Arahan : Jawab semua soalan.

Instruction : Answer all questions

1.

Besi adalah sejenis logam yang mudah berkarat

Iron is a metal that rusts easily.
(a)

(i)

Nyatakan syarat untuk pengaratan besi.

State the conditions for the rusting of iron.
_________________________________________________________
[ 1 markah/ mark]

(ii)

Lukis satu gambar rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan bagaimana syarat

untuk pengaratan besi melibatkan pengionan besi dan pengaliran
elektron.
Draw a labelled diagram to show hoe the conditions for the rusting of
iron involve the ionization of iron and the flow of electron.

[ 3 markah/ marks]
(b)

(i)

Huraikan tindak balas yang berlaku di pinggir titisan air (terminal

positif) semasa pengaratan besi setelah ion Fe2+ dan ion OH- terbentuk.
Describe the reactions that take place at the edge of water droplet
(positive terminal) during the rusting of iron after Fe2+ and OH- ions
are formed.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
[ 3 markah/ marks]

(ii)

Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan besi dalam 1(b)(i).

State the change in the oxidation number of iron in 1 (b)(i).
_________________________________________________________
[ 1 markah/ mark]

2.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan penggunaan kepingan zink pada sebuah kapal besi untuk
mengelakkan pengaratan.
Diagram 2 shows the use of zinc plates on an iron ship to prevent rusting.

Rajah 2
Diagram 2
(a)

Terangkan bagaimana kepingan zink itu melindungi kapal besi daripada

berkarat.
Explain how the zinc plates protect the iron ship fom rusting.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
[ 2 markah/ marks]

(b)

Tulis persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di 2 (b).

Write the half equation for the reaction in 2 (b).
_______________________________________________________________
[ 1 markah/ mark]

3.

Berikut adalah formula bagi dua sebatian.

the following are the formulae of two compounds.
Al2O3
(a)

Cu2O

Berdasarkan dua formula itu, nyatakan nombor pengoksidaan bagi aluminium

dan kuprum.
Based on the two formulae, state the oxidation number for aluminium and
copper.
_______________________________________________________________
[ 2 markah/ marks]

(b)

Namakan kedua-dua sebatian itu mengikut sistem tatanama IUPAC.

Name both the compunds based on the IUPAC nomenclature system.
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[ 2 markah/ marks]

4.

Rajah 4.1, 4.2, dan 4.3 menunjukkan susunan radas Set I, Set II, Set III dan Set IV
bagi satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan ke atas kadar tindak balas
antara larutan natrium tiosulfat dan asid hidroklorik. Bagi setiap set eksperimen itu,
saiz kelalang kon yang digunakan ialah 250 cm3.
Diagrams 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 shows the apparatus set-up for Set I, Set II, Set III and Set
IV for an experiment to investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
between sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid. In each set of the
experiment, the size of the conical flask used is 250 cm3.
Set

Susunan radas
Apparatus set-up

Rajah 4.1
Diagram 4.1

Pemerhatian
Observation

Set

Susunan radas
Apparatus set-up

II

III

Rajah 4.2
Diagram 4.2

Pemerhatian
Observation

Susunan radas
Apparatus set-up

Set

Pemerhatian
Observation

IV

Rajah 4.3
Diagram 4.3
(a)

(i)

Berdasarkan rajah 4.1, 4.2, dan 4.3, nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam
eksperimen ini.
Based on Diagram 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, state one observation in this
experiment.
_________________________________________________________
[ 3 markah/ marks]

(ii)

Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam 4(a)(i), nyatakan inferens.

Based on the observation in 4 (a)(i), state the inference.
_________________________________________________________
[ 3 markah/ marks]

(b)

Bagi eksperimen ini, nyatakan pembolehubah:

For this experiment, state the variable:
(i)

Dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated :_______________________________

(ii)

Bergerak balas/ Responding :__________________________________

(iii)

Dimalarkan/ Constant : ______________________________________

[ 3 markah/ marks]

(c)

Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

State one hypothesis for this experiment.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
[ 3 markah/ marks]

(d)

Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.
State the operational definiton for the rate of reaction in this experiment.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
[ 3 markah/ marks]

(e)

(i)

Berdasarkan Rajah 4.1, 4.2, dan 4.3, lengkapkan Jadual 4.1.

Based on Diagram 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, complete Table 4.1.
Set

II

III

IV

Kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat (mol dm-3)

Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution
Masa / Time (s)
1/ Masa (s-1)
1/time
Jadual 4.1
Table 4.1
[ 3 markah/ marks]
(ii)

Berdasarkan Jadual 4.1, plot graf kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat

melawan 1 / masa.
Based on Table 4.1, plot a graph of concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution 1 / time.
[ 3 markah/ marks]

(f)

Berdasarkan graf dalam 4(e)(ii),

Based on the graph in 4(e)(ii),
(i)

Nyatakan hubungan antara kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat dengan

kadar tindak balas.
State the relationship between the concntration of sodium thiosulphate
solution and the rate of reaction.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
[ 3 markah/ marks ]

(ii)

Ramalkan masa yang diambil bagi tanda X tidak kelihatan lagi jika
eksperimen itu dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan natrium
tiosulfat 0.22 mol dm-3. Tunjukkan pada graf itu bagaimana anda
menentukan masa yang diambil.
Predict the time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight if the
experiment is carried out using 0.22 mol dm-3 of sodium thiosulphate
solution. Show on the graph how you determine the time taken.

[ 3 markah/ marks ]
7

(g)

Eksperimen bagi Set I diulang dengan menggunakan kelalang kon 250 cm3
dengan kelalang kon yang lebih kecil. Masa yang diambil untuk tanda X tidak
kelihatan adalah kurang daripada 20 saat. Terangkan mengapa.
The experiment for Set I is repeated by replacing the 250 cm3conical flask with
a smaller conical flask. The time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight
is less than 20 seconds. Explain why.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
[ 3 markah/ marks ]

(h)

Kelaskan ion-ion yang hadir dalam Set II dengan melengkapkan Jadual 4.2.
Classify the ions present in Set II by completing Table 3.2
Anions
Anions

Kation
Cations

Jadual 4.2/ Table 4.2

[ 3 markah/ marks ]
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