Crystal Symmetry

Motif: adalah bagian yang paling mendasar dari suatu bentuk simetri yang bila padanya dilakukan perulangan akan membentuk pola yang menyeluruh Operation: ialah suatu perbuatan yang memperbanyak motif untuk membuat sebuah pola Element: merupakan sebuah operasi yang dilakukan pada sebuah titik tertentu dalam ruang

Rotasi

Refleksi

Inversi Rotoinversi

Operasi simetri

Unsur Simetri kristalografi

1. Rotasi = Rotation ~ Sumbu lipat / sumbu simetri (A) 2. Inversi = Inversion ~ Pusat simetri / titik simetri (C) 3. Refleksi = Reflection ~ Bidang cermin / bidang simetri (m ~ P)

Rotasi = operasi simetri (putar) yang dilakukan pada sumbu simetri sebagai sumbu putar (axis = A)
Sumbu simetri :
adalah suatu garis lurus yang dibuat melalui pusat kristal, dimana kristal tsb diputar 360 dengan garis tersebut sebagai sumbu perputaran, maka pada kedudukan tertentu kristal tersebut akan menunjukkan kenampakan yang sama dengan semula.

Sumbu simetri biasa atau sumbu bipoler:

sumbu khayal yg melalui kristal dapat diputar 3600 akan dijumpai konfigurasi yg sama lebih dari satu kali.

Sumbu simetri dapat juga dibagi atas macam operasinya, yaitu: - Gyre: operasi sumbu simetri yang besarnya sudut putar 360/n; dimana n = 1, 2 (digyre), 3 (triad), 4 (tetrad), 6 (hexad) (Ingat: kristal mempunyai bentuk polihedral yg tertutup) - Gyroida: operasi sumbu simetri, yg merupakan campuran dari pemutaran melalui sumbu dan pencerminan pada bidang yg tegak lurus pada bidang tadi.

Operasi Rotasi

Operasi Rotoinversi

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern

A Symmetrical Pattern

6 6

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements Operation 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation

Motif

Element

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation

6 6
second operation step

first operation step

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
180o rotation makes it coincident Second 180o brings the object back to its original position Whats the motif here??

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation b. Three-fold rotation
= 360o/3 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation b. Three-fold rotation
step 1

= 360o/3 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern

step 3

step 2

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation
6 6 6 6
1-fold 2-fold

6
6
3-fold 4-fold
6-fold

Objects with symmetry:

a
identity

5-fold and > 6-fold rotations will not work in combination with translations in crystals (as we shall see later). Thus we will exclude them now.

Inversi = Pusat Simetri (C)

Pusat Simetri ( C ) disebut juga titik simetri adalah suatu titik apabila ditarik garis melalui titik tsb dari sembarang titik pada permukaan kristal akan membagi garis tsb sama panjang. Operasi pusat simetri disebut juga operasi inversi (i).

Inversi: suatu operasi simetri yang dihasilkan dengan jalan menghubungkan titik-titik dari salah satu bidang kristal melalui titik pusatnya, sehingga dihasilkan titik turunannya yang berjarak sama dari pusat simetri, tetapi berseberangan dan terbalik.

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 2. Inversion (i)
inversion through a center to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern = symbol for an inversion center
inversion is identical to 2-fold rotation in 2-D, but is unique in 3-D (try it with your hands)

6 6

Reflection = pencerminan (m)

Bidang Simetri (m) Bidang simetri adalah suatu bidang yang melalui pusat kristal dan membelah kristal menjadi dua bagian yang sama, dimana bagian yang satu merupakan pencerminan bagian yang lainnya. Operasi bidang simetri disebut juga operasi pencerminan.

Berdasarkan kedudukannya dibedakan menjadi 3 macam yaitu: vertikal, diagonal, horizontal.

Bidang simetri

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 3. Reflection (m)
Reflection across a mirror plane reproduces a motif = symbol for a mirror plane

2-D Symmetry
We now have 6 unique 2-D symmetry operations:

1 2 3 4 6 m
Rotations are congruent operations reproductions are identical Inversion and reflection are enantiomorphic operations reproductions are opposite-handed

2-D Symmetry
Combinations of symmetry elements are also possible

To create a complete analysis of symmetry about a point in space, we must try all possible combinations of these symmetry elements
In the interest of clarity and ease of illustration, we continue to consider only 2-D examples

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect
(could do either step first)

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate (everything)

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate (everything)

Is that all??

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate (everything)

No! A second mirror is required

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror The result is Point Group 2mm
2mm indicates 2 mirrors The mirrors are different (not equivalent by symmetry)

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate 1

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate 2

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate 3

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

Yes, two more mirrors

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

Yes, two more mirrors

Point group name??

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

Yes, two more mirrors

Point group name?? 4mm Why not 4mmmm?

2-D Symmetry
3-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 3m
Why not 3mmm?

2-D Symmetry
6-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 6mm

2-D Symmetry
All other combinations are either: Incompatible (2 + 2 cannot be done in 2-D) Redundant with others already tried m + m 2mm because creates 2-fold This is the same as 2 + m 2mm

Rotasi : b, c, d

Refleksi : a

Inversi : e

2-D Symmetry
The original 6 elements plus the 4 combinations creates 10 possible 2-D Point Groups: 1 2 3 4 6 m 2mm 3m 4mm 6mm
Any 2-D pattern of objects surrounding a point must conform to one of these groups

Tugas kelompok
1. Buat 10 kelompok : @ 10~13 orang 2. Gambar setiap model kristal (2D~3D) skala 1:1 (sesuai ukuran kristal) 3. Tentukan jumlah unsur simetri untuk tiap model kristal sesuai no a. jumlah sumbu simetri/lipat (1, 2, 3, 4, dan 6) b. titik simetri c. bidang simetri (vertikal, horizontal, diagonal) 4. Tugas di tulis/di ketik rapih perkelompok, dikumpulkan tgl 16 oktober 2004 (pada saat kuliah kristalografi) Catatan : gambar bila di buat/di foto digital 3 D, harus juga menyerahkan dalam bentuk CD/disket hasil fotonya