Pada dasarnya mikro-ekonomi menggunakan pendekatan bottoms-up untuk menganalisis perilaku ekonomi,
sedangkan makro-ekonomi penggunakan pendekatan top-down. Dalam kenyataannya kedua kajian merupakan satu
kesatuan yang tidak terpisahkan baik untuk mengkaji fenomena ekonomi skala makro (regional/ negara) ataupun
skala ekonomi mikro (perorangan/ perusahaan) agar dapat memperoleh pemahaman yang menyeluruh serta
mengelolanya secara berkelanjutan.
Kurva Penawaran – Permintaan dan Harga
(Ekonomi Mikro)
Sumber:
Goodall, Brian, 1987. Dictionary of Human Geography. Penguin Reference, London
Bullock, Alan, 1977. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. Fontana Press, London
Apalagi
Hidup dari
yang akan
lingkungan si datang ?
n
erg
v
kon
r
te
Perdagangan
regional baru
Berburu dan
bertani Tata dunia baru
(metanasional)
Export/
import
globalisasi
Berdagang / Berdagang /
barter transaksi benda
berharga (uang)
Western Europe 24,700 25,413 57,268 73,778 81,460 132,888 187,532 261,007 305,060 358,390 388,399
Eastern Europe 4,750 6,500 13,500 16,950 18,800 36,415 52,182 79,604 87,289 110,490 121,006
Former USSR 3,900 7,100 16,950 20,700 26,550 54,765 88,672 156,192 180,050 249,748 290,866
Western Offshoots (US+) 1,170 1,960 2,800 2,300 1,750 11,230 46,133 111,401 176,094 250,945 323,420
Latin America 5,600 11,400 17,500 8,600 12,050 21,220 39,973 80,515 165,837 308,450 507,623
Japan 3,000 7,500 15,400 18,500 27,000 31,000 34,437 51,672 83,563 108,660 126,469
Asia (except Japan) 171,200 175,400 268,400 360,000 374,800 679,366 730,619 925,932 1,298,296 2,139,154 3,389,943
Africa 16,500 33,000 46,000 55,000 61,000 74,208 90,466 124,697 228,342 387,645 759,954
World 230,820 268,273 437,818 555,828 603,410 1,041,09 1,270,01 1,791,020 2,524,531 3,913,482 5,907,680
Table: World GDP Per Capita, Regional Averages, 0-1998, 1990 International Dollars
0 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998
Western Europe 450 400 774 894 1024 1232 1974 3473 4594 11534 17921
Eastern Europe 400 400 462 516 566 636 871 1527 2120 4985 5461
Former USSR 400 400 500 553 611 689 943 1488 2834 6058 3893
Western Offshoots (US+) 400 400 400 400 473 1201 2431 5257 9288 16172 26146
Latin America 400 400 416 437 529 659 698 1511 2554 4531 5795
Japan 400 425 500 520 570 669 737 1387 1926 11439 20413
Asia (except Japan) 450 450 572 575 571 575 543 640 635 1231 2936
Africa 425 416 400 400 400 418 444 585 852 1365 1368
World 444 435 565 593 615 667 867 1510 2114 4104 5709
http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/longterm.html
Table 1.4, Percent of world population
0 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998
Western Europe 10.7% 9.5% 13.1% 13.3% 13.5% 12.8% 14.8% 14.6% 12.1% 9.2% 6.6%
Eastern Europe 2.1% 2.4% 3.1% 3.0% 3.1% 3.5% 4.1% 4.4% 3.5% 2.8% 2.0%
Former USSR 1.7% 2.6% 3.9% 3.7% 4.4% 5.3% 7.0% 8.7% 7.1% 6.4% 4.9%
Western Offshoots (US+) 0.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4% 0.3% 1.1% 3.6% 6.2% 7.0% 6.4% 5.5%
Latin America 2.4% 4.2% 4.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.0% 3.1% 4.5% 6.6% 7.9% 8.6%
Japan 1.3% 2.8% 3.5% 3.3% 4.5% 3.0% 2.7% 2.9% 3.3% 2.8% 2.1%
Asia (except Japan) 74.2% 65.4% 61.3% 64.8% 62.1% 65.3% 57.5% 51.7% 51.4% 54.7% 57.4%
Africa 7.1% 12.3% 10.5% 9.9% 10.1% 7.1% 7.1% 7.0% 9.0% 9.9% 12.9%
Western Europe 10.8% 8.7% 17.9% 20.0% 22.5% 23.6% 33.6% 33.5% 26.3% 25.7% 20.6%
Eastern Europe 1.9% 2.2% 2.5% 2.7% 2.9% 3.3% 4.1% 4.5% 3.5% 3.4% 2.0%
Calculated from table 1.2.
Former USSR 1.5% 2.4% 3.4% 3.5% 4.4% 5.4% 7.6% 8.6% 9.6% 9.4% 3.4%
Western Offshoots (US+) 0.5% 0.7% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 1.9% 10.2% 21.7% 30.6% 25.3% 25.1%
Latin America 2.2% 3.9% 2.9% 1.1% 1.7% 2.0% 2.5% 4.5% 7.9% 8.7% 8.7%
Japan 1.2% 2.7% 3.1% 2.9% 4.1% 3.0% 2.3% 2.7% 3.0% 7.7% 7.7%
Asia (except Japan) 75.2% 67.6% 62.1% 62.8% 57.7% 56.3% 36.0% 21.9% 15.4% 16.4% 29.5%
Africa 6.8% 11.8% 7.4% 6.7% 6.6% 4.5% 3.6% 2.7% 3.6% 3.3% 3.1%
http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/longterm.html
Sejarah Ekonomi Indonesia (1)
Fakta Dasar
Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan yang terletak di Asia Tenggara. Terdiri dari kurang-lebih 13.000 pulau
dengan pulau Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua adalah pulau-pulau yang besar diapit oleh
Samudera Hindia dan Pasifik. Luas total Indonesia yaitu 1,9 juta km2. Indonesia memiliki iklim tropik
dengan rangakain pegunungan vulkanik dan merupakan tempat pertemuan tiga lempeng dunia. Oleh
karenanya Indonesia mempunyai lahan yang relatif subur dan kaya akan bahan tambang, seperti minyak
dan gas, timah, bauxute, nickel, batu bara, tembaga, emas dan perak. Sampai dengan tahun 2006 jumlah
penduduk Indonesia hampir mencapai 240 juta dengan konsentrasi di pulau Jawa (hampir 60%).
Table 1
Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product per Capita Compared with Several Other Asian Countries (in 1990 dollars)
Source: Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Paris: OECD
Sejarah Ekonomi Indonesia (2)
• Pra-kolonial (Sriwijaya, Majapahit, Mataram)
• Awal Kolonial (abad 16-17)
• Kolonial (abad 19) VOC; cultivation system, perdagangan modern
• Ekonomi Ekspor (1900-1942)
• Post-1945
• Orde Baru pertumbuhan ek.
• Reformasi (?) krisis finan
sial
1840-1844 1845-1849
Coffee 40 278 24 549
Sugar 8 218 4 136
Indigo, 7 836 7 726
Pepper, Tea 647 1 725
Total net profits 39 341 35 057
Source: Fasseur 1975: 20.
World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants
Long Wave Cycles of Innovation
1st Wave 2nd Wave 3rd Wave 4th Wave 5th Wave
1785 60 years 1845 55 years 1900 50 years 1950 40 years 1990 30 years
Kumulatif Sumbangan Moda
Transportasi terhadap Peluang
Ekonomis
Revolusi Industrial Produksi Massal Globalisasi
Peluang Ekonomis
Telekomunikasi
Kereta Api
Kapal Penyeberangan
Kapal Laut
Kuda
1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
MANFAAT EKONOMIS DARI
TRANSPORTASI
Demand Mikroekonomi Makroeconomi
Supply langsung
Langsung Tidak Tidak
Transportasi
Transportasi Langsung Langsung
Individual
Motorized
Collective
Non-motorized
Economic Development
Dampak kepemilikan automobil terhadap
peluang ekonomi
Dengan automobil
E2
Tanpa automobil
E1 CR(B)
H
E3
CR(A)
The Share of Transportation in the
GDP, United States 2000
24.3% 24.2%
Housing
Health Care
Food
Transportation-related
6.9% Education
14.6%
Recreation
Other
7.0%
10.8% 12.2%
Employment in Transportation Occupations,
United States, 1985-2001
5,000
4,500
Public transportation
4,000
attendants
3,500 Air transportation
3,000
Thousands
Water transportation
2,500
2,000 Rail transportation
1,500
Motor vehicle operators
1,000
500
0
1985 1990 1995 2001
Variations of the Central Places
Theory
K=4
K=3 K=7
Urban Hierarchy
1 Christaller
n ce
Do mina
g
Stron We
2 a kD
om
in an
ce
1 Pred
2 Interdependency
rity
e nta
le m
3 o mp
C
4
Growth Poles Theory
Growth Pole
Key Industry
Linked Industry
Secondary Industry
Linked Industry
Corridor Development
A - Feeders B - Interconnection
C - Corridors D - Gateways
Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a
Urban System
1
2 Core
Periphery Periphery
4
Cycles, Space and
Transportation
d
Adoption
a b
pa ce
c S b
a C2
Spatial diffusion c d
C1
Tim al
e Glob
m
onal l syste
R eg i
gr aphica
Geo
Land Area Consumed by the
Car in Selected Countries, 1999
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Germany
France
Japan
Mexico
Canada
United States
Global
Regional
Local
Global Gateways (airports and Air and maritime lanes Investment, trade and
ports) production
Future Growth:
Developed and Developing Countries
Developing
country
urban
urban
rural
rural
Rank / Size of the World’s 25
Largest Cities, 2000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Sectors of the Economy
Percent of Workforce
Tertiary
Secondary
Quaternary
Primary
Time
Dampak Transportasi bagi
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Perbaikan
Transport
Pasar Tenaga
Komoditi Pasar
Kerja
Pertumbuhan
Ekonomi
Factors behind the Development of
Transport Systems
Scale Environme Historical Technolog Political Economic
ntal ical
Local Hydrography Culture and Roads Zoning Employment
and settlement
geomorphology patterns
Produktifitas Meningkat
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Economic Production and Specialization
Region A Region B
Self Reliance
Regional Trade
Trade and
Transport
Trade and
International Transport
Trade
Product A
Product B
Product C
Product D
Product E
Gateway
Poles of the Global Economy
Western Europe
North America
East Asia
Economies
Underdeveloped
Developing
Newly Industrializing
Advanced
Oil Export / Rent
Core / Periphery Division of the
World
Periphery
Semi-Periphery
Core
This area is devoted to the study of whole systems.
Whole systems are dynamic, they change they move, they develop. Frozen pictures of
how things are supposed to be might do us no good, we need to deal with the live
systems, whichever surprising directions that might take us in.
There is no one authority in the field of whole systems. Luckily nobody has
monopolized it by putting it into a standard curriculum defining what it IS. So, we all have
the opportunity to discover together what whole systems are about.
1.Sistem Ekologi dan kegiatan ekonomi
2.Sistem Ekonomi
3.Sistem Bisnis dan Industri
4. Sistem Perkotaan
5.Sistem Mahluk Hidup
Ekosistem Contoh Kegiatan Ekonomi dan lingkungan
UNEMPLOYMENT
TRADITIONAL
OUTPUT
INVESTMENT
CAPITAL
STOCK
PERCEIVED
EVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
ACCEPTED
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
kehidupan yang
Jasa dokter
Waktu luang
Dunia Maya/ virtual
baru dan hiburan
Model baru sekolah
KEHIDUPAN BARU Pembelajaran Pelatihan individual
Pelatihan profesional
• Faktor pendorong Monitoring Lingkungan hidup
masa depan: keamanan & Proteksi
Aplikasi Rancang produk
kepercayaan, penghematan lingkungan
Eksplorasi
biaya-waktu, bertmabahnya Proses material
kenyamanan, dan perbaikan
kualitas hidup Recyclability
Lingkungan dan perang
• Faktor penghambat:
kompleksitas, tiadanya Prosesi informasi
standard dan layanan buruk Militer Pelatihan
• Faktor pengubah: Pakaian seragam
teknologi
Fungsi konsep strategi
Cara baru Bisnis Portal sbg gerbang dunia
menjalankan elektronik
E-customer bonding
bisnis
E-business di industri
Pengganti lokasi pasar
Real Time Business
Internet dalam peralatan
mobil
Mobile
MMS
business
Pembayaran elektronik
Permintaan pelanggan
Selected Key regional priority issues (environmental dev.)
Africa:
Land degradation and its cross-cutting impacts on forests, freshwater, marine and coastal resources, as well
as pressures such as drought, climate variability and change, and urbanization
Europe:
Climate change and energy, unsustainable production and consumption, air quality and transport,
biodiversity loss and land-use change, and freshwater stress
North America:
Energy and climate change, urban sprawl and freshwater stress
West Asia:
Freshwater stress, land degradation, degrading coasts and marine ecosystems, urban management, and
peace and security
Polar Regions:
Climate change, persistent pollutants, the ozone layer, and development and
commercial activity
http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4/report/06_Regional_Perspectives.pdf