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ADAPTASI BIOFISIK &

PSIKOLOGIS INTRANATAL

L/O/G/O
DIYAH A. NURFA’IZAH , M.Kep
Definisi & Etiologi Persalinan

• Persalinan adalah proses pergerakan


keluar janin, placenta dan membrane dari
dalam rahim melalui jalan lahir
• Etiologi :
– Kortek adrenal menghasilkan kortikosteroid
sebab turunnya sirkulasi estrogen maternal
– Vasopresin & oksitosin ol kel piuitary pd
sirk umbilikal
– Kontraksi otot uterus o.k perubahan proges
& estro
– Prostaglandin ol amnion
Faktor Pengaruh Persalinan

• Passenger
• Passageaway
• Power
• Posisi Ibu
• Psikologi
Passenger

• Ukuran kepala
• Presentasi janin:bag yg masuk PAP,
kepala, bokong, bahu
• Letak dan sikap janin: letak vertikal dan
horizontal, sikap adl hub bag tbuh janin
• Posisi janin : hub antara presentas thd 4
kuadran punggung
Passageaway

• passageaway adl jalan lahir terdiri dr


bagian tulang yg padat, dasar panggul dan
introitus
• Ukuran dan bentuk panggul harus dikaji
sebelum persalinan
Power

• Kontraksi involunter: kekuatan primer


tanda dimulai persalinan, penyebab serviks
tipis n dilatasi
• Kontraksi volunter : kekuatan sekunder utk
mendorong janin keluar stlh dilatasi
serviks lengkap
Position

• Posisi ibu saat bersalin


• Perubahan posisi dpt membuat ibu
nyaman dan memperbaiki sirkulasi
• Posisi tegak gaya gravitasi membantu
turunnya janin
Psikologi
• Kondisi psikologis ibu mempengaruhi
proses persalinan
• Perubahan hormonal dan kondisi fisik
berpengaruh terhadap psikologi ibu
• Penerimaan terhadap proses persalinan
dapat mempermudah kelahiran janin
• Ibu yg panik, stres, cemas menghambat
aliran darah ke janin dan organ tubuh shg
menghambat proses persalinan
TAHAP PERSALINAN
• Ada 4 tahap
– Tahap 1 mulai terjadinya kontraksi uterus
sampai dilatasi serviks lengkap. dibagi fase
laten, Fase aktif dan transisi, 13 – 14 jam
primipara 7 -8 jam multipara

– Tahap 2 mulai dilatasi serviks lengkap sampai


janin lahir, berlangsung 2 jam primipara dan 1,5
jam multipara.
TAHAP PERSALINAN
• Ada 4 tahap
– Tahap 3 sejak janin lahir sampai plasenta lahir,
waktu untuk tahap ini sekitar 15 – 30 menit
meskipun 45-60 menit masih dianggap normal

– Tahap 4, yaitu 2 jam setelah plasenta lahir,


periode ini merupakan masa pemulihan yang
terjadi segera jika homeostasis berlangsung
dengan baik. Pemantauan komplikasi
Adaptasi biofisik
• Adaptasi maternal • Adaptasi janin
– Sist kardiovaskular – Fetal heart
– Sist respirasi – Sirkulasi
– Sist hematologi – pernafasan
– Sist urologi
– Sist pencernaan
– Sist integumen
– Sist
muskuloskeletal
– Sist neurologi
Adaptasi maternal
• Sist kardiovaskular dan hematologi
dipengaruhi kontraksi uterus, peningkatan
cardiac output, perubahan TD,
peningkatan nadi akibat nyeri, cemas n
takut
lekosit meningkat akibat stres fisik dan
trauma jaringan
perubhan pembuluh drh perifer
Peningkatan eritropoietin pd saat stres,
aktivitas otot dan dehidrasi
Adaptasi maternal
• Sist respirasi
– Peningkatan frek pernafasan
– Hiperventilasi menyebabkan alkalosis
respiratorik, hipoksia dan hipokapnea
Adaptasi maternal
• Sist urologi dan pencernaan
gg perkemihan akibat edema jar o.k
tekanan bag presentasi, protein uri +1
normal
dehidrasi, bibir mulut kering, motilitas dan
absorbsi menurun, pengosongan lambung
lambat, mual dan muntah
Adaptasi maternal
• Sist integumen & muskuloskeletal
– Perubahan distensibilitas muara vagina,
meregang dan laserasi pada introitus
– Diaforesis, keletihan
– Nyeri punggung dan sendi
Adaptasi maternal
• Sist neurologi
– Ketidaknyamanan,stres
– Euphoria persalinan
– Amnesia antara kontraksi
– Peningkatan ambang nyeri
Adaptasi janin
• Fetal heart
Monitor DJJ utk tahu kondisi janin terkait
oksigenasi. Stress pada uterofetoplacental
dapat dilihat dari karakteristik pola nadi..
• Rata-rata nadi pada janin yang aterm
adalah 140 kali/menit, kisaran normalnya
antara 110-160 kali/menit. Jumlahnya
berkurang secara progresif seiring
dengan kematuran usia janin.

Adaptasi janin
• Sirkulasi janin.
Sirkulasi janin dipengaruhi oleh banyak
faktor, antara lain : posisi ibu, kontraksi
uterus, tekanan darah dan aliran darah
pada tali pusat
Adaptasi janin
• Pernafasan janin
Perubahan ini merangsang chemoreseptor
pada aorta dan carotid bodies menyiapkan
janin untuk sesegera mungkin bernafas
setelah bayi :
• Paru-paru janin terbebas dari cairan
selama proses persalinan,PO2
menurun,PCO2 arteri meningkat, pH
arterial menurun, Pergerakan respiratori
menurun selama proses kelahiran
Adaptasi psikologis
Perubahan psikologis pada kala I
dipengaruhi oleh:
• Pengalaman sebelumnya, Kesiapan emosi
• Persiapan menghadapi persalinan (fisik,
mental, materi dsb)
• Support sistem
• Lingkungan & Kultur
• Mekanisme koping
• Sikap terhadap kehamilan
Adaptasi psikologis
• Kelelahan
– membawa beban berat selama hamil, sulit tidur
dimalm hari akibat Perubahan bentuk tulang belakang
dan gerakan janin meningkatnya rasa tidak nyaman
– Sensitif terhadap perubahan bentuk tubuh, terutama
jika penilaian diri yang tinggi dan daya tilik diri yang
rendah.
• Takut
terutama pada ibu-ibu primipara. Proses persalinan
dapat berlangsung cepat /lambat
• Budaya
budaya mempengaruhi proses persalinan. Adanya
pantangan-pantangan
Adaptasi psikologis
• Kecemasan menghadapi persalinan
Kurangnya informasi, penjelasan media, pengetahuan
yang tidak adekuat memperparah ketakutan ibu yang
melahirkan.
• Kurang pengetahuan tentang proses persalinan
Sangat berkaitan erat dengan kecemasan ibu.
• Kemampuan mengontrol diri menurun (pada kala I fase
aktif)
ibu mengalami penurunan kontrol diri sehingga ketika
mengalami ambang nyeri yang tidak dapt dipertahankan
lagi kadang terucap,” Sudah.......operasi saja”, atau “
Saya siap mati, saya tidak kuat lagi”.

Adaptasi psikologis
• Adaptasi psikologis pada kala II bersifat sangat
individual,
• dipengaruhi riwayat kehamilan apakah anak diinginkan
atau tidak, anak mahal atau kondisi yang lain. jenis
kelamin anak sesuai atau tidak, sempurna atau tidak.
• ibu dan pasangan sangat antusias menerima anggota
keluarga baru. Cemas merawat anggota baru dan sibling
• Ibu melakukan pendekatan pertama dalam dunia nyata
dengan menyusui, mencium bayi dll
Adaptasi psikologis
• Adaptasi psikologis kala III, ibu mulai tampak kelelahan
dan berorientasi pada diri sendiri.
• Kebutuhan nutrisi dan cairan elektrolit serta istirahat
untuk pemulihan harus diperhatikan.
• Observasi perdarahan menjadi tujuan utama bagi tenaga
kesehatan,
• libatkan pasangan untuk berbagi perasaan dalam
menerima anggota keluarga baru.
• Ikatan parenting mulai muncul.
Adaptasi psikologis
• Adaptasi psikologis kala IV, perubahan emosi mendadak
(terutama pada ibu primipara) dipengaruhi kelelahan dan
perubahan peran serta ketidakpuasan karena perubahan
penampilan peran,
• multipara sudah mulai rileks, kebersamaan dengan
pasangan dan anggota baru
• Perasaan bahagia, bila persalinan dan anak sesuai
dengan keinginan dan harapan, berduka bila persalinan
dan anak tidak sesuai dengan harapan, dipengaruhi oleh
keyakinan dan budaya.
• peran serta pasangan saat melahirkan meningkatkan
hubungan dengan pasangan saat post partum.
TERIMA KASIH
L/O/G/O
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CEO

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Thank You!

L/O/G/O
www.themegallery.com

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