KOLESISTITIS
Capaian pembelajaran:
Setelah menyelesaikan kuliah ini,
mahasiswa mampu :
menjelaskan pengertian dan patofisiologi
penyakit Kolelithiasis dan Kolesistitis
memperkirakan kebutuhan energi dan zat gizi
untuk pasien penyakit tersebut
merencanakan menu untuk mendukung
pengobatan penyakit Kolelithiasis dan Kolesistitis
sesuai dengan tujuan dan syarat dietnya
Pustaka :
kolesistitis
Manifestasi klinik & komplikasi
Penatalaksanaan klinik
Pemilihan bahan
Kolelithiasis
Kolelithiasis adalah terbentuknya batu empedu
(lithos), yang bila masuk ke dalam duktus
koledokhus (saluran empedu) menimbulkan :
Sumbatan dan kram penyaluran empedu ke
duodenum terhambat
Gangguan pencernaan dan absorpsi lemak
Ada 3 jenis batu
Batu kolesterol kolesterol, bilirubin, garam kalsium
Batu pigmen polimer bilirubin dan garam kalsium
Batu campuran
Faktor risiko terjadinya kolelithiasis
Gender wanita
Usia tua
Diabetes mellitus
Faktor etnik
estrogen)
4F: fat, female, forty, fertile
Faktor risiko terjadinya kolelithiasis
disease)
Riwayat keluarga
batu
Tanda dan gejala:
Demam
Nyeri abdomen kanan atas sampai kolik
Mual, muntah, flatulens
Sering disertai ikterus (jaundice)
Kolesistitis kronik
Kolesistitis kronik inflamasi kandung empedu
dalam jangka waktu yang lama
Terjadi karena serangan ringan kolesistitis akut
yang berulang
Menyebabkan penebalan dinding kandung
empedu mengecil kehilangan fungsinya:
mengentalkan dan menyimpan empedu
Faktor risiko: wanita, usia>40 tahun, adanya batu
empedu dan riwayat kolesistitis akut
Kolangitis
Cholangitis is an inflammation of the biliary
ducts, usually secondary to obstruction of the
common bile duct leading to infection. The infection
can ascend into the hepatic ducts, then into the
biliary canaliculi, hepatic veins, and perihepatic
lymphatics, leading to sepsis.
It is a life threatening complication of biliary
obstruction, particularly in the elderly. Initial therapy
generally consists of antibiotics, fluid resuscitation,
and correction of blood clotting.
Manifestasi klinik kolelithiasis & kolesistitis
Bilirubinemia ikterik
Feses pucat
Komplikasi
Sirosis bilier sekunder
Secondary biliary cirrhosis develops due to long-term
partial or total obstruction of the large bile ducts outside
of the liver. When the ducts are damaged, bile (which is
a substance that helps digest fat) builds up in the liver
and damages the liver tissue.
Pankreatitis jika duktus pankreas tersumbat
Penatalaksanaan klinik
kolelithiasis
Operasi pengambilan batu (lithotomi)
Operasi pengangkatan kandung empedu
Pemberian agen pelarut :
Garam empedu
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic acid
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP) jika batu sudah bermigrasi ke saluran
empedu
Nutritional implications
Symptomatic gallstones and acute attacks require a
diet low in fat to relieve symptoms before surgery.
Patients experiencing an acute attack of cholangitis
should take nothing by mouth (NPO) for twelve
hours before surgery.
Indigestion, decreased ability to digest fat, and
increased abdominal gas can contribute to decreased
food intake and altered nutritional status.
Nutritional implications
After surgery, patients adjust rapidly to a
regular diet since bile from the liver continues
to enter the duodenum via the common bile
duct.
Diarrhea may occur after surgery, probably
interaction;
if the patient has an infection—increased
nutrient needs.
Nutrition Intervention
A low-fat nutrition prescription (<30% energy as
fat) with a modest protein content may assist in
controlling symptoms until surgery is performed to
remove the gallstones.
Small, frequent feedings may also help improve the
total nutrient intake to meet patients’ needs.
Nutrition Intervention
An acute attack almost always occurs in connection
with an obstruction. When it does occur, the
gallbladder should be kept as inactive as possible,
which is achieved through an NPO order and
complete bowel rest until symptoms lessen, with
nutrition administered parenterally as needed. The
diet is advanced as tolerated to liquids, though only
low-fat liquids are typically used.
Nutrition Intervention
Due to poor absorption of fat, a water-soluble form
of vitamins A, D, E, and K may be necessary.
Post surgery diarrhea may be managed through
increased fiber intake to increase fecal bulk, and
patient avoidance of foods that are known to cause
diarrhea.
Terapi Diet
Tidak ada terapi diet spesifik untuk mencegah kolelitiasis
pada individu yang rentan
D. Prabedah
H-4 diet sisa rendah bentuk lunak
H-3 diet sisa rendah bentuk saring
H-1/2 diberi bubur tanpa sayur
Puasa 12-18 jam sebelum operasi
D. Pascabedah
DPB 1: m cair jernih
DPB 2: m cair kental
DPB 3: m saring, rendah sisa
DPB 4: m lunak
Pada pengangkatan kandung empedu
Prinsip diet:
Memberikan kebutuhan dasar (cairan, energi, protein)
Mengganti kehilangan protein, glikogen dan besi
Memperbaiki keseimbangan elektrolit dan cairan
Tujuan Diet Kolelithiasis & Kolesistitis
RL 1 RL 2 RL 3
996 kkal 1400 kkal 1900 kkal
Serealia & umbi-umbian - 2 SP 5 SP
Daging lemak rendah/sedang - 3 SP 3 SP
Kacang-kacangan - 2 SP 2 SP
Sayuran - 2 SP 2 ½ SP
Buah/sari buah 10 SP 4 SP 2 SP
Minyak/margarin - 2 SP 2 SP
Susu skim/formula - - 1 SP
Gula/sirup 15 SP 8 SP 8 SP
Bahan Makanan yg tidak dianjurkan
TERIMA KASIH