PEMBUATAN GULA TEBU

Oleh
Lailatul Badriyah
Faishal Rifqi Firdaus
Gula secara alami banyak terdapat pada bahan makanan seperti buah-buahan, madu, susu, dan
sereal. Tanaman gula yang paling penting adalah tebu (Saccharum spp). Tebu merupakan
tanaman yang memiliki berat batang berserat yang kuat dan beruas dengan ketinggian 2-6 meter
dan mengandung cairan yang akan kaya dengan gula. Pemanfaan tebu dalam bidang industri
panga sering digunakan.
 Pemanenan Tebu
Tanaman tebu dapat tumbuh hingga 3 meter di
kawasan yang mendukung dan ketika dewasa
hampir seluruh daun-daunnya mengering, namun
masih mempunyai beberapa daun hijau.
Pemanenan dapat dilakukan baik secara manual dengan tangan
ataupun dengan mesin

Pemotongan manual Pemotongan dengan mesin

Tebu dipotong di bagian atas Pemotongan dengan mesin

permukaan tanah, dedauan hijau
di bagian atas dihilangkan dan
batang-batang tersebut diikat
menjadi satu. Potongan-
Tebu potongan batang tebu yang telah
diikat tersebut kemudian dibawa
umumnya mampu memotong
tebu menjadi potongan pendek-
pendek. Mesin-mesin hanya
dapat digunakan ketika kondisi
lahan memungkinkan dengan
topografi yang relatif datar.
 Proses Produksi

Pengendapan kotoran Penguapan Pendidihan

Ekstraksi dengan kapur (evaporasi) (kristalisasi) Penyimpanan

Afinasi Karbonatasi Penghilangan warna Pendidihan Pengolahan sisa

(recovery)
 Ekstraksi

Tahap pertama pengolahan adalah

ekstraksi jus atau sari tebu. Pada proses
ini, tebu dihancurkan dalam sebuah serial
penggiling putar yang berukuran besar.
Cairan tebu manis dikeluarkan dan serat
tebu dipisahkan, untuk selanjutnya
digunakan di mesin pemanas (boiler).
 Pengendapan Liming adalah proses
pembersihan jus hasil ekstraksi
kotoran dengan dengan menggunakan semacam
kapur (Liming) kapur (slaked lime) yang akan
mengendapkan sebanyak mungkin
kotoran untuk kemudian kotoran
ini dapat dikirim kembali ke
lahan.
Penguapan
(evaporasi)
Setelah mengalami proses
liming, jus dikentalkan
menjadi sirup dengan cara
menguapkan air
menggunakan uap panas
dalam suatu proses yang
dinamakan evaporasi

Evaporasi dalam ‘evaporator

majemuk' (multiple effect
evaporator) yang dipanaskan
dengan steam merupakan
cara yang terbaik untuk bisa
mendapatkan kondisi
mendekati kejenuhan
(saturasi).
 Pendidihan
( kristalisasi)
Pada tahap akhir pengolahan, sirup
ditempatkan ke dalam panci yang sangat
besar untuk dididihkan. Di dalam panci
ini sejumlah air diuapkan sehingga
kondisi untuk pertumbuhan kristal gula
tercapai. Pembentukan kristal diawali
dengan mencampurkan sejumlah kristal
ke dalam sirup. Sekali kristal terbentuk,
kristal campur yang dihasilkan dan
larutan induk (mother liquor) diputar di
dalam alat sentrifugasi untuk
memisahkan keduanya, bisa
diumpamakan seperti pada proses
mencuci dengan menggunakan pengering
Sentrifugasi berputar. Kristal-kristal tersebut
kemudian dikeringkan dengan udara
panas sebelum disimpan.
 Penyimpanan
Gula kasar yang dihasilkan akan membentuk gunungan coklat lengket selama
penyimpanan dan terlihat lebih menyerupai gula coklat lunak yang sering
dijumpai di dapur-dapur rumah tangga. Gula ini sebenarnya sudah dapat
digunakan, tetapi karena kotor dalam penyimpanan dan memiliki rasa yang
berbeda maka gula ini biasanya tidak diinginkan orang. Oleh karena itu gula
kasar biasanya dimurnikan lebih lanjut ketika sampai di negara pengguna.
Afinasi (Affination)

Tahap pertama pemurnian

gula yang masih kasar
adalah pelunakan dan
pembersihan lapisan
cairan induk yang
melapisi permukaan
kristal dengan proses
yang dinamakan dengan
“afinasi”.
 Karbonatasi

Tahap pertama pengolahan cairan (liquor) gula berikutnya

bertujuan untuk membersihkan cairan dari berbagai
padatan yang menyebabkan cairan gula keruh.
 Penghilangan warna
Ada dua metoda umum untuk
Salah satunya dengan menghilangkan warna dari sirup
menggunakan karbon gula, keduanya mengandalkan
teraktivasi granular [granular pada teknik penyerapan melalui
activated carbon, GAC] yang pemompaan cairan melalui
mampu menghilangkan hampir kolom-kolom medium.
seluruh zat warna.

Menggunakan resin penukar ion yang

menghilangkan lebih sedikit warna
daripada GAC tetapi juga menghilangkan
beberapa garam yang ada. Resin dibuat
Cairan jernih dan hampir tak berwarna ini selanjutnya siap untuk secara kimiawi yang meningkatkan jumlah
dikristalisasi kecuali jika jumlahnya sangat sedikit dibandingkan dengan cairan yang tidak diharapkan.
konsumsi energi optimum di dalam pemurnian. Oleh karenanya cairan
tersebut diuapkan sebelum diolah di panci kristalisasi.
 Pendidihan
Sejumlah air diuapkan di dalam panci sampai pada keadaan yang tepat untuk tumbuhnya kristal gula.
Sejumlah bubuk gula ditambahkan ke dalam cairan untuk mengawali/memicu pembentukan kristal.
Ketika kristal sudah tumbuh campuran dari kristal-kristal dan cairan induk yang dihasilkan diputar
dalam sentrifugasi untuk memisahkan keduanya. Proses ini dapat diumpamakan dengan tahap
pengeringan pakaian dalam mesin cuci yang berputar. Kristal-kristal tersebut kemudian dikeringkan
dengan udara panas sebelum dikemas dan/ atau disimpan siap untuk didistribusikan.
 Pengolahan Sisa (Recovery)

Cairan sisa baik dari tahap penyiapan gula putih maupun dari pembersihan pada
tahap afinasi masih mengandung sejumlah gula yang dapat diolah ulang. Cairan-
cairan ini diolah di ruang pengolahan ulang (recovery) yang beroperasi seperti
pengolahan gula kasar, bertujuan untuk membuat gula dengan mutu yang setara
dengan gula kasar hasil pembersihan setelah afinasi.
Proses Pembuatan Gula Pasir

ALAT UTAMA
Reaktor yaitu tempat
terjadinya proses pembuatan
produk

ALAT BANTU
Ekstraksi : Feeding roll,Top
roll,Bagasse roll
Liming : tangki penjernih
(clarifier).
Evaporasi :Evaporator
Sentrifugasi pada kristalisasi,
afinasi, dan pendidihan
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