Muqaddimah
Judul Buku
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqaddimah
Penulis
Ahmad Sarwat, Lc MA
Editor
Aini Aryani
Hanif
Penerbit
Rumah Fiqih Publishing
Jalan Karet Pedurenan no. 53 Kuningan
Setiabudi Jakarta Selatan 12940
4
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqaddimah Pengantar Penerbit
Pengantar Penerbit
Bismillahirrahmahmanirrahim
Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Allah SWT, Rumah Fiqih
Publishing mempersembahkan salah satu dari karya di bidang
ilmu fiqih karya Al-Ustadz Ahmad Sarwat, Lc MA, yang diberi
nama : Seri Fiqih Kehidupan.
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan terdiri dari 18 jilid, dimana pada
masing-masing jilid terdapat pembahasan tematik masalah-
masalah fiqih.
Judul-judul pada ke-18 jilid selengkapnya adalah sebagai
berikut :
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqaddimah
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (2) : Thaharah
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (3) : Shalat
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (4) : Zakat
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (5) : Puasa
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (6) : Haji
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (7) : Muamalat
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (8) : Nikah
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (9) : Kuliner
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (10) : Pakaian & Rumah
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (11) : Sembelihan
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (12) : Masjid
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (13) : Kedokteran
5
Pengantar Penerbit Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
6
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqaddimah Pengantar Penerbit
7
Pengantar Penerbit Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
8
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqaddimah Pengantar Penerbit
9
Pengantar Penerbit Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
10
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqaddimah Pengantar Penerbit
11
Pengantar Penerbit Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
12
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Pengantar Penulis
Pengantar Penulis
13
Pengantar Penulis Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
14
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Pengantar Penulis
sekat.
Mustahil Quran dan Sunnah bisa dipahami kalau tidak
pernah dipraktekkan isinya. Dan mereka adalah generasi yang
mendapatkan kehormatan untuk mempraktekkan keduanya,
langsung di hadapan utusan resmi ilahi, Muhammad SAW.
Dari mereka pula catatan-catatan penting atas tiap detail
ayat-ayat suci menjadi semakin jelas, karena mereka yang
langsung terlibat dengan semua yang turun itu.
Karya ini juga ikut mencatat bagaimana ilmu para shahabat
itu kemudian dikembangkan sesuai dengan realitas kehidupan
yang mereka temui sepeninggal Rasulullah SAW mulia.
Dan karya para ulama semakin mencapai puncaknya ketika
lahir para imam besar yang menancapkan tiang pancang kokoh
sebagai penegak bangunan syariah yang kekar di atas bumi.
Bangunan itu bukan hanya layak dihuni, melainkan menjadi
pelindung umat Islam dari kemusnahan dan keropos oleh
zaman. Bahkan bangunan megah itu menjadi kebanggaan umat
sepanjang zaman.
Kemajuan ilmu yang mereka kembangkan bahkan melebihi
zaman dimana mereka hidup. Apa-apa yang sekian abad lagi
belum terjadi, mereka telah mengkajinya dengan detail dan
cermat. Bahkan di abad ke 21 ini pun apa yang mereka wariskan
masih terasa kemarin sore ditulisnya.
Sayangnya, karya-karya besar para ulama itu tersimpan
rapi di dalam ratusan perpustakaan besar dunia, dibaca dan
ditahqiq sebagiannya oleh kalangan terbatas saja, yaitu para
profesor dan akademisi di bidang syariah.
Indonesia Hari Ini
Khusus buat keadaan Indonesia di masa sekarang,
semangat berislam (baca : menjalankan aturan dan syariah
Islam) di era tahun 2000-an dan seterusnya ini terasa semakin
hari semakin besar. Fenomena yang nampak di banyak tempat
turut membantu membuktikan hal itu. Mulai dari maraknya
15
Pengantar Penulis Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
16
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Pengantar Penulis
menganga.
Karena itu ketidak-sambungan antara isi buku terjemahan
dengan realitas sosial yang ada pada gilirannya seringkali
menimbulkan kebingungan di tengah masyarakat. Apalagi bila
terkait dengan masalah pemahaman (baca: fiqih) atas teks
syariah yang sangat kompleks.
Boleh jadi apa yang dirasakan dan dialami oleh seorang
mufti berkebangsaan Arab di negerinya seringkali sangat jauh
berbeda dengan apa yang kita temui di negeri ini. Sehingga
kualitas sebuah fatwa terkadang ikut terasa hambar dan hampa.
Kadang apa yang dinilai sebagai sebuah kebiasaan di negeri
Arab dipandang aneh oleh bangsa kita lantaran jurang
perbedaan 'urf dan budaya.
Sering apa yang oleh kita sesuatu yang amat biasa dan
tidak masalah dipandang oleh 'beliau-beliau' di tanah Arab sana
sebagai hal yang sangat aib.
Semua itu akan bermuara kepada satu alternatif kita butuh
jawaban dan solusi syariah tidak hanya sekedar produk impor
dari luar. Kita butuh sebuah kajian yang ikut memasukkan
faktor-faktor lokal di dalamnya. Dan sayangnya untuk ukuran
negeri kita hal itu masih terasa kosong.
Kita punya banyak ustadz yang melek syariah, namun
sayangnya kita belum lagi mendapatkan hadiah karya tulis
mereka yang bisa langsung kita nikmati.
Kita cenderung lebih menikmati pekerjaan menerjemahkan
karya orang lain ketimbang memproduksi sendiri sebuah karya.
Entah bagaimana hal itu bisa terjadi.
Buku yang di tangan Anda ini barangkali diniatkan untuk
menjawab pertanyaan besar itu. Ini adalah karya asli seorang
Indonesia yang hidup di Indonesia dengan realitas sosial yang
juga sangat Indonesia.
Buku ini insya Allah diniatkan untuk dijadikan salah satu
rujukan melengkapi sekian banyak rujukan ilmu fiqih yang
17
Pengantar Penulis Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
18
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Pengantar Penulis
19
Pengantar Penulis Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
20
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Pengantar Penulis
21
Pengantar Penulis Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
Al-Faqir ilallah
Ahmad Sarwat
22
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
Daftar Isi
Pengantar Penerbit............................................................................. 5
Pengantar Penulis ............................................................................ 13
Daftar Isi .......................................................................................... 23
Bagian Pertama Ilmu Fiqih ............................................................. 41
Bab 1 : Pengertian Fiqih................................................................... 43
A. Fiqih ............................................................................................................... 43
1. Bahasa....................................................................................................................43
2. Istilah.....................................................................................................................45
B. Syariah............................................................................................................ 50
1. Bahasa....................................................................................................................50
2. Istilah.....................................................................................................................51
C. Perbedaan Fiqih dan Syariah ...................................................................... 51
1. Ruang Lingkup Syariah.......................................................................................51
2. Syariah Bersifat Universal...................................................................................52
3. Fiqih Adalah Apa Yang Dipahami....................................................................53
D. Perbedaan Ilmu Fiqih Dengan Ilmu Lainnya .......................................... 53
1. Ushul Fiqih...........................................................................................................54
2. Ilmu Tafsir............................................................................................................54
3. Ilmu Hadits...........................................................................................................54
E. Fiqih di Zaman Nabi ................................................................................... 55
1. Penggunaan Istilah Fiqih di Masa Nabi ...........................................................55
2. Fiqih Sudah Ada Sejak Zaman Nabi ................................................................56
Bab 2 : Keistimewaan Fiqih ............................................................. 61
23
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
24
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
1. Ahli Fiqih............................................................................................................103
2. Ilmu Istimbath Hukum.....................................................................................104
Bab 5 : Tema-tema Besar Fiqih ......................................................115
A. Bagian Pondasi ........................................................................................... 117
1. Fiqih Thaharah...................................................................................................119
2. Fiqih Shalat.........................................................................................................120
3. Fiqih Zakat .........................................................................................................122
4. Fiqih Puasa .........................................................................................................124
5. Fiqih Haji ............................................................................................................125
B. Bagian Bangunan Islam ............................................................................. 127
1. Fiqih Muamalat..................................................................................................127
2. Fiqih Pernikahan................................................................................................130
3. Fiqih Kuliner ......................................................................................................132
4. Fiqih Pakaian, Perhiasan & Rumah ................................................................133
5. Fiqih Sembelihan...............................................................................................135
6. Fiqih Masjid........................................................................................................137
7. Fiqih Kedokteran...............................................................................................138
8. Fiqih Seni ............................................................................................................139
9. Fiqih Mawaris.....................................................................................................140
C. Bagian Atap atau Pelindung...................................................................... 141
1. Fiqih Jinayat........................................................................................................141
2. Fiqih Jihad...........................................................................................................142
3. Fiqih Negara.......................................................................................................143
Bab 6 : Istilah Dalam Fiqih.............................................................145
A. Istilah Hukum............................................................................................. 146
1. Hukum Taklif.....................................................................................................146
2. Hukum Wadh'i...................................................................................................150
B. Istilah Ushul ................................................................................................ 153
1. Al-Aam wa Al-Khash.......................................................................................153
2. Muthlaq dan Muqayyad ....................................................................................154
3. Mujmal dan Mubayyan .....................................................................................155
4. Manthuq dan Mafhum......................................................................................156
C. Istilah dalam Ilmu Fiqih ............................................................................ 157
1. Ijtihad...................................................................................................................157
2. Ittiba....................................................................................................................158
3. Taqlid...................................................................................................................158
Bab 7 : Ilmu Ushul Fiqih ................................................................161
A. Pengertian.................................................................................................... 161
1. Ushul....................................................................................................................162
2. Fiqih.....................................................................................................................162
3. Ushul Fiqih.........................................................................................................164
25
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
26
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
27
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
1. Ketersambungan Sanad....................................................................................258
2. Al-Adalah bagi Perawi ......................................................................................259
3. Ad-Dhabtu bagi Perawi....................................................................................259
4. Tidak Ada Syadz ................................................................................................259
5. Tidak Ada Illat ..................................................................................................260
Bab 4 : Pembagian Hadits ..............................................................261
A. Berdasarkan Jumlah Perawi ...................................................................... 262
1. Hadits Mutawatir ...............................................................................................263
2. Hadits Ahad........................................................................................................264
3. Ketentuan Umum Hadits Ahad ......................................................................265
B. Berdasarkan Kualitas Periwayatan ........................................................... 265
1. Shahih..................................................................................................................266
2. Hasan...................................................................................................................267
C. Berdasarkan Tertolaknya Periwayatan..................................................... 268
1. Hukum Menggunakan Hadits Dhaif..............................................................269
2. Penyebab Dhaifnya Suatu Hadits ...................................................................270
D. Hadits Yang Lemah Dari Sisi Periwayatan ............................................ 270
1. Hadits Mu'allaq ..................................................................................................271
2. Hadits Mursal.....................................................................................................271
3. Hadits Mu'dhal...................................................................................................272
4. Hadits Munqathi' ...............................................................................................273
5. Hadits Mudallas .................................................................................................274
6. Hadits Mursal Khafi..........................................................................................277
7. Hadits Mu'an-'an................................................................................................277
8. Hadits Muannan ...............................................................................................279
E. Hadits Yang Lemah Dari Sisi Perawi ...................................................... 279
1. Maudhu' ..............................................................................................................279
2. Matruk .................................................................................................................283
3. Hadits Munkar ...................................................................................................284
4. Hadits Ma'ruf .....................................................................................................286
5. Hadits Mu'allal ...................................................................................................287
6. Hadits Mukhalif li-tsiqah..................................................................................287
7. Hadits Syadz.......................................................................................................292
F. Berdasarkan Diterima Sebagian dan Ditolak Sebagian ........................ 294
1. Hadits Marfu' .....................................................................................................294
2. Hadits Mauquf ...................................................................................................297
3. Hadits Maqthu'...................................................................................................298
4. Hadits Musnad...................................................................................................299
5. Hadits Ziyadatusiqat .........................................................................................299
Bab 5 : Ijma' ................................................................................... 303
A. Pengertian.................................................................................................... 304
1. Bahasa..................................................................................................................304
28
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
2. Istilah...................................................................................................................304
B. Kedudukan dan Masyruiyah .................................................................... 305
1. Al-Quran.............................................................................................................305
2. As-Sunnah...........................................................................................................306
C. Mungkinkah Terjadi Ijma? ....................................................................... 308
D. Kehujjahan Ijma........................................................................................ 309
E. Sandaran Ijma ............................................................................................ 309
1. Nash Al-Quran ..................................................................................................310
2. Nash Al-Hadits ..................................................................................................310
3. Qiyas....................................................................................................................310
4. Ijtihad...................................................................................................................311
F. Ijma Di Zaman Modern ........................................................................... 312
1. Kemajuan Teknologi.........................................................................................312
2. Tantangan ...........................................................................................................314
Bab 6 : Qiyas ...................................................................................319
A. Pengertian Qiyas......................................................................................... 319
1. Bahasa..................................................................................................................320
2. Istilah...................................................................................................................320
B. Rukun Qiyas................................................................................................ 321
1. Al-Ashlu..............................................................................................................322
2. Al-Far'u ...............................................................................................................322
3. Al-Hukmu...........................................................................................................322
4. Al-'Illat.................................................................................................................322
C. Syarat Qiyas................................................................................................. 323
1. Syarat al-Ashlu ...................................................................................................323
2. Syarat Hukmu al-Ashli......................................................................................323
3. Syarat al-Far'u.....................................................................................................324
4. Syarat 'illat...........................................................................................................325
D. Kehujjahan Qiyas....................................................................................... 326
Bab 7 : Al-Masalih Al-Mursalah..................................................... 333
A. Pengertian.................................................................................................... 333
1. Bahasa..................................................................................................................333
2. Istilah...................................................................................................................334
B. Jenis-Jenis Maslahat.................................................................................... 334
1. Dilihat Dari Sisi Kekuatannya .........................................................................335
2. Dari Sisi Diakui atau Tidak Diakuinya Oleh asy-Syari ...............................336
C. Kehujjahan al-Mashalih al-Mursalah ....................................................... 338
1. Argumentasi Yang Menolak ............................................................................340
2. Argumentasi Yang Menerima..........................................................................342
D. Syarat-Syarat Al-Mashalih Al-Mursalah.................................................. 344
1. Sesuai Dengan Tujuan Syariah ........................................................................344
2. Bisa Diterima Akal ............................................................................................344
29
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
3. Berlaku Umum...................................................................................................344
Bab 8 : Al-Istishhab........................................................................ 347
A. Pengertian.................................................................................................... 347
B. Jenis Istishab ............................................................................................... 350
1. Istishab al-baraah al-Ashliyyah ........................................................................350
2. Istishab al-ibahah al-ashliyah ...........................................................................350
3. Istishab al-hukm ................................................................................................350
4. Istishab Wasaf....................................................................................................351
C. Pendapat Ulama Tentang Istishab ........................................................... 353
D. Kehujjahan Istishab................................................................................... 353
1. Hujjah..................................................................................................................353
2. Bukan Hujjah .....................................................................................................354
Bab 9 : Saddu Adz-Dzariah........................................................... 357
A. Definisi ....................................................................................................... 357
1. Makna umum .....................................................................................................357
2. Makna khusus.....................................................................................................357
B. Kehujjahan Sadd adz-Dzarai' .................................................................. 358
1. Sadd adz-Dzarai' Merupakan Dalil Fiqih.......................................................358
2. Sadd adz-Dzarai' Bukan Merupakan Dalil Fiqih ..........................................361
C. Pembagian adz-Dzarai'............................................................................. 363
1. Ulama Menyepakati Keharusan untuk Menutup..........................................363
2. Ulama Sepakat Bahwa Ia Tak Perlu Ditutup ................................................363
3. Ulama Berbeda Pendapat Tentang Keharusan Ditutup atau Tidaknya....364
Bab 10 : Al-'Urf............................................................................... 367
A. Pengertian.................................................................................................... 367
1. Bahasa..................................................................................................................367
2. Istilah...................................................................................................................367
3. Antara Urf dengan Adat...................................................................................368
B. Kedudukan Urf........................................................................................... 369
C. Kaidah Fiqhiyah Terkait Dengan Urf ..................................................... 369
1. Kaidah Pertama..................................................................................................369
2. Kaidah Kedua ....................................................................................................370
3. Kaidah Ketiga.....................................................................................................370
D. Urf Qauli dan Urf Amali .......................................................................... 370
1. Urf Qauli.............................................................................................................370
2. Urf Amali............................................................................................................371
E. Urf Aam dan Urf Khash ........................................................................... 372
F. Urf Shahih dan Urf Fasid .......................................................................... 373
1. Urf Yang Shahih...............................................................................................373
2. Urf Yang Fasid..................................................................................................374
G. Syarat- Urf Diterima Sebagai Dalil......................................................... 374
30
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
31
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
32
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
2. Sunnah.................................................................................................................445
3. Ijma' .....................................................................................................................447
D. Hukum Ijtihad............................................................................................ 447
1. Ijtihad Wajib.......................................................................................................447
2. Ijtihad Haram.....................................................................................................448
E. Syarat Mujtahid........................................................................................... 449
1. Beragama Islam..................................................................................................449
2. Shahihul Fahmi ..................................................................................................449
3. Punya Ilmu Tentang Sumber-sumber Hukum Islam ..................................449
4. Punya Pemahaman Bahasa Arab Yang Mendalam ......................................452
5. Punya Keahlian Dalam Ilmu Ushul Fiqih .....................................................453
F. Peringkat Mujtahid ..................................................................................... 454
1. Mujtahid Mutlak Mustaqil................................................................................454
2. Mujtahid Muthlaq Ghairu Mustaqil................................................................455
3. Mujtahid Muqayyad...........................................................................................456
4. Mujtahid Tarjih ..................................................................................................457
5. Mujtahid Fatwa ..................................................................................................457
6. Muqallid ..............................................................................................................458
7. Tabel....................................................................................................................458
Bab 2 : Perbedaan Pendapat Fuqaha..............................................461
A. Pengertian.................................................................................................... 461
1. Bahasa..................................................................................................................461
2. Istilah...................................................................................................................462
B. Bolehkah Terjadi Perbedaan? ................................................................... 463
1. Pendapat Yang Tidak Membolehkan.............................................................463
2. Pendapat Yang Membolehkan ........................................................................465
C. Batas Kebolehan Perbedaan Pendapat.................................................... 476
1. Masalah Cabang dan Bukan Fundamental ....................................................476
2. Beda Pendapat Bukan Perpecahan .................................................................477
3. Beda Pendapat Bukan Permusuhan................................................................478
4. Adab dan Akhlaq Berbeda Pendapat .............................................................479
D. Sebab Perbedaan Pendapat ...................................................................... 482
1. Perbedaan Makna Lafadz Teks Nash.............................................................482
2. Perbedaan Riwayat ............................................................................................482
3. Perbedaan Sumber-sumber Pengambilan Hukum.......................................483
4. Perbedaan Kaidah Ushul Fiqih .......................................................................483
5. Ijtihad dengan Qiyas .........................................................................................483
6. Pertentangan Antar Dalil..................................................................................484
Bab 3 : Mazhab Fiqih..................................................................... 487
A. Pengertian Mazhab .................................................................................... 487
1. Bahasa..................................................................................................................487
2. Istilah...................................................................................................................488
33
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
34
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
3. Tatabbu Ar-Rukhash........................................................................................529
E. Hukum Talfiq Antar Mazhab................................................................... 530
1. Haram..................................................................................................................531
2. Halal.....................................................................................................................532
3. Ada Yang Haram Ada Yang Halal..................................................................532
F. Hujjah dan Argumentasi Masing-masing Pihak ..................................... 532
1. Yang Mengharamkan........................................................................................532
b. Kaidah Kebenaran Hanya Satu.......................................................................533
2. Yang Menghalalkan...........................................................................................534
b. Berpegang Pada Satu Mazhab Tidak Ada Dalilnya......................................534
c. Pendiri Mazhab Tidak Mengharamkan Talfiq...............................................535
Bab 7 : Sejarah Awal Mazhab Fiqih............................................... 537
A. Mazhab di Masa Shahabat ........................................................................ 538
1. Jumlah Shahabat ................................................................................................539
2. Shahabat Yang Mujtahid ..................................................................................540
3. Tiga Level Mujtahid di Kalangan Shahabat...................................................541
B. Mazhab di Masa Tabiin ............................................................................ 541
1. Madinah ..............................................................................................................542
2. Mekkah................................................................................................................543
3. Kufah...................................................................................................................543
4. Bashrah................................................................................................................544
5. Syam.....................................................................................................................544
6. Mesir ....................................................................................................................544
7. Yaman .................................................................................................................545
C. Mazhab di Masa Berikutnya...................................................................... 545
Bab 8 : Mazhab Al-Hanafiyah........................................................ 547
A. Pendiri : Al-Imam Abu Hanifah (80-150 H).......................................... 547
1. Apakah Abu Hanifah Termasuk Tabiin?......................................................548
2. Kufah...................................................................................................................549
3. Guru-guru Abu Hanifah...................................................................................551
4. Murid-murid Abu Hanifah...............................................................................552
B. Ushul Mazhab............................................................................................. 553
1. Ketat Dalam Menerima Hadits .......................................................................553
2. Luas Dalam Menggunakan Qiyas ...................................................................554
3. Al-Istihsan...........................................................................................................554
4. Hilah Yang Bersifat Syari ................................................................................555
C. Istilah dalam Mazhab Hanafi.................................................................... 557
D. Pendapat Yang Menyendiri ...................................................................... 559
1. Tidak Menjaharkan Lafadz Amin ...................................................................560
2. Mata Kaki ke Bawah Bukan Aurat Buat Wanita ..........................................560
3. Najis Sebesar Uang Logam..............................................................................560
4. Tayammum Pengganti Wudhu Secara Permanen ........................................560
35
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
36
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
37
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
38
Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah Daftar Isi
39
Daftar Isi Seri Fiqih Kehidupan (1) : Muqadimah
40