SINTESIS PROTEIN





Pertemuan ke 5 dan 6
 ARUS INFORMASI GENETIK

Informasi DNA adalah dalam bentuk

urutan tertentu dari nukleotida di sepanjang
untai DNA
DNA diwariskan oleh organisme
◦ Menghasilkan ciri-ciri tertentu melalui sintesis
protein
Prosesdi mana DNA mensintesis protein
dinamakan ekspresi gen
◦ Ada dua tahapan, yaitu transkripsi dan translasi
 RIBOSOM
◦ Adalah organel sel yang menfasilitasi terjadinya
translasi (sintesis polipeptida)

Figure 17.1
Konsep 1: GEN MENENTUKAN PROTEIN
MELALUI TRANSKRIPSI DAN TRANSLASI
1909, Dokter Inggris Archibald Garrod
◦ Adalah orang pertama yang menunjukkan bahwa gen
menentukan fenotip melalui enzim yang mengkatalisis
reaksi kimia tertentu dalam sel
1920, Beadle dan Edward Tatum: Neurospora crassa
(kapang roti) yang dimutasi dengan sinar-X
◦ Menciptakan mutan yang tidak bisa bertahan hidup pada
media minimal
◦ Mengembangkan hipotesis "satu gen-satu enzim“
◦ Fungsi gen adalah untuk menentukan produk enzim
tertentu
PRINSIP DASAR TRANSKRIPS DAN
TRANSLASI
Transkripsi
◦ Adalah sintesis RNA di bawah arahan DNA
◦ Menghasilkan messenger RNA (mRNA) atau RNA
duta

Translasi
◦ Adalah sintesis polipeptida yang terjadi di bawah
arahan mRNA
◦ Terjadi dalam ribosom
 Pada Prokariota
◦ Transkripsi dan translasi terjadi bersamaan (translasi
mRNA dimulai saat transkripsi masih berlangsung)

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA
Ribosome

TRANSLATION

Polypeptide

(a) Prokaryotic cell. In a cell lacking a nucleus, mRNA

produced by transcription is immediately translated
Figure 17.3a without additional processing.
 Pada Eukariota
◦ Transkrip RNA atau transkrip primer atau pre-mRNA
dimodifikasi sebelum menjadi mRNA
Nuclear
envelope

TRANSCRIPTION DNA

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

Ribosome

TRANSLATION
(b) Eukaryotic cell. The nucleus provides a separate
Polypeptide compartment for transcription. The original RNA
transcript, called pre-mRNA, is processed in various
ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA.
Figure 17.3b
Aliran informasi genetik adalah
◦ DNA RNA protein

Aliran Informasi Genetik

◦ Dikodekan sebagai urutan triplet basa yang tidak
tumpang tindih yang disebut kodon
 Selama transkripsi
◦ Gen menentukan urutan basa di sepanjang molekul mRNA

DNA Gene 2
molecule
Gene 1

Gene 3

DNA strand 3 5
(template) A C C A A A C C G A G T

TRANSCRIPTION

U G G U U U G G C U C A
mRNA 5 3
Codon
TRANSLATION

Protein Trp Phe Gly Ser

Figure 17.4 Amino acid
 KODE GENETIK
Kodon dalam mRNA
◦ Diterjemahkan menjadi asam amino atau berfungsi sebagai
sinyal mulai (start) dan berhenti (stop) dari translasi
Second mRNA base
U C A G
UUU UCU UAU UGU U
Phe Tyr Cys
UUC UCC UAC UGC C
U
UUA UCA Ser UAA Stop UGA StopA
Leu UAG Stop

Third mRNA base (3 end)

UUG UCG UGG Trp
First mRNA base (5 end)

G
CUU CCU CAU CGU U
His
CUC CCC CAC CGC C
C Leu Pro Arg
CUA CCA CAA CGA A
Gln
CUG CCG CAG CGG G
AUU ACU AAU AGU U
Asn Ser
AUC lle ACC AAC AGC C
A Thr
AUA ACA AAA AGA A
Met or Lys Arg
AUG start ACG AAG AGG G
GUU GCU GAU GGU U
Asp C
G GUC Val
GCC
Ala
GAC GGC
Gly
GUA GCA GAA GGA A
Figure 17.5 GUG GCG GAG Glu GGG G
Konsep 2: TRANSKRIPSI ADALAH SINTESIS
RNA YANG DIARAHKAN DNA

Komponen Molekular Transkripsi

Sintesis
RNA dikatalisis oleh RNA polimerase.
Berfungsi untuk memisahkan untai DNA dan
menghasilkan nukleotida RNA dari arah 5’  3’

Prokariotahanya mempunyai 1 jenis RNA

polimerase. Eukatiota memiliki 3 jenis RNA
polimerase, yang digunakan untuk sintesis mRNA
adalah RNA polimerase II
 Sintesis Transkrip RNA
Tahapan transkripsi
Promoter

◦ Inisiasi
Transcription unit
5 3
3 5
DNA
Start point
◦ Elongasi RNA polymerase 1 Initiation. After RNA polymerase binds to
the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, and

◦ Terminasi
the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the
start point on the template strand.
5 3
3 5
Template strand of
Unwound RNA DNA
DNA transcript
2 Elongation. The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the
DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5  3 . In the wake of
Rewound transcription, the DNA strands re-form a double helix.

RNA
5 3
3 3 5
5

RNA
transcript
3 Termination. Eventually, the RNA
transcript is released, and the
polymerase detaches from the DNA.

5 3
3 5

5 3
Completed RNA
Figure 17.7 transcript
 Pengikatan RNA Polimerase dan Inisiasi
Transkripsi
TRANSCRIPTION 1 Eukaryotic promoters
DNA

RNA PROCESSING Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Promotor : sekuen DNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

Promoter

tempat melekatnya RNA 5

3
T A T A A A A
A T A T T T T
3
5

polimerase dan tempat inisiasi TATA box Start point Template

DNA strand

untuk sintesis RNA 2 Several transcription

factors

Transcription
factors

5
Faktor
3

Transkripsi 3
3 Additional transcription
factors
5

◦ Membantu RNA polimerase

untuk mengenali sekuen
promoter pada Eukariota RNA polymerase II
Transcription factors

5 3
3 5 5

RNA transcript

FigureFigure
17.8 17.8 Transcription initiation complex
 Elongation Non-template
strand of DNA
RNA nucleotides

RNA
polymerase

T C C A A
A T
3 C T U
3 end
T

G
A U

G
G
A
C A E G C A C
5 A
T A
A G G T T

Direction of transcription
5 Template
(“downstream”)
strand of DNA

Newly made
RNA
 Elongasi Transkripsi
RNA polimerase bergerak sepanjang DNA
◦ Enzim menguraikan DNA double helix, sekitar 10-
20 basa DNA dibuka dan dibaca untuk
menghasilkan pasangannya, yaitu nukleotida RNA

Terminasi Transkripsi
RNA polimerase telah selesai membaca DNA.
Telah dihasilkan seluruh untaian nukleotida
RNA
Konsep
3: SEL EUKARIOTIK
MEMODIFIKASI
RNA SETELAH TRANSKRIPSI

Enzim di inti sel pada eukariotik

◦ Modifikasi pre-mRNA dengan cara tertentu sebelum
pesan genetik dikirim ke sitoplasma
 Pengubahan ujung mRNA
Setiap ujung molekul pre-mRNA dimodifikasi
dengan cara tertentu
◦ Ujung 5 dimodifikasi dengan penambahan
nukeotida tudung (cap)
◦ Ujung 3 dengan penambahan ekor poli-A

A modified guanine nucleotide 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides

added to the 5 end added to the 3 end
TRANSCRIPTION DNA

RNA PROCESSING Pre-mRNA

Protein-coding segment Polyadenylation signal
5
3
mRNA
G P P P AAUAAA AAA…AAA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Start codon Stop codon
5 Cap 5 UTR 3 UTR Poly-A tail
Polypeptide

Figure 17.9
 Split Genes dan RNA Splicing
Penyambungan RNA / RNA splicing
◦ Memindahkan intron dan menggabungkan exon

5 Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon 3

TRANSCRIPTION DNA Pre-mRNA 5 Cap Poly-A tail
1 30 31 104 105 146
RNA PROCESSING Pre-mRNA

mRNA Coding Introns cut out and

segment exons spliced together
Ribosome
TRANSLATION

Polypeptide
mRNA 5 Cap Poly-A tail
1 146
3 UTR 3 UTR

Figure 17.10
 Dilakukan oleh spliceosome, yaitu enzim yang berfungsi
untuk memindahkan intron dan menggabungkan exon

RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)

5
Exon 1 Intron Exon 2

Protein
1 Other proteins
snRNA

snRNPs
Spliceosome

2 5

Spliceosome
components
Cut-out
intron
3
mRNA
Figure 17.11 5
Exon 1 Exon 2
Fungsi dan Pentingnya Intron

Adanya intron
◦ Memungkinkan satu gen dapat mengkode lebih
dari satu jenis polipeptida
Protein sering memiliki arsitektur modular
◦ Terdiri dari daerah struktural dan fungsional yang
disebut domain
◦ Kode exon akan berbeda untuk domain yang
berbeda pada protein
Gene
DNA
Exon 1 Intron Exon 2 Intron Exon 3

Transcription
RNA processing

Translation

Domain 3

Domain 2

Domain 1

Figure 17.12
Polypeptide
Konsep4: TRANSLASI ADALAH SINTESIS
POLIPEPTIDA YANG DIARAHKAN OLEH RNA

Komponen Molekular Translasi

Sel mentranslasi pesan mRNA menjadi
protein dengan bantuan RNA transfer (tRNA)
Konsep Dasar Translasi
TRANSCRIPTION DNA

mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide

Amino
Polypeptide acids

tRNA with
amino acid
attached
Ribosome
Tr p
P he Gly

tRNA
C
C C
G G
A
Anticodon
A A A
U G G U U U G G C

5 Codons 3
Figure 17.13 mRNA
 Struktur dan Funsi RNA Transfer
 Molekul tRNA
◦ Tersusun dari untai RNA tunggal yang panjangnya
A
C
hanya
sekitar 80 nukleotida C
3
◦ Berbentuk L Amino acid A
C
attachment site C
A 5
C G
G C
C G
U G
U A
A U
U C A U
* C A C AG U A G *
A
G * C U C *
C G U G U * C G A G G
* * U C *
A G G
* G AG C
(a) Two-dimensional structure. The four base-paired regions and three G C Hydrogen
loops are characteristic of all tRNAs, as is the base sequence of the U A bonds
* G
amino acid attachment site at the 3 end. The anticodon triplet is unique A
to each tRNA type. (The asterisks mark bases that have been chemically A * C
modified, a characteristic of tRNA.) * U
A G
A

Figure 17.14a Anticodon

 5 Amino acid
attachment site
3

Hydrogen
bonds

A A G

3 5
Anticodon
Anticodon
(c) Symbol used
in this book
(b) Three-dimensional structure

Figure 17.14b
Enzim aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
◦ Menggabungkan masing-masing asam amino ke
tRNA yang benar

Amino acid Aminoacyl-tRNA

synthetase (enzyme)

P P P Adenosine
1 Active site binds the
amino acid and ATP.
ATP

2 ATP loses two P groups

and joins amino acid as AMP.
P Adenosine

Pyrophosphate P Pi

Pi
Pi
Phosphates
tRNA
3 Appropriate
tRNA covalently
Bonds to amino
Acid, displacing P Adenosine
AMP. AMP
4 Activated amino acid
is released by the enzyme.

Aminoacyl tRNA
(an “activated
Figure 17.15 amino acid”)
 Ribosom
◦ Menfasilitasi ikatan antikodon tRNA dengan kodon mRNA
selama sintesis protein
TRANSCRIPTION DNA

mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION

 Subunit ribosomal
Polypeptide

Growing
Exit tunnel

polypeptide

◦ Disusun oleh protein dan tRNA

molecules
molekul RNA yang Large
subunit

dinamakan RNA E
P
A

ribosomal atau rRNA Small

subunit

5
mRNA 3

(a)
Computer model of functioning ribosome. This is a model of a bacterial
ribosome, showing its overall shape. The eukaryotic ribosome is roughly similar.
A ribosomal subunit is an aggregate of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins.

Figure 17.16a
 Ribosom mempunyai 3 sisi
pengikatan (binding sites) tRNA
◦ Sisi P P site (Peptidyl-tRNA
binding site)
◦ Sisi A A site (Aminoacyl-
tRNA binding site)

◦ Sisi E E site
(Exit site)

Large
subunit

E P A

mRNA
binding site
Small
subunit

(b) Schematic model showing binding sites. A ribosome has an mRNA binding
site and three tRNA binding sites, known as the A, P, and E sites. This schematic
Figure 17.16b ribosome will appear in later diagrams.
 Amino end Growing polypeptide

Next amino acid

to be added to
polypeptide chain

tRNA

mRNA 3

Codons
5

(c) Schematic model with mRNA and tRNA. A tRNA fits into a binding site when its anticodon base-pairs
with an mRNA codon. The P site holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide. The A site holds
the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Discharged tRNA leaves
via the E site.

Figure 17.16c
 Pembentukan Polipeptida
Kita dapat membagi translasi menjadi 3
tahapan
◦ Inisiasi
◦ Elongasi
◦ Terminasi
 Asosiasi Ribosom dan Inisiasi Translasi
Tahap inisiasi translasi
◦ Menyatukan mRNA, tRNA yang membawa asam amino
pertama dari polipeptida, dan dua subunit ribosom

Large
ribosomal
P site subunit
3 U A C5
t t
Me 5 A U G3 Me

Initiator tRNA
GTP GDP
E A
mRNA
5 3 5 3
Start codon

mRNA binding site Small Translation initiation complex

ribosomal
subunit

1 2
A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of
mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site
on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide
sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start
codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC,
base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA
carries the amino acid methionine (Met).
Figure 17.17
The arrival of a large ribosomal subunit completes
the initiation complex. Proteins called initiation
factors (not shown) are required to bring all the
translation components together. GTP provides
the energy for the assembly. The initiator tRNA is
in the P site; the A site is available to the tRNA
bearing the next amino acid.
 Elongasi Translasi
◦ Asam amino ditambahkan satu per satu ke asam amino
sebelumnya

1 Codon recognition. The anticodon

TRANSCRIPTION DNA
Amino end of an incoming aminoacyl tRNA
mRNA
of polypeptide base-pairs with the complementary
Ribosome
TRANSLATION mRNA codon in the A site. Hydrolysis
Polypeptide
of GTP increases the accuracy and
E efficiency of this step.
mRNA 3
Ribosome ready for P A
next aminoacyl tRNA 5 site site
2 GTP
2 GDP

E E

P A P A

2 Peptide bond formation. An

GDP rRNA molecule of the large
3 Translocation. The ribosome GTP
subunit catalyzes the formation
translocates the tRNA in the A
of a peptide bond between the
site to the P site. The empty tRNA
new amino acid in the A site and
in the P site is moved to the E site, E
the carboxyl end of the growing
where it is released. The mRNA
polypeptide in the P site. This step
moves along with its bound tRNAs, P A attaches the polypeptide to the
bringing the next codon to be
tRNA in the A site.
Figure 17.18 translated into the A site.
 Terminasi Translasi
Tahap akhir translasi adalah ketika ribosom
sampai kodon stop pada mRNA

Release
factor
Free
polypeptide

5
3 3
3
5 5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
1 When a ribosome reaches a stop 2 The release factor hydrolyzes 3 The two ribosomal subunits
codon on mRNA, the A site of the the bond between the tRNA in and the other components of
ribosome accepts a protein called the P site and the last amino the assembly dissociate.
a release factor instead of tRNA. acid of the polypeptide chain.
The polypeptide is thus freed
from the ribosome.
Figure 17.19
 Poliribosom
Sejumlah ribosom dapat mentranslasi satu molekul
mRNA tunggal secara simultan. Hanya pada sel
prokariota Growing
Completed
polypeptide
polypeptides

Incoming
ribosomal
subunits
Start of Polyribosom
e End of
mRNA mRNA
(5 end) (3 end)
(a) An mRNA molecule is generally translated simultaneously
by several ribosomes in clusters called polyribosomes.

Ribosomes
mRNA

0.1 µm
(b) This micrograph shows a large polyribosome in a prokaryotic
Figure 17.20a, b cell (TEM).
 Protein Fungsional
Rantai polipeptida /protein menjalani
modifikasi setelah proses translasi

Protein dimodifikasi
- untuk membentuk molekul tiga dimensi / folding
(pelipatan)
- Untuk dapat ditranfer ke lokasi yang membutuhkan
Protein dibutuhkan dalam sistem
endomembran (contoh: enzim lisosim yang ada
di organel lisosom) atau disekresikan (contoh:
enzim pencernaan seperti amilase).

Protein harus ditransport ke retikulum

endoplasma (ER)
Signal peptida pada ribosom binding pada
signal-recognition particle (SRP). Kompleks
keduanya binding pada protein reseptor SRP di
ER
Mekanisme signal untuk protein target pada ER

1 Polypeptide 2 An SRP binds 3 The SRP binds to a 4 The SRP leaves, and 5 The signal- 6 The rest of
synthesis begins to the signal receptor protein in the ER the polypeptide resumes cleaving the completed
on a free peptide, halting membrane. This receptor growing, meanwhile enzyme polypeptide leaves
ribosome in synthesis is part of a protein complex translocating across the cuts off the the ribosome and
the cytosol. momentarily. (a translocation complex) membrane. (The signal signal peptide. folds into its final
that has a membrane pore peptide stays attached conformation.
and a signal-cleaving enzyme. to the membrane.)

Ribosome

mRNA
Signal
peptide ER
membrane
Signal
Signal-
peptide
recognition Protein
removed
particle
(SRP) SRP
receptor
CYTOSOL protein

Translocation
ERLUMEN
complex

Figure 17.21
Ringkasan transkripsi dan translasi pada sel eukariotik
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
1 RNA is transcribed
from a DNA template.
3
A
ly-
Po

5 RNA RNA
transcript polymerase
RNA PROCESSING Exon
2 In eukaryotes, the RNA transcript
RNA transcript (pre- (pre-mRNA)
mRNA) is spliced and
Intron
modified to produce
mRNA, which moves Aminoacyl-tRNA
p synthetase
from the nucleus to the Ca
cytoplasm. NUCLEUS

Amino
FORMATION OF
acid
INITIATION COMPLEX AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
CYTOPLASM tRNA
3 After leaving the 4 Each amino acid
nucleus, mRNA attaches attaches to its proper tRNA
to the ribosome. with the help of a specific
enzyme and ATP.
mRNA Growing
polypeptide
A Activated
ly-
Po amino acid
A
ly-
Ribosomal Po
subunits

p
Ca
5
TRANSLATION
C 5 A succession of tRNAs
AC U
E A AC add their amino acids to
Anticodon the polypeptide chain
AAA as the mRNA is moved
UGGUU UA U G
through the ribosome
one codon at a time.
Codon (When completed, the
polypeptide is released
Figure 17.26 Ribosome from the ribosome.)
39