MEKANIKA FLUIDA ( (TEP201) )

Dr. Ir. Erizal, MAgr. Dr Ir Nora Herdiana Panjaitan DEA Dr. Ir. Panjaitan, DEA. Dr. Ir. Yuli Suharnoto Dr. Ir. Roh Santoso

Departemen Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Teknolog Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

MEKANIKA FLUIDA

Mempelajari tentang fluida yang bergerak atau diam dan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh fluida tersebut pada tempatnya. tempatnya

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Tujuan I t k i T j Instruksional Umum lU

Setelah menyelesaikan mata kuliah ini, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu g menguraikan karakteristik fluida baik dalam keadaan diam maupun bergerak dalam kaitannya dengan kegiatan perencanaan, pengelolaan dan perancangan

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

JADWAL KULIAH
Selasa 07.00-08.40 / Rabu 07.00-08.40
No. 1 2-3 4-5 6 7 8-9 10-11 12 13 14-15 16 Pokok Bahasan Pendahuluan Fluida Statik Konsep aliran fluida Aliran fluida ideal Aliran fluida kompresibel UTS Aliran fluida nyata di dalam pipa Mesin-mesin fluida Teori lapisan batas Aliran fluida pada saluran terbuka Analisis dimensi dan similitude Pengajar Erizal Erizal Roh Santoso Yuli Suharnoto Nora Panjaitan Nora Panjaitan Roh Santoso Erizal Yuli Suharnoto Yuli Suharnoto

Sebagian bahan kuliah dapat diambil di: http://web.ipb.ac.id/~erizal/mekflud/ ~

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JADWAL PRAKTIKUM
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Topik Pendahuluan, Pengenalan alat Bilangan Reynold Penentuan koefisien Orifice dan Venturi Head loss karena gesekan dan perubahan diameter pipa Latihan soal 1 Latihan soal 2 Head loss karena belokan dan katup Pengukuran debit aliran udara di pipa Pengukuran debit aliran di saluran terbuka Lompatan hidrolik Latihan soal 3 Latihan soal 4 Ujian praktikum

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

PRAKTIKUM
1. Mahasiswa harap hadir paling lambat 5 menit sebelum praktikum dimulai di Laboratorium Hidrolika dan Hidromekanika Departemen Teknik Pertanian (F-G204). 2. 2 Praktikum dilaksanakan 4 kali dalam 1 minggu (Selasa, Rabu, Kamis, dan Jumat) (Selasa Rabu Kamis Jum at). 3. Pelaksanaan praktikum secara kelompok/grup yang terdiri atas 6-7 mahasiswa. 4. Pertanyaan sebelum praktikum wajib dijawab dan diserahkan kepada dosen/asisten dosen. 5. Praktikum h 5 P ktik harus selalu dihadiri. Jika berhalangan harus mendapatkan surat izin dari l l dih di i Jik b h l h d tk ti i d i departemen. 6. Setelah praktikum dilaksanakan, buatlah laporan sementara berisi data hasil pengukuran yang dilengkapi dengan daftar anggota grup/kelompok. 7. Laporan perseorangan dan ditulis dengan tangan pada kertas ukuran A4, kemudian 7 L d dit li d t d k t k A4 k di penyerahannya paling lambat sebelum praktikum dimulai pada minggu berikutnya. 8. Laporan berisi :
Pendahuluan yang berisi teori singkat dan tujuan praktikum Bahan dan Metode Hasil dan Pembahasan Kesimpulan dan Saran Daftar Pustaka

9. Segala bentuk pelanggaran dapat diberikan sanksi akademik berupa : skorsing praktikum, tidak diperkenankan mengikuti ujian, dan lain sebagainya. 10. Pada akhir semester akan diadakan ujian praktikum oleh dosen.

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

PENILAIAN & PUSTAKA

Praktikum UTS Ujian Akhir : 30% : 30% : 40%

Streeter, V.L. dan E.B. Wylie. 1999. Mekanika Fluida. Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta. Giles, Ranald V 1994 Giles Ranald, V. 1994. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. Hydraulics Schaums Outline Series. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York Hughes, W.F dan J.A. Brighton. 1967. Theory and Problem of Fluid Dynamic. Schaum s Outline Series. McGraw Hill Book Co. Dynamic Schaums Series Co New York Vennard, J.K dan R.L. Street. 1976. Elementary Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons. New York Erizal dan Panjaitan, N.H. 2007. Pedoman Praktikum Mekanika Fluida. IPB.

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Fred Stern, Tao Xing, Jun Shao, Surajeet Ghosh Stern Xing Shao AFD
(Analytical Fluid Dynamics)

EFD
(Experimental Fluid Dynamics)

CFD
(Computational Fluid Dynamics)

U = 0 1 2 DU = p + U + ui u j Re Dt

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics ud a
Fluids essential to life
Human body 95% water / Earths surface is 2/3 water Atmosphere extends 17km above the earths surface

History shaped by fluid mechanics y p y

Geomorphology Human migration and civilization Modern scientific and mathematical theories and methods Warfare

Touches every part of our lives

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

History
Faces of Fluid Mechanics

(C. 287-212 BC)

Archimedes

(1642-1727)

Newton

(1646-1716)

Leibniz

(1667-1748)

Bernoulli

(1707-1783)

Euler

(1785-1836)

Navier

(1819-1903)

Stokes

(1842-1912)
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Reynolds

(1875-1953)

Prandtl

(1886-1975)
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Taylor

Significance
Fluids omnipresent p
Weather & climate Vehicles: automobiles trains ships and automobiles, trains, ships, planes, etc. E i Environment t Physiology and medicine Sports & recreation Many other examples!

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Weather & Climate

Tornadoes Thunderstorm

Global Climate

Hurricanes

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Vehicles
Aircraft Surface ships

High-speed rail

Submarines

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Environment
Air pollution River hydraulics Ri h d li

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Physiology and Medicine

Blood pump Ventricular assist device

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Sports & Recreation

Water sports Cycling Offshore racing

Auto racing

Surfing

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Fluids Engineering
Engineers have different kinds of tools available for solving fluids engineering systems
Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

This class provides an introduction to all three tools: AFD through lecture and CFD and EFD through labs

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Analytical Fluid Dynamics

The theory of mathematical physics problem formulation Control volume & differential analysis Exact solutions only exist for simple geometry and conditions d di i Approximate solutions for practical pp p applications
Linear Empirical relations using EFD data

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Analytical Fluid Dynamics

Lecture Part of Fluid Class
Definition and fluids properties Fluid statics Fluids in motion Continuity, momentum Continuity momentum, and energy principles Dimensional analysis and similitude Surface resistance Flow in conduits Drag and lift

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Analytical Fluid Dynamics ay a ud y a

UD < 2000 Assumptions: F ll developed, Low Re = A i Fully d l d L Approach: Simplify momentum equation, Schematic integrate, apply boundary conditions (noslip wall) to determine integration constants and use energy equation to calculate head loss 0

Example: laminar pipe flow

Exact solution :

0 2u 2u Du 0 p = + 2 + 2 + gx Dt x y x

u(r) = 1 ( p)(R2 r 2) 4 x
8 du

f = 8 w = dy w = 64 Friction factor: V 2 V 2 Re p1 p2 L V 2 32 LV + z1 = + z2 + h f hf = f = Head loss: D2 D 2g

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Analytical Fluid Dynamics y y

Example: turbulent flow in smooth pipe( Re > 3000)
Three layer concept (using dimensional analysis) y p ( g y )

u + = u u*
1. 2.

y + = yu *

u* = w

Laminar sub-layer (viscous shear dominates)

u+ = y+
u+ = 1

0 < y+ < 5
20 < y + < 105

Overlap layer (viscous and turbulent shear important)

ln y + + B

=0.41, B=5.5)
U u r + 5 = f 1 y > 10 * u r0

3. 3

Outer layer (turbulent shear dominates) O t l (t b l t h d i t )

Assume log-law is valid across entire pipe:

u (r ) u*

( r0 r ) u* + B ln

Integration for average velocity and using EFD data to adjust constants:
1 = 2l ( Re f 1 2 ) .8 2log R 8 f
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Analytical Fluid Dynamics

Example: turbulent flow in rough pipe
Both laminar sublayer and overlap layer are affected by roughness
Inner layer:

u+ = u+ ( y k )
+

Outer layer: unaffected O e ap aye Overlap layer:

y u = ln + constant k

Three regimes of flow depending on k+ 1. K+<5, hydraulically smooth (no effect of roughness) , y y ( g ) 2. 5 < K+< 70, transitional roughness (Re dependent) 3. K+> 70, fully rough (independent Re)

For 3, using EFD data to adjust constants:

u+ = 1

ln

y + 8.5 f ( Re ) k

Friction factor:

k D 1 = 2log 3.7 f

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Analytical Fluid Dynamics

Example: Moody diagram for turbulent pipe flow
Composite Log-Law for smooth and rough pipes is given by the Moody diagram:

1 f
1 2

k D 2.51 = 2log + 12 3.7 Re f

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Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) p y ( )

Definition: Use of experimental methodology and procedures for solving fluids engineering systems, including full and model scales, large and table top facilities, measurement systems (instrumentation, data acquisition and data reduction), uncertainty analysis, and dimensional analysis and similarity. similarity EFD philosophy: Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the ability of the expected test outcome, to achieve the test objectives within allowable uncertainties. Integration of UA into all test phases should be a key part of entire experimental program test design determination of error sources estimation of uncertainty documentation of the results

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Purpose
Science & Technology: understand and investigate a
phenomenon/process, substantiate and validate a theory (hypothesis)

Research & Development: document a process/system, provide benchmark data (standard procedures, procedures validations), calibrate instruments, equipment, and facilities Industry: design optimization and analysis, provide data for direct use, product liability, and acceptance Teaching: instruction/demonstration

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Applications of EFD

Application in science & technology Picture of K Pi t f Karman vortex shedding t h ddi

Application in research & development Tropic Wi d T T i Wind Tunnel has the ability to create l h th bilit t t temperatures ranging from 0 to 165 degrees Fahrenheit and simulate rain

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Applications of EFD (contd) pp ( )

Example of industrial application NASA's cryogenic wind tunnel simulates flight conditions for scale models--a critical tool in designing airplanes. Application in teaching pp g Fluid dynamics laboratory
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Full and model scale u a d od a

Scales: model, and full-scale Selection of the model scale: governed by dimensional analysis and similarity

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Measurement systems
Instrumentation
Load cell to measure forces and moments Pressure transducers Pitot tubes Hotwire H t i anemometry t PIV, LDV Serial port devices Desktop PCs Plug-in d l data acquisition boards b d DA software - Labview

Data acquisition

Data analysis and data reduction

Data reduction equations Fast Fourier Transform

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Instrumentation u a o

Pitot tube

Load cell

Hotwire
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

3D - PIV
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Data acquisition system a a a qu o y

Hardware

Software - Labview

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Data reduction methods

r = F(T ) w w ra = F(Ta )
Q = F(Dz DM )
f = F(r , r , z
w a SM

, Q) =

gp D

8LQ

rw (z - z ) ra SM i SM j

Fast Fourier Transform FFT: Converts a function from amplitude as function of time to amplitude as function of frequency

Example of data reduction equations

Example of FFT application li ti

Free-surface wave elevation contours F f l ti t

0.15 0.1 A(f) 0.05 0 0

Aim: T Ai To analyze the natural unsteadiness of l th t l t di f the separated flow, around a surface piercing strut, using FFT. TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

3 4 f [Hz]

Typical amplitude spectra of the wave elevations

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Uncertainty analysis
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment using statistical and engineering concepts
ELEMENTAL ERROR SOURCES

INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

X 1 B ,P
1

X 2 B ,P
2

X J B,P
J

MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES

r = r (X , X ,......, X )
1 2 J

DATA REDUCTION EQUATION

r B, P
r

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

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Dimensional analysis
Definition : Dimensional analysis is a process of formulating fluid mechanics problems in
in terms of non-dimensional variables and parameters.

Why is it used : y
Reduction in variables ( If F(A1, A2, , An) = 0, then f(1, 2, r < n) = 0,
where, F = functional form, Ai = dimensional variables, j = non-dimensional parameters, m = number of important dimensions, n = number of dimensional variables, r = n m ). Thereby the number of experiments required to determine f vs. F is reduced. Helps in understanding physics Useful in data analysis and modeling Enables scaling of different physical dimensions and fluid properties

Example

Drag = f(V, L, r, m, c, t, e, T, etc.) From dimensional analysis,

Vortex shedding behind cylinder

Examples of dimensionless quantities : Reynolds number, Froude Number, Strouhal number, Euler number, etc. TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 34

Similarity and model testing

Definition : Flow conditions for a model test are completely similar if all relevant
dimensionless parameters have the same corresponding values for model and prototype. i model = i prototype i = 1 E bl extrapolation from model to full scale Enables l i f d l f ll l However, complete similarity usually not possible. Therefore, often it is necessary to use Re, or Fr, or Ma scaling, i.e., select most important and accommodate others as best possible.

Types of similarity:
Geometric Similarity : all body dimensions in all three coordinates have the same
linear-scale ratios. Kinematic Similarity : homologous (same relative position) particles lie at homologous points at homologous times. Dynamic Similarity : in addition to the requirements for kinematic similarity the model and prototype forces must be in a constant ratio ratio.

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EFD process p
EFD process is the steps to set up an experiment and
take data 1. Setup facility 2. I t ll 2 Install model d l 3. Setup equipment 4. Setup Data Acquisition using LabView 5. Perform calibrations 6. Data Analysis and Data Reduction 7. U 7 Uncertainty A l i t i t Analysis 8. Comparison with CFD results 9. Documentation and Reporting
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EFD hands on experience a d o p

Lab1: Measurement of kinematic viscosity of a fluid ki ti i it f fl id

Lab2: Measurement of flow rate, friction factor and velocity profiles in smooth and rough pipes.

Lab3: Measurement of surface pressure distribution and lift coefficient for an airfoil

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Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD is use of computational methods for solving fluid engineering systems, including systems modeling (mathematical & Physics) and numerical methods (solvers, finite differences, (solvers differences and grid generations, etc.). R id growth in CFD technology since advent Rapid hi h l i d of computer

ENIAC 1, 1946

IBM WorkStation

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Purpose
The objective of CFD is to model the continuous fluids with Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and discretize PDEs into an algebra problem, solve it, validate it and achieve simulation based design g instead of build & test Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult to be measured by experiments: scale simulations (f ll i l ti (full-scale ships, airplanes), h l hi i l ) hazards d (explosions,radiations,pollution), physics (weather prediction, prediction planetary boundary layer, stellar evolution). layer evolution)

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Modeling g
Mathematical physics problem formulation of fluid engineering system g g y Governing equations: Navier-Stokes equations (momentum), continuity equation, pressure Poisson equation, energy equation, equation ideal gas law combustions (chemical reaction law, equation), multi-phase flows(e.g. Rayleigh equation), and turbulent models (RANS, LES, DES). C di t Coordinates: C t i Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates li d i l d h i l di t result in different form of governing equations Initial conditions(initial guess of the solution) and Boundary ( g ) y Conditions (no-slip wall, free-surface, zero-gradient, symmetry, velocity/pressure inlet/outlet) Flow conditions: Geometry approximation domain, Reynolds approximation, domain Number, and Mach Number, etc.

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Modeling (examples)
Developing flame surface (Bell et al., 2001) Free surface animation for ship in regular waves

Evolution of a 2D mixing layer laden with particles of Stokes Number 0.3 with respect to the vortex time scale (C.Narayanan)

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Modeling (examples, contd)

3D vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder (Re 100,DNS,J.Dijkstra) (Re=100,DNS,J.Dijkstra)

DES,
Re=105, vorticity magnitude of turbulent flow around NACA12 with angle of attack 60.

LES of a turbulent jet. Back wall shows a slice of the dissipation rate and the bottom wall shows a carpet plot of the mixture fraction in a slice through the jet centerline, Re=21,000 (D. Glaze).

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Numerical methods
y
Finite difference methods: using numerical scheme to approximate the exact derivatives in the PDEs
P 2 Pi + Pi 1 2P = i +1 x 2 x2
P 2 P j + P j 1 2P = j +1 y 2 y2

jmax j+1 j j-1

i-1 i i+1

imax x

Grid generation: conformal mapping, algebraic methods and differential equation methods Solvers: direct methods (Cramers rule, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition) and iterative methods (Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, SOR)
Slice of 3D mesh of a fighter aircraft TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 43

CFD process
CFD process is the steps to set up a problem and run the code 1. Geometry: Create the geometry you want 2. 2 Physics: fluid properties, viscous modeling and properties boundary conditions 3. Mesh: coarse, medium and fine meshes 4. Solve: different solvers and numerical methods 5. Report: time history of convergence of variables 6. Post-Processing: visualizations (contours, vectors), validation and verification
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 44

Commercial software
CFD software
1. FLUENT: h http://www.fluent.com // fl 2. CFDRC: http://www.cfdrc.com 3. STAR-CD:http://www cd-adapco com 3 STAR-CD:http://www.cd-adapco.com 4. CFX/AEA: http://www.software.aeat.com/cfx

Grid Generation software

1. Gridgen: http://www.pointwise.com 2. 2 GridPro: http://www gridpro com http://www.gridpro.com

Visualization software
1. Tecplot: http://www.amtec.com 2. Fieldview: http://www.ilight.com

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Hands-on experience using FlowLab 1.1 (pipe template)

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Hands-on experience using FlowLab 1.1 (airfoil t ( i f il template) l t )

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57:020 Fluid Mechanics

Lectures cover basic concepts in fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics, control volume, and differential equation dynamics control-volume differential-equation analysis methods. Homework assignments, tests, and complementary EFD/CFD labs p y EFD/CFD lab materials
Lecture
EFD Lecture

Other Docs
EFD UA Report Lab Report instructions

Lab 1: Viscosity
Pre EFD Lab1 EFD 1 Lab 1_UA Instructions_UA None

Lab 2: Pipe Flow

Pre EFD Lab2 EFD 2 Lab2_UA Instructions_UA Pre CFD lab1 CFD lab1

Lab 3: Airfoil
Pre EFD lab3 EFD 3 Benchmark Data Instructions_UA Pre CFD lab2 CFD lab2

CFD Lecture

Lab report instructions

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