• Jatuh
• Kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor
• Kekerasan
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Head Injuries. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Mekanisme Head Injury
Akselerasi Deselerasi
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-figure-showing-the-mechanisms-of-acceleration-deceleration-and-rotational-head-injury_fig1_251235271
Coup countrecoup Rotational
Acceleration Deceleration
KLASIFIKASI
HEAD INJURY
th
Management TBI
Intracranial
Skull Fracture
Hematom
Epidural Hematoma
• Epidural Hematoma adalah
akumulasi darah di ruang antara
tulang tengkorak dan duramater.
• Penyebab EDH adalah trauma
kepala yang disertai fraktur tulang
tengkorak dan laserasi arteri
meningea media
Kasper LD, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J. 2015. Harrison’s Principles of internal medicine 19th edition. McGraw-Hill Education
Pemeriksaan penunjang
• CT Scan otak : gambaran
hiperdens (perdarahan)
diantara duramater dan
araknoid, umumnya karena
robekan dari bridging vein,
dan tampak seperti bulan
sabit
[Blueprints Series] Frank W. Drislane MD, Dr. Michael Benatar MD, Bernard S. Chang MD, Juan A. Acosta MD, Andrew Tarull
Kosensus nasional penanganan Trauma kapitis. PERDOSSI 2006 Aminof MJ, et al. Clinical neurology. 9th edition. 2012
Tatalaksana
Indikasi operasi
• SDH luas(>40ccI>5mm)denganGCS>6, fungsi batang otak masih baik.
• SDH dengan edema serebri I kontusio serebri disertai midline shift
dengan fungsi batang otak masih baik.
• SDH tipis dengan penurunan kesadaran bukan indikasi operasi.
klasifikasi
https://www.roydswithyking.com/solicitors-for-life/medical-negligence-claims/brain-injury-claim/brain-
haemorrhage-and-medical-negligence/ https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14480-brain-bleed-
hemorrhage-intracranial-hemorrhage
Lokasi basilar,
calvarium
Pattern linear,
depressed, comminuted
Open/Close Injury
http://caringforspecialneedskids.com/infant-skull-
Basilar Skull Fracture
• Paling sering terjadi pada tulang temporal namun juga dapat
melibatkan occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, dan orbital plate dari
tulang frontal.
• Etiologi Sering terjadi karena benda tumpul yang hebat
• Tanda&Gejala:
• Altered mental status, mual dan muntah
• Oculumotor defisit Cedera CN III, IV dan VI
• Facial drop kompresi/cedera pada CN VII
• Tinnitus/hilang indra pendengar Cedera CN VII
• Severe clinical signs:
• Hemotympanum: Membran timpani bewarna keunguan. Terjadi setelah beberapa jam
cedera (earliest clinical finding)
• CSF rhinorrhea/otorrhea: “halo” sign keluarnya cairan dan darah dari kuping dan
hidung terdiri dari CSF
• Periorbital ecchymosis (racoon eyes): tanda fraktur di anterior cranial fossa (1 to 3 days)
• Dizziness, tinnitus, nistagmus
• Battle sign: tanda fraktur middle
http://www.emdocs.net/em3am-basilar-skull-fractures/
Skull fracture
• Diagnosis:
• CT Scan
• CT Angiographyy, Venography vascular injury
• MRI Nerve Injury, CSF Leak
Manifestasi klinis
Linier
• Asimptomatik
• Tanpa kehilangan kesadaran
• Pembengkakan terjadi di daerah benturan
Depressed
• tidak kehilangan kesadaran – kehilangan kesadaran <1 jam
• Presentasi dapat bervariasi tergantung pada cedera intrakranial terkait lainnya, seperti hematoma
epidural, dural tears, dan kejang.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/248108-workup#c7
Daftar Pustaka
• Kosensus nasional penanganan Trauma kapitis. PERDOSSI 2006
• Advanced Trauma Life Support. 10th Edition.
• Tintinallis Emergency Medicine 8th Edition
• Sabiston Textbook Of Surgery 20th Edition
• Kasper LD, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J. 2015.
Harrison’s Principles of internal medicine 19th edition. McGraw-Hill
Education
• U.S. National Library of Medicine. Head Injuries. National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-figure-showing-the-mechanisms-
of-acceleration-deceleration-and-rotational-head-injury_fig1_251235271
Daftar Pustaka
• Clinical Neurology 8th Edition
• Rosen’s emergency medicine: concept and clinical practice; 9th
edition
• Modi NJ, Agrawal M, Sinha VD. Post-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: A
review. Neurol India [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 Mar 27];64, Suppl S1:8-
13. Available from:
https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2016/64/7/8/178030
• Simon LV, Newton EJ. Basilar Skull Fractures. [Updated 2020 Nov 20]. In:
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021
Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470175/
• https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/248108-workup#c7