FARMAKOLOGI

SISTEM
RESPIRASI
Here is where this template begins

(ASMA)
 ASMA
Asma adalah suatu keadaan dimana saluran nafas mengalami
penyempitan karena hiperaktivitas pada rangsangan tertentu, yang
mengakibatkan peradangan, penyempitan ini bersifat sementara (Wahid &
Suprapto, 2013)
Asma merupakan penyakit jalan napas obstruktif
intermitten, bersifat reversibel dimana trakea dan bronchi berespon secara
hiperaktif terhadap stimuli tertentu serta mengalami peradangan atau
inflamasi (Padila, 2013)
Menurut Murphy dan Kelly (2011) Asma merupakan penyakit
obstruksi jalan nafas, yang revelsibel dan kronis, dengan karakteristik
adanya mengi. Asma disebabkan oleh spasme saluran bronkial atau
pembengkakan mukosa setelah terpajam berbagai stimulus. Prevelensi,
morbiditas dan martalitas asma meningkat akibat dari peningkatan polusi
udara.
Jadi asma atau reactive air way disease (RAD) adalah penyakit
obstruksi pada jalan napas yang bersifat reversible kronis yang ditandai
dengan bronchopasme dengan karakteristik adanya mengi dimana trakea
dan bronchi berespon secara hiperaktif terhadap stimuli tertentu serta
mengalami peradangan atau inflamasi
 ETIOLOGI ASMA
Obstruksi jalan napas pada asma disebabkan oleh:
a. Kontraksi otot sekitar bronkus sehingga terjadi penyempitan napas.
b. Pembengkakan membrane bronkus
c. Bronkus berisi mucus yang kental
Adapun faktor predisposisi pada asma yaitu:
1.Genetik
Adapun faktor pencetus dari asma adalah:
1. alergen
2. infeksi saluran pernafasan
3. perubahan cuaca
4. lingkungan kerja
5. olahraga
6.strees
 patofisiologi
Patofisiologi dari asma yaitu adanya faktor pencetus seperti debu,
asap rokok, bulu binatang, hawa dingin terpapar pada penderita. Bendabenda tersebut setelah
terpapar ternyata tidak dikenali oleh sistem di tubuh penderita sehingga dianggap sebagai benda
asing (antigen). Anggapan itu
kemudian memicu dikeluarkannya antibody yang berperan sebagai respon
reaksi hipersensitif seperti neutropil, basophil, dan immunoglobulin E.
masuknya antigen pada tubuh yang memicu reaksi antigen akan
menimbulkan reaksi antigen-antibodi yang membentuk ikatan seperti key
and lock (gembok dan kunci).
Ikatan antigen dan antibody akan merangsang peningkatan
pengeluaran mediator kimiawi seperti histamine, neutrophil chemotactic
show acting, epinefrin, norepinefrin, dan prostagandin. Peningkatan
mediator kimia tersebut akan merangsang peningkatan permiabilitas
kapiler, pembengkakan pada mukosa saluran pernafasan (terutama
bronkus). Pembengkakan yang hampir merata pada semua bagian pada
semua bagian bronkus akan menyebabkan penyempitan bronkus
(bronkokontrikis) dan sesak nafas.
Penyempitan bronkus akan menurunkan jumlah oksigen luar yang
masuk saat inspirasi sehingga menurunkan ogsigen yang dari darah.
kondisi ini akan berakibat pada penurunan oksigen jaringan sehingga
penderita pucat dan lemah. Pembengkakan mukosa bronkus juga akan
meningkatkan sekres mucus dan meningkatkan pergerakan sillia pada
mukosa. Penderita jadi sering batuk dengan produksi mucus yang cukup
banyak.
asma merupakan penyakit jalan nafas yang diklasifikasikan secara
fisiologis sebagai obstuksi reversible yang beragam dan parsial terhadap
aliran udara, dan secara patologi dengan perkembangan berlebihan
kalenjer mukus, penebalan jalan nafas akut akibat jaringan parut dan
inflamasi, dan bronkokonstriksi, penyempitan jalan napas pada paru
akibat pengencangan otot polos. inflamasi juga menyebabkan
penyempitan akibat edema dan pembengkakan yang disebabkan respon
imun terhadap alergen.
 tanda dan gejala asma
1. dispnea
2. sesak di dada
3. batuk
4. sputum jernih
5.nyeri dada
6.stridor
7.mengi
8.takikardia
9.suara paru ronki
10.penggunaan otot aksesoris pernapasan
11.nadi paradoksal
12.kehilangan kesadaran
 Pharmacy Infographics
30% 20%
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 Pharmacy Infographics

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MARS VENUS MERCURY NEPTUNE

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 Pharmacy Infographics
30 % 40 %
MERCURY NEPTUNE
Mercury is the Neptune is the
smallest planet in farthest planet from
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50 % 35 %
SATURN MARS
Saturn is mostly Despite being red,
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 Pharmacy Infographics

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Pharmacy Infographics
Mercury Venus
It’s the smallest planet Venus is the second
in the Solar System planet from the Sun

Mars Jupiter
Despite being red, Mars It’s the biggest planet in
is actually a cold place the Solar System

Saturn Neptune
Saturn is a gas giant Neptune is the farthest
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 Pharmacy Infographics
Venus Jupiter
Venus is the second It’s the biggest planet
planet from the Sun in the Solar System

Saturn Neptune
It’s a gas giant and It’s the farthest
the ringed one planet from the Sun
 Pharmacy Infographics

Venus
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high temperatures

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liquid metal
 Pharmacy Infographics

Venus Mars
Venus is the second Despite being red,
planet from the Sun Mars is a cold planet

Saturn Mercury
Saturn is a gas giant It’s the closest
and has several planet to the Sun
rings
 Pharmacy Infographics

Jupiter Neptune
It’s the biggest planet It’s the farthest
in the Solar System planet from the Sun

30 % 50 %

Mars Saturn
Despite being red, Saturn is a gas giant
Mars is a cold place and the ringed planet
20 % 60 %
 Pharmacy Infographics
Venus 1 2 Mercury
It’s the second planet It’s the smallest planet
from the Sun in the Solar System

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Despite being red, Mars Neptune is the farthest
is actually a cold planet planet from the Sun
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It’s composed mostly of
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 Pharmacy Infographics
25 % 55 %
Saturn Venus
Saturn is composed Venus has a beautiful
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helium high temperatures

45 % 65 %
Jupiter Neptune
Jupiter is a gas giant Neptune is the fourth-
and the biggest planet largest planet in the
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 Pharmacy Infographics

Mercury Saturn
50 Mercury is the Saturn is composed 75
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Venus Mars
25 Venus is really hot Despite of being red, 50
% and is the second Mars is actually a %
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 Pharmacy Infographics

Mars Venus Mercury Saturn

Despite being Venus is the Mercury is the Saturn is a gas
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cold place from the Sun to the Sun ringed one
 Pharmacy Infographics
Venus Mars Jupiter
It’s the second planet Despite being red, It’s the biggest planet in
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 Pharmacy Infographics
30 % 15 % 10 % 25 % 30 %
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 Pharmacy Infographics
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Venus is the second Neptune is the farthest
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Pharmacy Infographics

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Despite being red,
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2 Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

3 Mercury
It’s the closest planet
to the Sun 70 % 80 % 30 %
Pharmacy Infographics

30 % Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place

20 % Mercury
It’s the closest
planet to the Sun

50 % Venus
Venus is the
second planet from
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 Pharmacy Infographics

Venus Saturn
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 Pharmacy Infographics

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Despite being Mercury is the Saturn is a gas
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 Pharmacy Infographics

25 % 25 %

Mars Saturn
Despite being red, Mars Saturn is a gas giant and
is a cold place the ringed one

25 % 25 %

Mercury Neptune
Mercury is the closest Neptune is the farthest
planet to the Sun planet from the Sun
Pharmacy Infographics
Mercury is the closest
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Despite being red,

Mars Mars is a cold place

Saturn is a gas giant

Saturn and the ringed one

Neptune is the farthest

Neptune planet from the Sun
 Pharmacy Infographics

40 % 15 %
Mars Neptune
Despite being red, It’s the farthest
Mars is a cold place planet from the Sun

20 % 25 %
Venus Saturn
Venus is the second Saturn is a gas giant
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 Pharmacy Infographics

50 % 90 %
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Venus is the second It’s the closest
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 Pharmacy Infographics
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