Bms166 Slide Prosedur Diajgfujgdfjggnostik
Bms166 Slide Prosedur Diajgfujgdfjggnostik
DIAGNOSTIK
PROSEDUR DIAGNOSTIK
PEM. LABORATORIUM
FOTO RONTGEN
SCHEDULE FOTO
SERVIKAL : AP, LAT, OBLIQ
THORAKAL: AP,, LAT
LUMBOSAKRAL: AP, LAT, OBLIQ
CT SCAN,, MRI,, MRA,, PET,, SPECT,, DLL
LUMBAL PUNGSI
,
EEG,, EMG. EVOKE POTENSIAL,DLL
NEURO IMAGING
STRUKTURAL / ANATOMIS CT SCAN
SCAN,
MRI, MYELOGRAFI, DLL
FUNGSIONAL EEG,
EEG EMG
EMG, EVOKE
POTENSIAL
METABOLISME PET,
PET SPECT
BLOOD VASCULATURE ANGIOGRAFI
MR ANGIOGRAFI
LUMBAL PUNGSI
INDIKASI
Diagnosis meningitis, ensefalitis & inflamasi
pada
pada cairan spinal lainnya
Perdarahan sub arachnoid, intra serebral
Meningeal
M i
l karsinomatosis
k i
t i
Mengukur tekanan intra kranial
Pemberian kemoterapi intrathecal
Drainase / reduksi cairan likuor, seperti pada
hidrosefalus commonican
Mengetahui respon terapi meningitis / lainnya
ELEKTRO ENSEFALOGRAFI
( EEG )
EEG gambaran aktivitas listrik otak /
potensial listrik otak
Grafik yang menggambarkan perobahan
potensial listrik otak Elektroensefalogram
Prosedur pembuatan grafik
Elektroensefalografi
Sumber gelombang EEG Kortek, talamus
dan formatio retikularis dapat
mempengaruhinya
EEG
Singkatan dari:
Electroencephalogram
p
g
Electroencephalographic
Electroencephalography
CAA/FEB/09
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
Electro- listrik
E
Encephalo-otak
h l t k
Gram(ma)-gambar
Definisi:
R k
Rekaman
lilistrik
t ik otak
t k yang di
direkam
k
oleh elektroda yang ditempatkan
pada kulit kepala
CAA/FEB/09
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC
Definisi : Rekaman Bioelektrik
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
Definisi:
Ilmu yang mempelajari aktivitas listrik otak
Tehnik
e
melakukan
e a u a rekaman
e a a &
menginterpretasi -kan suatu
electroencephalogram
p
g
CAA/FEB/09
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
Neuron pada
korteks otak
Perubahan p
potensial
listrik
CAA/FEB/09
Gelombang
ALPHA (8 -13
13 Hz)
BETA (>13Hz)
THETA (4 -7 Hz)
DELTA(<4Hz)
INDIKASI EEG
Diagnosis & klasifikasi kejang
Ensefalopati, Ensefalitis
B i d
Brain
death
th
Pengukuran & prognosis kejang
Deteksi lesi otak struktural tumor
p
serebri ,,trauma kapitis
Gangguan metabolik, fisiologik di otak
DLL
DASAR INTERPRETASI
Gelombang
gg
gelombang
g EEG
Parameter utama hubungan frekwensi/voltase
Macam-macam gelombang
Alfa
: 813 spd, anak lanjut, dewasa, mata
tertutup
Beta
: > 14 spd, 25 uV, frontal
Teta
: 4 7 spd
spd, mengantuk
mengantuk, tidur
Delta : < 4 spd, tidur, sadar abnormal
Spike : 27 70 ms duration
Sharp wave : 70 200 ms
Spike & sharp wave Epileptipform wave
Tindakan provokasi
Suatu tindakan untuk merangsang
timbulnya aktivitas EEG abnormal, dapat
berupa
Stimulus fotik
Hiperventilasi
Hi
til i
Rekaman tidur
Pemeriksaan Elektromiografi
g
( EMG )
EMG Pemeriksaan
P
ik
pencatatan
t t
aktivitas listrik otot dengan menusukkan
elektroda
l kt d jjarum pada
d otot
t t
Gambaran aktivitas listrik dalam otot
disebut Elektromyogram
y g
g
gambaran khas
Elektromyogram
pada otot istirahat dan aktif dan
gambaran abnormal
memberikan g
sesuai kelainan level motor unit
INDIKASI EMG
Motor neuron disease
Gangguan saraf tepi & akson (
neuropati
p )
Gangguan pada neuromuskular
junction
(miastenia gravis)
Penyakit otot primer ( DMP )
Membantu
M b t menegakkan
kk di
diagnosis
i
seperti Bells Palsy
DLL
MYELOGRAPHY
Byinjecting525mlofradiopaquedye(iopamidol/
isovue)throughalumbarpunctureneedle.
Theentirespinalsubarachnoidspacecanbe
visualized.
Usefulinvisualizingsmallareaswithinthespinal
canal.
canal
CTbodyscan:
providesexcellentimagesofthespinalcanal&
d
ll
f h
l
l&
intervertebralforaminavisualizingspinal&
posteriorfossalesions
MRIhaslargerlyreplacedcontrastmyelography
because:
doesnotrequirelumbarpuncture
providessharpervisualizationofthespinalcanal
&itscontents.
imagelesion greaterclarity
EVOKEDPOTENTIALS
Visualevokedpotentials
Visual
evoked potentials
Brainstemauditoryevokedpotentials
Somatosensoryevokedpotentials
Transcranialmotorcortexstimmulation
Endogenouseventrelatedevokedpotentials
POSITRONEMISSIONTOMOGRAPHY(PET)
M
Measuredthecerebralconcentrationof
d th
b l
t ti
f
systematicallyadministeredradioactivetracers.
Measuredlocalpatternsofcerebralbloodflow,
oxygenuptake,&glucoseutilization.
Noninvasively
Tomographicimagesareconstructedby
Tomographic images are constructed by
techniquessimilartothoseusedinCT&MRI.
Provedtobeofvaluein:
gradingprimarybraintumors
distinguishingtumortissuefromradiation
distinguishing tumor tissue from radiation
necrosis
localizingepilepticfoci
l li i
il ti f i
differentiatingtypesofdementingdiseases.
Hasabilitytoquantitateneurotransmitter&their
receptors importanceinthestudyofparkinson
receptors
importance in the study of parkinson
disease&otherdegenerativediseases.
PET
PETnotavailableforroutinediagnosisbecause:
not available for routine diagnosis because:
foundinrelativelyfewmedicalcenters
requirescostlyfacilities&supportstaff.
SinglePhotonEmissionComputedTomography
(SPECT)
Emitonlyasinglephoton.
Allowsthestudyofregionalbloodflowunder
conditionsofcerebralischaemiaorduringintense
tissuemetabolism.
Helpingto:
Helping to:
distinguishbetweenalzheimerdementia&a
numberoffocalcerebral(lobar)atrophies
b
ff l
b l (l b ) t hi
localizationofepilepticfociinpatients who
arecandidatesforcorticalresection
ANGIOGRAPHY
Hasevolvedoverthelast50years
Relativelysafe&anextremelyvaluablemethod
Relatively safe & an extremely valuable method
forthediagnosisof:
aneurysms
vascularmalformations
narrowedoroccludedarteries&veins
arteriadissections
angiitis
Thegreatadvantagesofthisprocedureare:
Thevesselscanbevisualizedwithrelatively
small amounts of dye & that this can be
smallamountsofdye&thatthiscanbe
accomplishedwiththesmallercathetersthan
those used in standard angiography
thoseusedinstandardangiography.
Thearterialrouteisnowusedexclusivelyfor
dyeinjectioninpreferencetothevenousroute.