Rangkaian Driver Relay Transistor.

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Relay bukanlah hal yang asing bagi orang elektronika, karena dengan driver relay kita dapat mengendalikan
peralatan elektronik lainya semisal TV, kipas, lampu dan lain sebagainya. Driver dapat dibentuk hanya dengan
beberapa komponen saja, misalnya dalam postingan ini saya akan mengunakan transistor sebagai driver relay.
Dimana transistor disini di konfigurasikan sebagai transistor Cut OFF dan SatuRasi atau bisa juga disebut sebagai
saklar elektronik.
Berikut ini skematik rangkaian driver relay transistor :

Rangkaian Driver Relay Optocoupler

Rangkaian Saklar Cahaya Sederhana

Copyright 2013 Electro Bee

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MOSFET Sebagai Saklar.htm

MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) merupakan salah satu jenis transistor yang
memiliki impedansi mauskan (gate) sangat tinggi (Hampir tak berhingga) sehingga dengn menggunakan
MOSFET sebagai saklar elektronik, memungkinkan untuk menghubungkannya dengan semua jenis
gerbang logika. Dengan menjadikan MOSFET sebagai saklar, maka dapat digunakan untuk
mengendalikan beban dengan arus yang tinggi dan biaya yang lebih murah daripada menggunakan
transistor bipolar. Untuk membuat MOSFET sebgai saklar maka hanya menggunakan MOSFET pada
kondisi saturasi (ON) dan kondisi cut-off (OFF).

Kurva Karakteristik MOSFET

Wilayah Cut-Off (MOSFET OFF)

Pada daerah Cut-Off MOSFET tidak mendapatkan tegangan input (Vin = 0V) sehingga tidak ada arus
drain Id yang mengalir. Kondisi ini akan membuat tegangan Vds = Vdd. Dengan beberapa kondisi diatas
maka pada daerah cut-off ini MOSFET dikatakan OFF (Full-Off).
Kondisi cut-off ini dapat diperoleh dengan menghubungkan jalur input (gate) ke ground, sehingga tidaka
ada tegangan input yang masuk ke rangkaian saklar MOSFET. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada
gambar berikut.
Gambar Rangkaian MOSFET Sebagai Saklar Pada Kondisi Cut-Off

Karakeristik MOSFET pada daerah Cut-Off antara lain sebagai berikut.

Input gate tidak mendapat tegangan bias karena terhubung ke ground (0V)
Tegangan gate lebih rendah dari tegangan treshold (Vgs < Vth)
MOSFET OFF (Fully-Off) pada daerah cut-off ini.
Tidak arus drain yang mengalir pada MOSFET
Tegangan output Vout = Vds = Vdd

Pada daerah cut-off MOSFET dalam kondisi open circuit.

Dengan beberapa karakteristik diatas maka dapat dikatakan bahawa MOSFET pada daerah Cut-Off
merupakan saklar terbuka dengan arus drain Id = 0 Ampere. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi MOSFET dalam
keadaan open maka tegnagan gate Vgs harus lebih rendah dari tegangan treshold Vth dengan cara
menghubungkan terminal input (gate) ke ground
Wilayah Saturasi (MOSFET ON)
Pada daerah saturasi MOSFET mendapatkan bias input (Vgs) secara maksimum sehingga arus drain
pada MOSFET juga akan maksimum dan membuat tegangan Vds = 0V. Pada kondisi saturasi ini
MOSFET dapat dikatakan dalam kondisi ON secara penuh (Fully-ON).
Gambar Rangkaian MOSFET Sebagai Saklar Pada Kondisi Saturasi

Karakteristik MOSFET pada kondisi saturasi antar lain adalah :

Tegangan input gate (Vgs) tinggi
Tegangan input gate (Vgs) lebih tinggi dari tegangan treshold (Vgs>Vth)
MOSFET ON (Fully-ON) pada daerah Saturasi
Tegangan drain dan source ideal (Vds) pada daerah saturasi adalah 0V (Vds = 0V)
Resistansi drain dan source sangat rendah (Rds < 0,1 Ohm)
Tegangan output Vout = Vds = 0,2V (Rds.Id)
MOSFET dianalogikan sebagai saklar kondisi tertutup
Kondisi saturasi MOSFET dapat diperoleh dengan memberikan tegangan input gate yang lebih tinggi dari
tegangan tresholdnya dengan cara menghubungkan terminal input ke Vdd. Sehingga MOSFET mejadi
saturasi dan dapat dianalogikan sebagai saklar pada kondisi tertutup.
..

Mosfet Snubber Flyback Converter Circuit

Friday, March 23, 2012 by skemarangkaian

Mosfet Snubber Circuit in Flyback Converter , Typical flyback convertor with drain clamping
circuits ZenBlock Zener with integrated blocking diode Philips Semiconductors' new ZenBlockTM
replaces double-diode-, RCD- or RC-snubbers in flyback convertors.

Mosfet Snubber Flyback Converter Circuit

The new components offer circuit designers the important benefits of lower component count
and board usage, reduced EMI, optimal clamping at all loads and higher efficiency. Introducing The
new ZenBlock combines the double diode snubber in one package. This leads to the following
advantages:
Fewer components. Reduced- circuit board space
Lower EMI by reducing the drain clamp circuit length and area. Optimal clamp performance at all loads (compared with RCD and RC snubber) -Higher efficiency at low loads (compared with RCD and RC snubber) .
Previous circuit related to this circuit : Protection of the Mosfet in flyback power supply

Driver Relay Menggunakan IC Driver (IC

Penguat Daya) ~ Dipanegara Roboholic
Community.htm
Driver Relay Menggunakan IC Driver (IC Penguat
Daya)

POSTED ON 9:34 PM BY DIPANEGARA ROBOHOLIC COMMUNITY

Untuk menggerakan relay , daya (arus/tegangan) dari microkontroller kurang mencukupi sehingga perlu
penguat (driver ). Driver relay yang paling sederhana biasanya terdiri dari sebuah transistor.
Driver (penguat daya) Relay dengan Transistor :

Penguat daya / driver relay dengan transistor

Driver (penguat daya) Relay dengan IC Driver :
Bagi sebahagian orang penguat dari sebuah transistor saja masih kurang memadai, mereka lebih
memilih IC driver, karena berbagai kelebihannya.
contoh contoh IC driver :

ULN 2001, ULN2002, ULN2003, ULN2004

TD62081, TD62082, TD62083, TD62084

dll.

contoh IC Driver ULN2001/2/3 :

Driver Relay (penguat daya)

Fitur IC Driver ULN2001/2/3 :

SEVEN DARLINGTONS PER PACKAGE

OUTPUT CURRENT 500mA PER DRIVER (600mA PEAK)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE 50V

INTEGRATED SUPPRESSION DIODES FOR INDUCTIVE LOADS

OUTPUTS CAN BE PARALLELED FOR HIGHER CURRENT

TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL COMPATIBLE INPUTS

INPUTS PINNED OPPOSITE OUTPUTS

Rangkaian dalam sebuah IC Driver / penguat daya:

schematic driver (rangkaian penguat daya)

Contoh penggunaan IC Driver ULN2003 dalam rangkaian mickrocontroller:

contoh penggunaan driver relay mikrokontroller

Besarnya Tegangan output ic Driver (voltase) bisa disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan , misal kita ingin
menggerakan relay dc 24 volt maka kaki 9 dari IC driver ULN 2003 pada gambar contoh diatas kita
berikan DC 24 volt dari power suply.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Relay Driver Speeds Switching While Handling High Current _ Archive content from
Electronic Design.htm

A recent application required the microcontroller to be able to switch some highreliability latching relays as a safety backup for the normal solid-state switching. The
coils were rated for 12 V, and the required current was too high for direct control by a
microcontroller port pin, even if the voltage had been within the microcontrollers

capability. It seemed simple enough. Plenty of N-channel FETs can handle the current
and voltage while being switched by a gate voltage thats well within reach of the
microcontroller. It sounded too easy, and it was.
The system had only a 5-V logic supply and an unregulated dc supply coming from a
transformer and rectifier. The 5-V supply was clearly inadequate. The unregulated
supply, with all the variations of line voltage, temperature, and manufacturing, could
vary from about 14 V to around 30 V. The latter might release the magic white smoke
that powers all things electronic, and white smoke coming from the safety relays
during a demo does little to inspire confidence in the customer.
Next idea: it would be easy enough to build a switching or linear regulator to turn the
unregulated supply into a nice solid 12 V, which would suit the handy little FETs. But
the system employed eight of the relays and had to be able to switch them all
simultaneously. So total current approached 1 A, and the regulator chip, as well as a
big beefy inductor, a beefy freewheeling diode, and all the miscellaneous parts that go
around a downswitcher chip, would have to be able to handle the current. All this was
in addition to the switches for the individual coils. Space was tight in this application,
however, and it wouldnt accommodate that big inductor. So it was back to square
one.
One aha! moment came with the realization that a relay coil is really just a nice big
inductor. Another arrived with the realization that the coil actually wants to see a
given current, and the required voltage to achieve that current changes with
temperature, whose variations could be significant in this application.
The final circuit uses the relay coil as the switching inductor, and it simply passes the
resulting current through a resistor sized to provide the 1.21-V reference feedback
voltage when the relay coil reaches rated current (see the figure). The LM2674 is a
garden-variety, high-volume part that is cheap and readily available, but most any
downswitcher chip rated for sufficient voltage (a maximum 30-V input in this case)
and current (70 mA maximum per coil here) could do the job. A freewheeling diode
and a couple of bypass capacitors round out the design. Since the LM2674 includes a
logic-level on/off control, the circuit needs no other components to control the relay
coil from a microcontroller output pin.
In addition to providing a very compact and low-cost solution, this circuit ensures that
the coil current is precisely to spec, regardless of variations in temperature, line
voltage, etc. As a bonus, it can actually switch the relay much faster than a
straightforward 12-V design, because the LM2674 applies whatever voltage is
available at turn-on to try to bring the coil current smartly up to its set point. Once the
current reaches the set point, the LM2674 begins modulating the applied voltage to

maintain the rated current for as long as the microcontroller calls for power to be
applied.

Anoops Analysis
This is an excellent idea. Its an unusual use of a switching regulator to regulate relay
current under a wide range of input voltages. And even though the IC the author is using
(LM2674) is quite expensive ($3.47 each at Digikey), Im sure that many switching
regulators (buck converters) are a lot cheaper and can achieve the same goal for a much
more cost-effective relay driving solution.
As a nice side benefit, as the author points out, the relay switches much faster with larger
input voltages (I_ramp = V/L) without burning the coil out. However, the author did not
mention one main thing to watch out for while youre customizing the circuit for your
application.
Of course, Ideas for Design arent just supposed to work for a narrow application. They
should be simple enough for readers to customize for their needs, and everyones needs are
different. IFDs also should offer ways to customize the circuit while pointing out potential
problems that may have to be overcome during that customization.
This circuit may work with the relays that the author is using. But there is a wide variety
of relays, miniature relays, small signal relays, general-purpose relays, and power relays,
all with different types of coils and requiring different drive currents, yielding widely
varying inductances.
Now, the circuit has to operate over a wide range of voltages14- to 30-V input, as per the
author. Now add a wide range of inductance values for relay coils. Switching regulators
control output current by varying the duty cycle of the drive waveform. LM2674 can vary
duty cycle from 95% to 0%.
For a small relay coil with small inductance, and at high end of the input voltage, the duty
cycle may be driven to the smallest possible. Also, the smallest duty cycle might not limit
the current through the relay coil. There is no indication of the regulator going out of
regulation, and the coils can start getting hot and eventually burn out. (0% duty cycle
works only for regular buck-converter applications that have filter caps on output side
and not for this relay driver application.)

At the other end, a larger relay coil (for a power relay) will have a larger inductance. At
the low end of the input voltage, the regulator will have to keep the duty cycle very high to
try to regulate coil current to required value. It may so happen that even at the highest
duty cycle that the regulator supports, which is 95% for this regulator, the coil current is
not sufficient to energize the relay.
As long as engineers are aware of these problems and know how to get around them
problems, they will be able to customize the circuit for their needs.