HELMINTH
(YPD/06.2014)
Multiseluler, berukuran besar, tidak selalu bermultiplikasi didalam tubuh
host
Sekalipun helminth lebih mudah diakses oleh sistem
imun → penderita masih mengandung sejumlah kecil
parasit (carrier)
Sistem imun memberikan perlawanan yang tidak kuat
→ derajat imunitas terhadap helminth seringkali sangat
lemah
HELMINTHS
Nematoda mempunyai kutikula tebal → melindungi
nematode dari efek toksik respons imun
Tegumen schistosoma tebal sebagai sarana proteksi
Kutikula
Hipodermis
Otot
Traktus digestivus
Sistem syaraf
Sistem ekskretori TREMATODA
Sistem reproduktif
Bentuk larva Tegumen
CESTOIDEA Traktus digestivus
Sistem syaraf dan otot
Tegumen Osmoregulatory system
Parenchyme Sistem reproduktif
Otot parenchym
Scolex
Calcareous corpuscle
Osmoregulatory system
System syaraf
Sistem reproduktif
(Yoes Prijatna Dachlan
The functions of tegument
TREMATODA CESTOIDEA
• A dynamic, cellular structure, a generally • Microthrix (microvilli) provide
homogenous layer resistance to the peristaltic movement
• Glycocalyx (surface coat) : to absorb of the intestine
exogenous molecules. Hydrolytic • Glycocalyx (a surface layer of
enzymatic activity facilitates the uptake carbohydrate) protecting the parasite
of certain molecules from the from host digestive enzymes,
environment.
enhancing nutrient absorption, and
Also a protective structure, shielding the maintaining the parasite’s surface
worm from host antibodies and digestive membrane
enzymes
• Proximal cytoplasm (cyton) involved
• Spine : may serve as ancillary holdfast
in protein synthesis and packaging
mechanisms; storage sites for certain
essential molecules • Tegumental musculature consisting
• Proximal cytoplasm for the repair and of an outer and inner layer with its
maintenance of the distal cytoplasm contractile fibrils
Schistosomula as in
vitro experimental For elucidating the function of
model eosinophil
(Yoes Prijatna Dachlan
2014)
Schistosoma species
Egg
Delayed-type hypersensitivity
An inflammatory granuloma forms with epithelial,
giant, plasma and eosinophil cells and fibroblasts.
There is subsequent fibrosis and calcification
(Chiodini, Moody, Manser, 2001)
(Yoes Prijatna Dachlan Atlas of Med .Helminth. & Protozool.
2014)
Helminth dapat mengaktifkan komplemen jalur alternatif
• Molekul permukaan parasit mengikat C3b dan selanjutnya komplemen jalur alternatif
teraktifkan dan berakhir dengan lisisnya membran permukaan parasit
Polysaccharide
Polisakarida pada constituents of the parasites express at their outer surfaces
permukaan parasit and bind the C3b
Factor
Factor
D
B
C3 C3b C3 C5b C5 - 9
MAC
C6 C7 C8 C9
• C3b selalu dibentuk secara berkesinambungan di sirkulasi (serum) oleh C3 konvertase (enzim
pemecah C3 menjadi C3b).
• MAC ( Membrane attack complex ) : gabungan komponen komplemen C5, C6, C7, C8, C9
menyebabkan osmotic lysis dari sel-sel permukaan parasit
YPD/2014
INNATE IMMUNITY TERHADAP PARASIT
Golongan protozoa dan helminth yang memasuki tubuh hospes melalui aliran
darah dan jaringan seringkali mampu bertahan hidup dan kemudian melakukan
replikasi, ini karena parasit berhasil menyesuaikan diri dengan baik dalam
mempertahankan diri terhadap pertahanan alami hospes
C3
b
+B
1
b
3
DAF
2
PA
C3
RA
bB
SIT
b
E
(KUBY)
ADCC
• It depends on Th2
responses and requires the
coordinated action of :
• Antibody : IgG and IgE
• The release of mucin by
cytokine-stimulated Goblet.
cells
• The production of intestinal
contraction and diarrhea by
mast cell mediators