DNA
TRANSKRIPSI
mRNA
EKSPRESI GEN
TRANSLASI
Polipeptida
PROTEIN
• RIBOSOM
• Adalah organel sel yang memfasilitasi terjadinya
translasi (sintesis polipeptida)
Figure 17.1
◦ Konsep 1: GEN MENENTUKAN PROTEIN
MELALUI TRANSKRIPSI DAN TRANSLASI
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
(b) Eukaryotic cell. The nucleus provides a separate
Polypeptide compartment for transcription. The original RNA
transcript, called pre-mRNA, is processed in various
ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA.
Figure 17.3b
Aliraninformasi genetik
DNA RNA protein,
disebut sebagai Dogma Sentral
DNA Gene 2
molecule
Gene 1
Gene 3
DNA strand 3 5
(template) A C C A A A C C G A G T
TRANSCRIPTION
U G G U U U G G C U C A
mRNA 5 3
Codon
TRANSLATION
DNA
Start point
RNA polymerase
Initiation. After RNA polymerase binds to
1 the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, and
the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the
start point on the template strand.
Tahapan 5
3
3
5
RNA
Termination. Eventually, the RNA transcript
transcript
3 is released, and the polymerase detaches
from the DNA.
5 3
3 5
5 3
mRNA
TRANSLATION Ribosome
Promoter
Transcription
factors
• Faktor Transkripsi 5
3
3 Additional transcription
3
5
polimerase untuk
mengenali sekuen
promoter pada Eukariota RNA polymerase II
Transcription factors
5 3
3 5 5
RNA transcript
Figure 17.8
Figure 17.8 Transcription initiation complex
Elongation Non-template
strand of DNA
RNA nucleotides
RNA
polymerase
T C C A A
A T
3 C T U
3 end
T
G
A U
G
G
C
u EG A
C A C A C
5 A
T A
A G G T T
Direction of transcription
5 Template
(“downstream”)
strand of DNA
Newly made
RNA
Elongasi Transkripsi
RNA polimerase bergerak sepanjang DNA
◦ Enzim menguraikan DNA double helix, sekitar 10-
20 basa DNA dibuka dan dibaca untuk
menghasilkan pasangannya, yaitu nukleotida RNA
Terminasi Transkripsi
RNA polimerase telah selesai membaca DNA.
Telah dihasilkan seluruh untaian nukleotida
RNA
Konsep 3: SEL EUKARIOTIK
MEMODIFIKASI RNA SETELAH
TRANSKRIPSI
Figure 17.9
Split Genes dan RNA Splicing
Penyambungan RNA / RNA splicing
◦ Memindahkan intron dan menggabungkan exon
Polypeptide
mRNA 5 Cap Poly-A tail
1 146
3 UTR 3 UTR
Figure 17.10
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR
Dilakukan oleh spliceosome,
yaitu enzim yang berfungsi untuk memindahkan intron dan menggabungkan
exon
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5
Exon 1 Intron Exon 2
Protein
1 Other proteins
snRNA
snRNPs
Spliceosome
2 5
Spliceosome
components
Cut-out
intron
3
mRNA
Figure 17.11 5
Exon 1 Exon 2
Fungsi dan Pentingnya Intron
Adanya intron
◦ Memungkinkan satu gen dapat mengkode lebih
dari satu jenis polipeptida
• Protein sering memiliki arsitektur modular
• Terdiri dari daerah struktural dan fungsional yang
disebut domain
• Kode exon akan berbeda untuk domain yang
berbeda pada protein
Gene
DNA
Exon 1 Intron Exon 2 Intron Exon 3
Transcription
RNA processing
Translation
Domain 3
Domain 2
Domain 1
Figure 17.12
Polypeptide
Konsep 4: TRANSLASI ADALAH SINTESIS
POLIPEPTIDA YANG
DIARAHKAN OLEH RNA
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide
Amino
Polypeptide acids
tRNA with
amino acid
attached
Ribosome
Trp
Ph e Gly
tRNA
C
C C
G G
A
Anticodon
A A A
U G G U U U G G C
5 Codons 3
Figure 17.13 mRNA
Struktur dan Fungsi RNA Transfer
• Molekul tRNA
• Tersusun dari untai RNA tunggal yang panjangnya
A
C hanya
sekitar 80 nukleotida C
3
• Berbentuk L Amino acid A
C
attachment site C
A 5
C G
G C
C G
U G
U A
A U
U C A U
* C A C AG U A G *
A
G * C U C *
C G U G U * C G A G G
* * U C *
A G G
* G AG C
(a) Two-dimensional structure. The four base-paired regions and three G C Hydrogen
loops are characteristic of all tRNAs, as is the base sequence of the U A bonds
* G
amino acid attachment site at the 3 end. The anticodon triplet is unique A
to each tRNA type. (The asterisks mark bases that have been chemically A* C
modified, a characteristic of tRNA.) * U
A G
A
Hydrogen
bonds
A A G
3 5
Anticodon
Anticodon
(c) Symbol used
in this book
(b) Three-dimensional structure
Figure 17.14b
Enzim aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
◦ Menggabungkan masing-masing asam amino ke
tRNA yang benar
P P P Adenosine
1 Active site binds the
amino acid and ATP.
ATP
Pyrophosphate P Pi
Pi
Pi
Phosphates
tRNA
3 Appropriate
tRNA covalently
Bonds to amino
Acid, displacing P Adenosine
AMP. AMP
4 Activated amino acid
is released by the enzyme.
Aminoacyl tRNA
(an “activated
Figure 17.15 amino acid”)
Ribosom
◦ Menfasilitasi ikatan antikodon tRNA dengan kodon mRNA
selama sintesis protein
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Subunit ribosomal
Polypeptide
Exit tunnel
Growing
polypeptide
dinamakan RNA E
P
A
5
mRNA 3
(a)
Computer model of functioning ribosome. This is a model of a bacterial
ribosome, showing its overall shape. The eukaryotic ribosome is roughly similar.
A ribosomal subunit is an aggregate of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins.
Figure 17.16a
• Ribosom mempunyai 3 sisi pengikatan
(binding sites) tRNA
• Sisi P P site (Peptidyl-tRNA
Large
subunit
E P A
mRNA
binding site
Small
subunit
Figure 17.16b
(b) Schematic model showing binding sites. A ribosome has an mRNA binding
site and three tRNA binding sites, known as the A, P, and E sites. This schematic
ribosome will appear in later diagrams.
PEMBENTUKAN POLIPEPTIDA
• 3 tahapan Translasi
– Inisiasi
– Elongasi
– Terminasi
ASOSIASI RIBOSOM DAN INISIASI TRANSLASI
• Tahap inisiasi translasi
– Menyatukan mRNA, tRNA yang membawa asam amino pertama dari
polipeptida, dan dua subunit ribosom
Large
ribosomal
P site subunit
3 U A C 5
t t
Me 5 A U G 3 Me
Initiator tRNA
GTP GDP
E A
mRNA
5 3 5 3
Start codon
1 2
A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of The arrival of a large ribosomal subunit completes
mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site the initiation complex. Proteins called initiation
on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide factors (not shown) are required to bring all the
sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start translation components together. GTP provides
codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, the energy for the assembly. The initiator tRNA is
base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA in the P site; the A site is available to the tRNA
carries the amino acid methionine (Met). bearing the next amino acid.
Figure 17.17
ELONGASI TRANSLASI
– Asam amino ditambahkan satu per satu ke asam amino
sebelumnya
1 Codon recognition. The anticodon
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
Amino end of an incoming aminoacyl tRNA
mRNA
of polypeptide base-pairs with the complementary
Ribosome
TRANSLATION mRNA codon in the A site. Hydrolysis
Polypeptide
of GTP increases the accuracy and
E efficiency of this step.
mRNA 3
Ribosome ready for P A
next aminoacyl tRNA 5 site site
2 GTP
2 GDP
E E
P A P A
Release
factor
Free
polypeptide
5
3 3
3
5 5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
1 When a ribosome reaches a stop 2 The release factor hydrolyzes 3 The two ribosomal subunits
codon on mRNA, the A site of the the bond between the tRNA in and the other components of
ribosome accepts a protein called the P site and the last amino the assembly dissociate.
a release factor instead of tRNA. acid of the polypeptide chain.
The polypeptide is thus freed
from the ribosome.
Figure 17.19
Poliribosom
• Sejumlah ribosom dapat mentranslasi satu molekul mRNA
tunggal secara simultan. Hanya pada sel prokariota
Completed
Growing polypeptide
polypeptides
Incoming
ribosomal
subunits
Start of Polyribosom
e End of
mRNA mRNA
(5 end) (3 end)
(a) An mRNA molecule is generally translated simultaneously
by several ribosomes in clusters called polyribosomes.
Ribosomes
mRNA
0.1 µm
(b) This micrograph shows a large polyribosome in a prokaryotic
Figure 17.20a, b cell (TEM).
Protein Fungsional
Rantai polipeptida /protein menjalani
modifikasi setelah proses translasi atau
dikirim ke target khusus di dalam sel
Protein dimodifikasi
- untuk membentuk molekul tiga dimensi / folding
(pelipatan)
- Untuk dapat ditransfer ke lokasi yang membutuhkan
• Protein dibutuhkan dalam sistem endomembran (contoh:
enzim lisosim yang ada di organel lisosom) atau
disekresikan (contoh: enzim pencernaan seperti
amilase).
• Protein yang harus ditransport ke retikulum endoplasma
(ER) mempunyai signal peptida.
Signal peptida pada polipeptida hasil translasi tersebut
dapat dikenal oleh signal-recognition particle (SRP). SRP
yang mengikat polipeptida akan dapat berikatan pada
protein reseptor SRP dimembran ER
• Mekanisme signal untuk protein target pada ER
2 3
An SRP binds The SRP binds to a 4 6
to the signal The SRP leaves, and 5 The rest of
1 receptor protein in the ER The signal-
Polypeptide peptide, halting the polypeptide resumes the completed
membrane. This receptor cleaving
synthesis begins synthesis growing, meanwhile polypeptide leaves
is part of a protein complex enzyme
on a free momentarily. translocating across the the ribosome and
(a translocation complex)
ribosome in membrane. (The signal cuts off the folds into its final
that has a membrane pore signal peptide.
the cytosol. peptide stays attached conformation.
and a signal-cleaving enzyme.
to the membrane.)
Ribosome
mRNA
Signal
peptide ER
membrane
Signal
Signal- peptide
recognition removed Protein
particle
(SRP) SRP
receptor
protein
CYTOSOL
Translocation
ERLUMEN
complex
Figure 17.21
Ringkasan transkripsi dan translasi pada sel eukariotik
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
1 RNA is transcribed
from a DNA template.
3
A
ly-
Po
5 RNA RNA
transcript polymerase
RNA PROCESSING Exon
2
In eukaryotes, the RNA transcript
RNA transcript (pre- (pre-mRNA)
mRNA) is spliced and Intron
modified to produce
mRNA, which moves Aminoacyl-tRNA
from the nucleus to the p synthetase
Ca
cytoplasm. NUCLEUS
Amino
FORMATION OF acid
INITIATION COMPLEX AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
CYTOPLASM tRNA
3 After leaving the 4
Each amino acid
nucleus, mRNA attaches attaches to its proper tRNA
to the ribosome. with the help of a specific
enzyme and ATP.
mRNA Growing
polypeptide
A Activated
ly -
Po amino acid
A
ly-
Po
Ribosomal
subunits
p
Ca
5
TRANSLATION
CC U
5
A succession of tRNAs
A AC
E A add their amino acids to
Anticodon the polypeptide chain
A A A
as the mRNA is moved
UGGUU UA UG
through the ribosome
BIODAS II Dept. Biologi FST UNAIR one codon at a time.
Figure 17.26 Codon (When completed, the
polypeptide is released
Ribosome from the ribosome.)
REPLIKASI