ETIKA dan KODE ETIK

Materi Ke dua
Mata Kuliah : Etika Profesi
Kelas: IF Bilingual dan SI
Bilingual
Yang sedang belajar di UTM
Malaysia
Disunting dari sumber:
1.Etika Komputer Teguh Wahyono .ppt
2.Pengertian Etika : amutiara.staff.gunadarma.ac.id
3.http://java.cs.vt.edu/public/users/dunlapd/CS3604/powerpoi
nts/ACM+Code+of+Ethics.ppt

Dosen : Julian Supardi, M.T

Pengertian Etika (1)

Ilmu yang membahas perbuatan baik
dan perbuatan buruk manusia sejauh
yang dapat dipahami oleh pikiran
manusia
Etika adalah studi ttg kehendak
manusia,
yaitu
kehendak
yg
berhubungan dg keputusan yg benar
dan
yg
salah
dalam
tindak
perbuatannya. Fagothey (1953)

Pengertian Etika (2)

Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia, ada 3 pengertian tentang
etika, yaitu:
Ilmu tentang apa yg baik dan yg buruk, ttg hak dan
kewajiban sosial.
Kumpulan azas atau nilai yg berkenaan dg akhlak.
Nilai mengenai benar dan salah yg dianut masyarakat

Pengertian lain dari Etika dirumuskan

oleh Sumaryono (1995), yakni:
Etika adalah studi ttg kebenaran dan ketidak benaran
berdasarkan kodrat manusia yg diwujudkan melalui
kehendak manusia dlm perbuatannya.

Tujuan Mempelajari ETIKA

Untuk menyamakan persepsi tentang
penilaian
perbuatan
baik
dan
perbuatan buruk bagi setiap manusia
dalam ruang dan waktu tertentu

Domain ETIKA dalam Ranah

Ilmu Pengetahuan
ILMU PENGETAHUAN

FILSAFAT
ETIKA

Struktur Etika
ETIKA
ETIKA UMUM

ETIKA KHUSUS

ETIKA INDIVIDUAL

ETIKA SOSIAL
SIKAP THD SESAMA
ETIKA KELUARGA
ETIKA PROFESI
BIOMEDIS
HUKUM
BISNIS
TEK. INFORMASI
LAIN-LAIN
ETIKA POLITIK
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

Penjabaran
ETIKA UMUM,
berbicara mengenai kondisi-kondisi dasar, teori-teori
etika dan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar yang menjadi
pegangan bagi manusia dalam bertindak serta tolak ukur
dalam menilai baik atau buruknya suatu tindakan.

ETIKA KHUSUS,
merupakan penerapan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar dalam
bidang kehidupan yang khusus
ETIKA KHUSUS dibagi lagi menjadi dua bagian :
Etika individual, yaitu menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia
terhadap
dirinya sendiri.
Etika sosial, yaitu berbicara mengenai kewajiban, sikap dan pola
perilaku
manusia sebagai anggota umat manusia.

Profesi
Pekerjaan yg mengandalkan ketrampilan dan
keahlian khusus
Pekerjaan yg dilakukan sebagai sumber utama
nafkah hidup dg keterlibatan pribadi yg
mendalam dalam menekuninya.
Pekerjaan yg menuntut pengembangan untuk
terus menerus memperbaharui pengetahuan dan
ketrampilan sesuai perkembangn teknologi.

Etika Profesi
Etika Profesi adalah : Etika sosial yg
menyangkut hubungan antar
manusia dalam satu lingkup profesi
dan masyarakat pengguna profesi
tersebut.

Ciri-ciri Etika Profesi

Secara umum ada beberapa ciri atau sifat yang
selalu melekat pada profesi, yaitu :
Adanya pengetahuan khusus,
Biasanya keahlian dan keterampilan ini dimiliki berkat pendidikan,
pelatihan dan pengalaman yang bertahun-tahun.

Adanya kaidah dan standar moral yang sangat

tinggi.

Hal ini biasanya setiap pelaku profesi mendasarkan kegiatannya

pada kode etik profesi.

Mengabdi pada kepentingan masyarakat,

artinya setiap pelaksana profesi harus meletakkan kepentingan

pribadi di bawah kepentingan masyarakat.

Ada izin khusus untuk menjalankan suatu profesi.

Setiap profesi akan selalu berkaitan dengan kepentingan
masyarakat, dimana nilai-nilai kemanusiaan berupa keselamatan,
keamanan, kelangsungan hidup dan sebagainya, maka
untukmenjalankan suatu profesi harus terlebih dahulu ada izin

PRINSIP-PRINSIP ETIKA PROFESI :

1. Tanggung jawab

Terhadap pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu dan terhadap hasilnya.

Terhadap dampak dari profesi itu untuk kehidupan orang lain atau
masyarakat pada umumnya.

2. Keadilan.
Prinsip ini menuntut kita untuk memberikan kepada siapa saja apa
yang menjadi haknya.

3. Otonomi.
Prinsip ini menuntut agar setiap kaum profesional memiliki dan di
beri kebebasan dalam menjalankan profesinya.

Kode Etik
Kode etik yaitu norma atau azas yang diterima
oleh suatu kelompok tertentu sebagai landasan
tingkah laku sehari-hari di masyarakat maupun di
tempat kerja.

Tujuan Kode Etik

Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat profesi.
2. Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan
para
anggota.
3. Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian para anggota
profesi.
4. Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.
5. Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.
6. Meningkatkan layanan di atas keuntungan
pribadi.
7. Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat
dan
terjalin erat.
8. Menentukan baku standarnya sendiri.
1.

Are computer professionals

special?

Do Computer Professionals
Have Special Responsibilities?
Gotterbarn (1999) believes that because
software engineers and their teams are have
significant opportunities to:
(i) do good or cause harm
(ii) enable others to do good or cause harm
(iii) influence others to do good or cause
harm.

Critical-Safety Software

Gotterbarn suggests that the roles and

responsibilities involved in the development of
safety-critical systems is a differentiating factor.
A "safety-critical system" = computer system that
can have a direct life-threatening impact.
aircraft and air traffic control systems
mass transportation systems
nuclear reactors missile systems
and

medical treatment systems.

design of bridges and buildings;
election of water disposal sites;
development of analytical models for medical treatment.

Professional Codes of Ethics

Many professions have established
professional societies, which have adopted
codes of conduct.
AMA (American Medical Association)
ABA (American Bar Association).

Two computing professional societies

The Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM)
The Institute for Electrical and Electronics
Engineers Computer Society (IEEE-CS)

ACM Code of Ethics and

Conduct
1.1 Contribute to society and human wellbeing.
1.2 Avoid harm to others.
1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.
1.4 Be fair and take action not to
discriminate.
1.5 Honor property rights including
copyrights and patent.
1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual
property.
1.7 Respect the privacy of others.
1.8 Honor confidentiality.

ACM

2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES.

As an ACM computing professional I will ....

2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness
and dignity in both the process and products of
professional work.
2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence.
2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to
professional work.
2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of
computer systems and their impacts, including analysis
of possible risks.
2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned
responsibilities.
2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its
consequences.
2.8 Access computing and communication resources
only when authorized to do so.

ACM

3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES.

BACKGROUND NOTE: This section draws extensively from

the draft of IFIP (International Federation for Information
Processing) Code of Ethics, especially its sections on
organizational ethics and international concerns. The ethical
obligations of organizations tend to be neglected in most
codes of professional conduct, perhaps because these
codes are written from the perspective of the
individual member. This dilemma is addressed by
stating these imperatives from the perspective of
the organizational leader. In this context "leader" is
viewed as any organizational member who has leadership
or educational responsibilities. These imperatives generally
may apply to organizations as well as their leaders. In this
context "organizations" are corporations, government
agencies, and other "employers," as well as volunteer
professional organizations. (emphasis added)
Progress towards a World-Wide Code of Conduct
by John A. N. Lee and Jacques Berleur
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/WorldCodes/Gatlinburg.html

ACM

3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES.

As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will ....

3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an

organizational unit and encourage full acceptance of those
responsibilities.
3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build
information systems that enhance the quality of working
life.
3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of
an organization's computing and communication resources.
3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a
system have their needs clearly articulated during the
assessment and design of requirements; later the system
must be validated to meet requirements.
3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity
of users and others affected by a computing system.
3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to
learn the principles and limitations of computer systems.

ACM
4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE.

As an ACM member I will ....

4.1 Uphold and promote the

principles of this Code.
4.2 Treat violations of this code
as inconsistent with membership
in the ACM.

IEEE Code of Ethics

1. to accept responsibility in making engineering
decisions consistent with the safety, health and
welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly
factors that might endanger the public or the
environment;
2. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest
whenever possible, and to disclose them to affected
parties when they do exist;
3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or
estimates based on available data;
4. to reject bribery in all its forms;
5. to improve the understanding of technology, its
appropriate application, and potential consequences;

IEEE Code of Ethics (continued)

6. to maintain and improve our technical competence
and to undertake technological tasks for others only
if qualified by training or experience, or after full
disclosure of pertinent limitations;
7. to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of
technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors,
and to credit properly the contributions of others;
8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors
as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national
origin;
9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation,
or employment by false or malicious action;
10. to assist colleagues and co-workers in their
professional development and to support them in
following this code of ethics.

Criticisms of Ethical Codes

Ladd (1995) argues that ethical codes rest on a
series of confusions that are both "intellectual
and moral."
His argument has three main points.

First, ethics is basically an "open-ended,

reflective, and critical intellectual activity."
Second, codes introduce confusions with
respect to micro-ethics vs. macro-ethics.
Third, giving codes a disciplinary function
makes them more like legal than ethical
rules.

In Defense of
Professional
Codes
Gotterbarn argues that we need to
distinguish between:
codes of ethics
codes of conduct
codes of practice

In Defense of Professional
Codes (Continued)
Codes of ethics are "aspirational," because
they often serve as mission statements for
the profession and thus can provide vision
and objectives.
Codes of conduct are oriented more toward
the professional and the professional's
attitude and behavior.
Codes of practice relate to operational
activities within a profession.

Purpose of Professional
Codes
Professional codes of ethics are often
designed to motivate members of an
association to behave in certain ways.
Four primary functions of codes are
to:
inspire
guide
educate
discipline the members.

Table 4-1: Some Strengths

and Weaknesses of
Professional Codes
Strengths
Weaknesses
Codes inspire the members of a profession to
behave ethically.

Directives included in many codes tend to be too

general and too vague.

Codes guide the members of a profession in

ethical choices.

Codes are not always helpful when two or more

directives conflict.

Codes educate the members of a profession

about their professional obligations.

A professional codes directives are never

complete or exhaustive.

Codes discipline members when they violate

one or more of the codes directives.

Codes are ineffective (have no teeth) in

disciplinary matters.

Codes sensitize members of a profession to

ethical issues and alert them to ethical aspects
they otherwise might overlook.

Codes do not help us distinguish between microethics issues and macro-ethics issues.

Codes inform the public about the nature and

roles of the profession.

Directives in codes are sometimes inconsistent

with one another.

Codes enhance the profession in the eyes of the

public.

Codes can be self-serving for the profession.

Conflicts of Professional Responsibility:

Employee Loyalty and Whistle-blowing

What exactly is employee loyalty?

Do employees and employers have a special
obligation of loyalty to each other?
Should loyalty to ones employer ever
preclude an employees "blowing the whistle"
in critical situations?
In which cases can whistle-blowing be
justified?

Do Employees Have a Special

Obligation to Employers?
Some believe we have a prima facie
obligation of loyalty in employment
contexts.
In other words, all things being equal,
an employee should be loyal to his or
her employer and visa versa.

Does employee loyalty still make sense in the

context of a large computer corporation?

Duska (1991) argues that in

employment contexts, loyalty only
arises in special relationships based
on a notion that he calls "mutual
enrichment."
So in relationships in which parties
are pursuing their self-interests, the
notion of loyalty would not be
applicable.