BAB II TRANSPORTASI BAHAN

TIK:

1. Menjelaskan peralatan belt conveyor

2. Menjelaskan peralatan screw conveyor
3. Menjelaskan bucket conveyor
 2.1 Pendahuluan

Dalam suatu industri, pemindahan bahan baik

bahan mentah (raw material), bahan setengah
jadi (intermediate product), maupun bahan jadi
(product) merupakan persoalan yang cukup
penting untuk efisiensi dan efektifitas secara
keseluruhan proses. Bermacam-macam peralatan
transportasi diperlukan guna pemindahan bahan
ini, namun didalam bab ini hanya dibahas
peralatan transportasi bahan padat, khususnya
menggunakan conveyor.
Conveyor itu sendiri diklasifikasikan dlm:
– Belt Conveyor
– Screw Conveyor
– Bucket Conveyor

Kriteria pemilihan alat pengangkutan tergantung

pada:
– Jenis bahan yang hendak diangkut
– Jumlah bahan yang hendak diangkut
– Jarak pengangkutan
– Arah pengangkutan
– Kecepatan pengangkutan
– Jumlah tempat penerimaan dan pengambilan
 2.2 Belt Conveyor

Belt conveyor terdiri dari dua pulley

dimana beroperasi dalam satu siklus
secara kontinyu dan conveyor belt
berputar diantara kedua pulley. Salah satu
atau kedua pulley dapat diberikan tenaga
putar melalui motor sehingga
menggerakkan belt kearah yang
diinginkan sesuai dengan gerakan putar
pulley. Pulley yang bergerak dinamakan
pulley penggerak (drive pulley) dan yang
tidak digerakkan dinamakan idler.
 Belt Conveyor

• Ada dua kategori utama

industri belt conveyor
untuk penanganan
transportasi bahan,
yaitu:
• pemindahan box didalam
pabrik dan
• pemindahan bahan padat
(bulk) seperti grain, coal,
ores, etc yang mana
biasanya berada diluar
lokasi pabrik.
Grain Transportation
 Belt Bend
• Belt itu sendiri terbuat
dari satu atau lebih
lapisan bahan yang
ketahanannya
disesuaikan dengan
jumlah dan jenis bahan
yang akan dipindahkan.
Belt conveyor terpanjang
di dunia saat ini mencapai
100 km di Sahara Barat
untuk memindahkan
phosphate mines dari Bu
Craa ke pantai selatan El-
Aiun
(http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Conveyor_belt).
Sedangkan single belt
conveyor terpanjang
beroperasi dari
Meghalaya di India ke Belt Bend
Sylhet di Bangladesh
berjarak 17 miles untuk
memindahkan batu kapur
(limestone).
 Conveyor Type

Enclosed Powertrack conveyor Roller Conveyor

Created by Tri Hartono, 2007

 2.3 Screw Conveyor

• Screw conveyor
terdiri dari suatu
pipa berputar
dimana bilah
berbentuk heliks
berada pada
permukaan pipa
yang berfungsi
untuk membawa
bahan yang akan
dipindahkan.
Conveyor ini cocok
untuk memindahkan
bahan berbentuk
granular, misal
jagung, polimer, dll.
Archimedes Screw Conveyor
 Rotary Feeder

• Penggunaan utama dari

alat ini untuk
mengeluarkan bahan dari
hopper atau bins kedalam
conveyor. Jenis bahan
yang dipindahkan antara
lain: ore, sugar, minerals,
grains, plastics, dust, fly
ash, flour, gypsum, lime,
coffee, cereals,
pharmaceuticals, etc.
Industries requiring this
type are cement, asphalt,
chemical, mining , plastics,
food, etc. Bersama-sama
alat ini tergabung dengan
rotary airlock feeder,
 2.4 Bucket Conveyor
• Bucket conveyor seringkali disebut dengan
bucket elevator yang bekerja secara
kontinyu dan mampu memindahkan bahan
sampai dengan kapasitas 12000 m3 per
jam. Biasanya conveyor ini digunakan
dalam pertambangan. Bahkan mesin
terbesar jenis ini seberat 1000 ton dan
berdiri setinggi 100 m dengan panjang
kira-kira 200 m.
The Bagger 288 in Garzweiler, Germany
Contoh Lain Bucket Conveyor
Contoh Lain Bucket Conveyor
 2.5 Conveyor Type Selection

1. Chute Conveyor

• Unit/Bulk + On-Floor +
Accumulate
• Inexpensive
• Used to link two
handling devices
• Used to provide
accumulation in
shipping areas
• Used to convey items
between floors
• Difficult to control
position of the items
2. Wheel Conveyor

• Unit + On-Floor +
Accumulate
• Uses a series of
skatewheels mounted
on a shaft (or axle),
where spacing of the
wheels is dependent on
the load being
transported
• Slope for gravity
movement depends on
load weight
• More economical than
the roller conveyor
• For light-duty
applications
• Flexible, expandable
versions available
3. Roller Conveyor

• Unit + On-Floor + Accumulate

• May be powered (or live) or nonpowered (or gravity)
• Materials must have a rigid riding surface
• Minimum of three rollers must support smallest loads at all
times
• Tapered rollers on curves used to maintain load orientation
3(a) Gravity
Roller Conveyor

• Alternative to
wheel conveyor
• For heavy-duty
applications
• Slope for gravity
movement
depends on load
weight
• For accumulating
loads
3(b) Live (Powered)
Roller Conveyor

• Belt or chain driven

• Force-sensitive
transmission can be
used to disengage
rollers for
accumulation
• For accumulating
loads and
merging/sorting
operations
• Provides limited
incline movement
capabilities
4. Chain Conveyor

• Unit + In-/On-Floor +
No Accumulate
• Uses one or more
endless chains on
which loads are carried
directly
• Parallel chain
configuration used to
transport pallets
• Vertical chain conveyor
used for continuous
high-frequency vertical
transfers (cf. vertical
conveyor used for low-
frequency intermittent
transfers)
5. Slat Conveyor

• Unit + In-/On-Floor + No
Accumulate
• Uses discretely spaced slats
connected to a chain
• Unit being transported
retains its position (like a
belt conveyor)
• Orientation and placement of
the load is controlled
• Used for heavy loads or
loads that might damage a
belt
• Bottling and canning plants
use flat chain or slat
conveyors because of wet
conditions, temperature, and
cleanliness requirements
• Tilt slat conveyor used for
sortation
6. Flat Belt Conveyor

• Unit + On-Floor + No Accumulate

• For transporting light- and
medium-weight loads between
operations, departments, levels,
and buildings
• When an incline or decline is
required
• Provides considerable control over
the orientation and placement of
the load.
• No smooth accumulation,
merging, and sorting on the belt
• The belt is roller or slider bed
supported; the slider bed is used
for small and irregularly shaped
items
• In 1957, B.F. Goodrich, Co.
patented the Möbius strip for
conveying hot or abrasive
substances in order to have
"both" sides wear equally
7. Magnetic Belt
Conveyor

• Bulk + On-Floor
• A steel belt and
either a magnetic
slider bed or a
magnetic pulley is
used
• To transport ferrous
materials vertically,
upside down, and
around corners
8. Troughed Belt Conveyor

• Bulk + On-Floor
• Used to transport bulk
materials
• When loaded, the belt
conforms to the shape
of the troughed rollers
and idlers
9. Bucket
Conveyor

• Bulk + On-Floor
• Used to move
bulk materials
in a vertical or
inclined path
• Buckets are
attached to a
cable, chain, or
belt
• Buckets are
automatically
unloaded at the
end of the
conveyor run
10. Vibrating Conveyor

• Bulk + On-Floor
• Consists of a trough, bed,
or tube
• Vibrates at a relatively
high frequency and small
amplitude in order to
convey individual units of
products or bulk material
• Can be used to convey
almost all granular, free-
flowing materials
• An Oscillating Conveyor is
similar in construction, but
vibrates at a lower
frequency and larger
amplitude (not as gentle)
in order to convey larger
objects such as hot
castings
11. Screw Conveyor
• Bulk + On-Floor
• Consists of a tube or U-shaped stationary trough through
which a shaft-mounted helix revolves to push loose
material forward in a horizontal or inclined direction
• One of the most widely used conveyors in the processing
industry
• Many applications in agricultural and chemical processing
• Water screw developed circa 250 BC by Archimedes
13. Vertical Conveyor

• Unit + On-Floor + No Accumulate

• Used for low-frequency intermittent vertical
transfers (cf. vertical chain conveyor can be used
for continuous high-frequency vertical transfers
13(a) Vertical Lift
Conveyor

• Carrier used to raise or

lower a load to different
levels of a facility (e.g.,
different floors and/or
mezzanines)
• Differs from a freight
elevator in that it is not
designed or certified to
carry people
• Can be manually or
automatically loaded
and/or controlled and can
interface with horizontal
conveyors
13(b) Reciprocating
Vertical Conveyor

• Utilizes gravity-actuated
carrier to lowering loads,
where the load overcomes
the magnitude of a
counterweight
• Can only be used to lower
a load
• Alternative to a chute
conveyor for vertical
"drops" when load is
fragile and/or space is
limited
• Can be manually or
automatically loaded
and/or controlled and can
interface with horizontal
conveyors
16. Trolley Conveyor

• Unit + Overhead + No
Accumulate
• Uses a series of
trolleys supported
from or within an
overhead track
• Trolleys are equally
spaced in a closed
loop path and are
suspended from a
chain
• Carriers are used to
carry multiple units of
product
• Does not provide for
accumulation
• Commonly used in
processing, assembly,
packaging, and
storage operations
17. Power-and-Free
Conveyor

• Unit + Overhead/On-Floor
+ Accumulate
• Similar to trolley conveyor
due to use of discretely
spaced carriers
transported by an
overhead chain; however,
the power-and-free
conveyor uses two tracks:
one powered and the other
nonpowered (or free)
• Carriers can be disengaged
from the power chain and
accumulated or switched
onto spurs
• Termed an Inverted
Power-and-Free Conveyor
when tracks are located on
the floor
 Standard Conveyor
DIN (German)
• 1554Drum friction test
• 7716Rubber products; requirements for storage, cleaning
and maintenance
• 12882Conveyor belts for general use; electrical and
flammability safety requirements
• 13827Steel cord conveyor belts; determination of
displacement of steel cords
• 20340Flammability of conveyor belts; specifications and
method of test
• 22100Synthetic materials for use in underground coal
mines
• 22101Basics for the desing of belt conveyors (new version
of 8/2002 superseding the 1982 issue)
• 22102Textile carcass conveyor belts
• 22103Fire resistant conveyor belts for coal mining
• 22104Antistatic conveyor belts; requirements and testing
• 22109Textile carcass conveyor belts for underground coal
mines („self-extinguishing“ grades)
• 22110Testing of splices
• 22112Belt conveyors for underground coal mining
• 22117Conveyor belts for coal mining; determination of the
limiting oxygen index (LOI)
• 22118Textile carcass conveyor belts for use in underground
coal mines; fire testing
• 22120Scraper rubber for underground coal mining
• 22121Textile carcass conveyor belts for coal mining;
permanent joints
• 22129Steel cord conveyor belts for underground coal
mining           (Cross-section)
• 22131Steel cord conveyor belts
• 28094Steel cord conveyor belts; adhesion strength test of
core to cover layer
• 53504Testing of breaking strength and elongation of rubber
• 53505Testing of hardness of rubber (Shore A and D)
• 53507Testing of tear strength of rubber
• 53516Testing of abrasion resistance of rubberNote: All DIN
standards are copyright of and are availble from Beuth-
Verlag in Berlin: http://www.mybeuth.de
ISO (World)
• 251:2003Conveyor belts with textile carcass - Widths and
lengths
• 252:1988Conveyor belts - Ply adhesion between
constitutive elements - Test method and requirements
• 252-1:1999Textile conveyor belts - Adhesive strength
between constitutive elements - Methods of test
• 282:1992Conveyor belts – sampling
• 283:1990Conveyor belts - Full thickness tensile strength
and elongation - Specifications and method of test
• 283-1:2001Textile conveyor belts - Determination of
tensile strength, elongation at break and elongation at the
reference load
• 284:2004Conveyor belts - Electrical conductivity -
Specification and test method
• 340:1988Conveyor belts - Flame retardation -
Specifications and test method
• 432:1989Ply type conveyor belts - Characteristics of
construction
• 433:1991Conveyor belts - Marking
• 505:2000Conveyor belts - Method for the determination of the tear
propagation resistance of textile conveyor belts
• 583:1990Textile conveyor belts - Tolerances on total thickness and
thickness of covers
• 583-1:2000Conveyor belts with a textile carcass - Total thickness and
thickness of elements - Methods of test
• 703:1988Conveyor belts - Troughability - Characteristics of transverse
flexibility and test method
• 703-1:2000Conveyor belts - Transverse flexibility and troughability - Test
method
• 1120:2002Conveyor belts - Determination of strength of mechanical
fastenings - Static test method
• 1535:1975Continuous mechanical handling equipment - Troughed belt
conveyors - Belts
• 1554:1999Conveyor belts - Drum friction test
• 2148:1974Continuous handling equipment – Nomenclature
• 3684:1990Conveyor belts - Determination of minimum pulley
• 3870:1976Conveyor belts (fabric carcass) - Adjustment of take-up device
• 4195-1:1987Conveyor belts - Heat resistance - Test method
• 4195-2:1988Conveyor belts - Heat resistance – Specifications
• 4661-1:1993Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Preparation of
samples and test pieces - Physical tests
• 5048Belt conveyors; calculation of operating power and tensile forces
• 5284:1986Conveyor belts - List of equivalent terms
• 285:1978Conveyor belts - Guide to storage and handling
• 5293:1981Conveyor belts - Formula for transition distance
on three equal length idler rolls
• 7590:2001Steel cord conveyor belts - Methods for the
determination of total thickness and cover
• 7622-1:1995Steel cord conveyor belts - Longitudinal
traction test - Part 1: Measurement of elongation
• 7622-2:1995Steel cord conveyor belts - Longitudinal
traction test - Part 2: Measurement of tensile strength
• 7623:1997Steel cord conveyor belts - Cord-to-coating
bond test - Initial test and after thermal treatment
• 8094:1984Steel cord conveyor belts - Adhesion strength
test of the cover to the core layer
• 9856:2004Conveyor belts - Determination of elastic and
permanent elongation and calculation of elastic modulus
• 10247:1990Conveyor belts - Characteristics of covers –
Classification
• 10357:1989Conveyor belts - Formula for transition
distance on three equal length idler rollers (new method)
• 12881-1:2005Conveyor belts - Propane burner test
• 12881-2:2005Conveyor belts - Large scale flammability test
• 12882:2002Conveyor belts for general use - Electrical and fire
safety requirements
• 13827:2004Steel cord conveyor belts - Determination of
horizontal and vertical position of the steel cords.
• 14890:2003Conveyor belts - Specification for conveyor belts of
textile construction for general use
• 14973:2004Conveyor belts for underground use - Electrical and
fire safety requirements
• 15236:2004Steel cord conveyor belts (type A) and woven steel
cord or steel strand conveyor belts (types B and C)
• 15236:2004Steel cord conveyor belts - Vulcanised splices
• 15236-1:2004Steel cord conveyor belts for general use - Design,
dimensions and mechanical requirements
• 15236-2:2004Steel cord conveyor belts - Preferred types15236-
4:2004Steel cord conveyor belt - Vulcanized splices
• 16851:2005Textile conveyor belts - Determination of the endless
length
• 18573:2003Conveyor belts - Test atmospheres and conditioning
• 22721Textile conveyor belts for underground mining
BS (UK)
• 2890Specification for troughed conveyor belts
• 3289Textile carcass conveyor belts for use in underground mines
• 490Specification for rubber and plastics conveyor belting
• 8407Specification for mechanical and spliced joints for use
underground
• 12882Conveyor belts for general purpose; electrical and flammability
safety requirements

CEMA / RMA (USA)

• 402Belt Conveyors, 2002
• IP 1-1Conveyor belt cover characteristics

JIS (Japan)
• 8805Belt conveyors; calculation of operating power and tensile forces
• 6322Plied construction conveyor belts6324Flame resistant conveyor
belts
• 6369Steel cord conveyor belts

GOST (Russia)
• 22644Belt conveyors; basic parameters and dimensioning
• 28826Conveyor belts; list of equivalent terms
 Diskusi
Proses pembuatan bahan bakar etanol
terlihat spt diagram alir berikut, diskusikan
jenis conveyor dan alasan pemilihan ini.
• Gudang penyimpanan corn dilapangan
terbuka dan berjarak 500m dari tempat
proses grinding.
• Proses grinding ke proses cooking mengalami
elevasi dg kemiringan 30o ke ketinggian
10m.
• Dari proses cooking ke proses fermentation
mengalami penurunan posisi setinggi 15 m.