NANOTEKNO

LOGI DALAM
BIDANG
BIOFARMASE
TIKA
Benny Efendie
Farmasi - JGU
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah kuliah ini para mahasiswa
diharapkan mampu menerangkan:
-Definisi nanoteknologi
-Penggunaan nanoteknologi dalam
bidang kedokteran dan farmasi.
-Aplikasi nanoteknologi dalam
pengembangan obat baru dan
sistem penghantaran obat di
dalam tubuh.
 PENDAHULUAN

“NANO” = merupakan suatu basis ukuran dalam satu

per satu milyar
 TERMINOLOGI

A. Nanosains = ilmu yang mempelajari

fenomena materi pada skala nano

B. Nanoteknologi = aplikasi dari nanosains dalam berbagai

bidang, spt biologi, kimia, fisika, kedokteran, farmasi, teknik,
elektronik, robotik, dll.
 Nanotechnology….
Definisi?
Teknik material dalam skala nano karena fenomena yang terkait
dengan struktur kasar pada 1 - kisaran 100 ukuran nm,
dimana sifat material biasanya berbeda daripada molekul
sebanding atau bahan massal.
 SEJARAH PENEMUAN NANOTEKNOLOGI

• Richard Feynman, (Nobel Laureates) pada

29 Desember 1959, memberikan
presentasi di Pertemuan Tahunan Americal
Physical Society (Caltech)

• “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”

• Pertama kali mengemukakan bahwa

karakteristik bahan (material) pada skala
nanometer akan memberikan berbagai
peluang baru ke masa depan
• Istilah "nanoteknologi" dikemukakan oleh Norio Taniguchi pada
tahun 1974. Dia mewakili gagasan bahwa teknologi baru ini
adalah beberapa jenis teknologi produksi dengan presisi tinggi
ekstrim dalam dimensi kecil.
• Pada tahun 1985 molekul karbon pertama padat disebut
fullerenes dimana ditemukan. Pada tahun 1991 fullerenes
pertama diproduksi secara buatan.
• Karena presisi tinggi yang diperlukan dan potongan-
potongan kecil yang harus terstruktur, alat-alat baru harus
diciptakan. Gerd Binnig dan Heinrich Rohrer dihadapi
mampu menghadapi tantangan ini dan menemukan
terowongan mikroskop pemindaian pada tahun 1981.
• Oleh karena itu mereka memperoleh Penghargaan Nobel
dalam Fisika pada tahun 1986.
• Hari ini ada performa tinggi mikroskop elektron transmisi
yang juga dapat digunakan untuk memantau atom
tunggal.
 SEJARAH PENEMUAN TEKNOLOGI
• Eric Drexler, (ahli Fisika) menulis :
1. Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology (1986) → untuk umum
2. Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery,
Manufacturing, and Computation (a
quantitative, physics-based analysis) →
untuk para spesialis

• Eric Drexler mempopulerkan istilah

Nanotechnology/Nanosystem
 Which one???….
Mana yang lebih banyak menggunakan
teknologi canggih?

OR

CONCORDE TREE
The winner goes to ….
CONCORDE TREE

Type of Super jet Fitoplasma

reactor combustion

Energy Fuel Solar

resourcce

Reactor meterscale nanoscale

Dimension

Reactor 40% 100%

Efficiency

Environmental Pollution (CO, Non (clear)

Impact NOx, etc)
 MENGAPA HARUS NANO?

“SIFAT SIFAT BAHAN DALAM DUNIA

MIKROSKOPIS (SKALA NANO) BERUBAH
MENJADI OPTIMAL → SIFAT LISTRIK, MEKANIK,
MAGNETIK, OPTIK & KALOR MATERI BERADA
DALAM KONDISI OPTIMUM”
MENGAPA HARUS NANO?

Sifat mekanik partikel nano

Contoh nanoteknologi: solar panel
Contoh lain: pemurnian air
Aplikasi dalam bidang kedokteran
 Nanopartikel
dapat mengenali
sel kanker atau
virus – aplikasi
utk diagnosis
dan terapi
Advantages of Nano size in Pharmacy

Drugs in the nanometer size range enhance

performance in a variety of dosage forms.
Major advantages of nanosizing include
(i) increased surface area
(ii) enhanced solubility
(iii) increased rate of dissolution
(iv) increased oral bioavailability
(v) more rapid onset of therapeutic action
(vi) less amount of dose required
(vii)decreased fed/fasted variability
(viii) decreased patient-to-patient variability
 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems

Nanoparticles can be used in targeted drug delivery at the site of disease

to improve the uptake of poorly soluble drugs (increased bioavailability)
and the targeting of drugs to a specific site.

A schematic comparison of untargeted and targeted drug delivery

systems.

20
Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems

21
 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel,
doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and dexamethasone have
been successfully formulated using nanomaterials.

Polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and polylactic acid

(PLA) based nanoparticles have been formulated to
encapsulate dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid with an
intracellular site of action.

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 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Dexamethasone is a chemotherapeutic agent
that has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory
effects.
The drug binds to the cytoplasmic receptors
and the subsequent drug-receptor complex is
transported to the nucleus resulting in the
expression of certain genes that control cell
proliferation.
These drug-loaded nanoparticles formulations
that release higher doses of drug for prolonged
period of time completely inhibited
proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
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 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems

Colloidal drug delivery

modalities such as
liposomes, micelles or
nanoparticles have been
intensively investigated for
their use in cancer
therapy.
Obat2 yg larut air dapat
lebih mudah diabsorpsi.
24
 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
The effectiveness of drug delivery systems can be attributed to their
small size, reduced drug toxicity, controlled time release of the drug and
modification of drug pharmacokinetics and biological distribution.

Too often, chemotherapy fails to cure cancer because some tumor cells
develop resistance to multiple anticancer drugs.

25
 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
In most cases, resistance develops when cancer cells begin expressing a
protein, known as p-glycoprotein that is capable of pumping anticancer
drugs out of a cell as quickly as they cross through the cell's outer
membrane.

New research shows that nanoparticles may be able to get anticancer

drugs into cells without triggering the p-glycoprotein pump.

26
 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
The researchers studied in vivo efficacy
of paclitaxel loaded nanoparticles in
paclitaxel-resistant human colorectal
tumors.

Paclitaxel entrapped in emulsifying wax

nanoparticles was shown to overcome
drug resistance in a human colon
adenocarcinoma cell line (HCT-15).

27
 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
The insolubility problems encountered with
paclitaxel can be overcome by conjugating
this drug with albumin.

Paclitaxel bound to bio-compatible proteins

like albumin (Abraxane) is an injectable
nano-suspension approved for the
treatment of breast cancer.

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 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
The solvent Cremophor-EL used in previous formulations of paclitaxel
causes acute hypersensitivity reactions.

To reduce the risk of allergic reactions when receiving paclitaxel,

patients must undergo pre-medication using steroids and anti-
histamines and be given the drug using slow infusions lasting a few
hours.

05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 29

 Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Binding paclitaxel to albumin resulted in delivery of higher dose of
drug in short period of time.

Because it is solvent-free, solvent- related toxicities are also eliminated.

In Phase III clinical trial, the response rate of Abraxane was about twice
than that of the solvent-containing drug Taxol.

05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 30

 Drug Delivery Carriers

05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 31

 Recent Developments in NDDS
Several terminologies have been used to describe
nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.

In most cases, either polymers or lipids are used as

carriers for the drug, and the delivery systems have
particle size distribution from few nanometers to few
hundred nanometers.

05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 32

05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 33
 Applications of Nanotechnology

05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 34

 Applications of Nanotechnology

05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 35

Liposomal amphotericin B

Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of amphiphilic phospholipids and

cholesterol, which self-associate into bilayers to encapsulate an aqueous interior.

Amphotericin B liposomal mengurangi toksisitas thd ginjal dan juga reaksi alergi.

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 Bagaimana memproduksi partikel nano?
• TOP – DOWN APPROACH or CHOPPING METHOD

Metode mencacah telah membutuhkan multi-juta fasilitas fabrikasi untuk

membuat materi massal menjadi nanomaterial
• BOTTOM – UP APPROACH or SELF-ASSEMBLY METHOD

atom molecule aggregate Nano

particle

Metode self-assembly kebutuhan material berpori dengan molekul perakitan di

nanoscales.