffractedbeam to get a narrow x-ray

beam.
It consists two sets of closely
packed metal plates seperated
by a gap.
The left end of the collimator
shown is mounted on the X-ray
tube.
The yellow-colored region at
the left end determines the the
size of the beam.
The green region at the right
end removes parasitic
radiation.

Generating X-rays

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01041/htmldocs/images/xrdtube.jpg

GENERATION OF X-RAYS

Generated by bombarding a metal target with an

energetic beam of electrons.

Very expensive to build and maintain.

By use of radioactive source like

55

Fe.

A new method of generating X rays that is not

yet commercially available uses an electronimpact beam impinging on a stream of liquid
gallium.

yalamarty pharmacy college

Synchrotrons:

X-ray Sources Information

What are X-Ray Sources?
X-ray sources are vacuum tubes that use an electrostatic
field to produce X-rays. They accelerate electrons to a high
velocity and then suddenly stop them. X-ray tubes, as X-ray
sources are sometimes called, are devices in which energy
conversion takes place, i.e. the kinetic energy of fast moving
electrons is converted into heat and X-ray energy.
To produce X-radiation, large amounts of electrical energy
must be transferred to the X-ray tube. Typically less than 1%
of the energy deposited in the tube is converted into X-rays
the other 99% appears in the form of heat. Consequently,
this limits the use of X-ray apparatus. If excessive heat is
produced in the X-ray tube, the temperature will rise above
critical values, and the tube can be damaged.

 X-Ray Tube and Anode Materials

Typically, the tubes used by X-ray sources are
made of glass, surrounded by metal, and sealed
by a vacuum. The cathode is located in the
dome-shaped part of the tube.
Because X-ray sources produce large amounts
of heat during the beam-formation process
system designs must account for these
temperature considerations. The intensity of
the produced photons depends upon the atomic
number of the anode material, and the number
of electrons that hit the anode. For this reason,
the anode is usually made of tungsten, due to
its high atomic number, which increases the
intensity of the X-rays. Tungsten's high melting

 X-ray source anodes are also made of molybdenum or copper.

Modern anode discs are made of a combination of metals. An alloy
of rhenium and tungsten is used for the face of the anode disc
because it retains its smoothness better than tungsten as the tube
ages. Molybdenum is also commonly used because is it not as
dense as tungsten and can accept a given amount of heat without
a rise in temperature. Often used as the anode disc is a
molybdenum disc with a coating of 10% rhenium and 90%
tungsten over the target back.
Buyers of X-ray sources should be aware of recent advances in Xray tube materials. There are several advantages of using a
metal/ceramic tube versus a glass tube. These materials allow for
higher tube currents to be used because the anode has a higher
heat capacity. Another advantage is longer tube life, since the
deposition of tungsten on the glass acts as an electrode and
shortens the tube life; the addition of a metal enclosure prevents
the deposition from altering the ground (and increases tube life).
The metal enclosure also decreases off-focus radiation by
attracting off-focus electrons to the ground wall, preventing
electron back scatter.
difference of the cathode and anode.

 How X-Ray Sources Work

X-ray tubes have several basic components. These include: a
source of electrons such as a filament with a heating source, a
system capable of accelerating electrons across a space where
there is nothing to impede them, i.e., a vacuum glass tube with
high tension (HT) transformer, and a target structure where the
electrons strike, also known as the anode. Modern X-ray tubes have
modifications depending on the functionality of the device.
Applying a high voltage to the X-ray tube releases electrons from
the filament cathode. These electrons then race towards and collide
into the anode. The high-speed collision of electrons produces X-ray
photons. The electrons continue towards a beryllium foil that
absorbs the scattered electrons in order to allow the X-rays to pass
through the tube. The passing of the electrons from the cathode to
the anode establishes a flow of electrical current, known as a beam,
through the tube.
X-ray sources use an X-ray generator to produce a flow of electrons.
Electrical current is then transformed to a higher voltage. The
energy of the X-ray depends on the electric potential