MEKANIKA FLUIDA

(
(TEP201))
Dr. Ir. Erizal, MAgr.
Dr
Dr. Ir
Ir. Nora Herdiana Panjaitan
Panjaitan, DEA
DEA.
Dr. Ir. Yuli Suharnoto
Dr. Ir. Roh Santoso

Departemen Teknik Pertanian

Fakultas Teknolog Pertanian
Institut Pertanian Bogor

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 1

 MEKANIKA FLUIDA

@ Mempelajari tentang fluida yang

bergerak atau diam dan akibat yang
ditimbulkan oleh fluida tersebut pada
tempatnya.
tempatnya

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 2

 T j
Tujuan IInstruksional
t k i l Umum
U

Setelah menyelesaikan mata kuliah ini,

mahasiswa diharapkan mampu
g
menguraikan karakteristik fluida baik
dalam keadaan diam maupun bergerak
dalam kaitannya dengan kegiatan
perencanaan, pengelolaan dan
perancangan

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 3

 JADWAL KULIAH
Selasa 07.00-08.40 / Rabu 07.00-08.40

No. Pokok Bahasan Pengajar

1 Pendahuluan Erizal
2-3 Fluida Statik Erizal
4-5 Konsep aliran fluida Roh Santoso
6 Aliran fluida ideal Yuli Suharnoto
7 Aliran fluida kompresibel Nora Panjaitan
8-9 UTS
10-11 Aliran fluida nyata di dalam pipa Nora Panjaitan
12 Mesin-mesin fluida Roh Santoso
13 Teori lapisan batas Erizal
14-15 Aliran fluida pada saluran terbuka Yuli Suharnoto
16 Analisis dimensi dan similitude Yuli Suharnoto

Sebagian bahan kuliah dapat diambil di:

http://web.ipb.ac.id/~erizal/mekflud/
~
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 4
 JADWAL PRAKTIKUM
No. Topik
1 Pendahuluan, Pengenalan alat
2 Bilangan Reynold
3 Penentuan koefisien Orifice dan Venturi
4 Head loss karena gesekan dan perubahan diameter pipa
5 Latihan soal 1
6 Latihan soal 2
7 Head loss karena belokan dan katup
8 Pengukuran debit aliran udara di pipa
9 Pengukuran debit aliran di saluran terbuka
10 Lompatan hidrolik
11 Latihan soal 3
12 Latihan soal 4
13 Ujian praktikum

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 5

 PRAKTIKUM
1. Mahasiswa harap hadir paling lambat 5 menit sebelum praktikum dimulai di
Laboratorium Hidrolika dan Hidromekanika Departemen Teknik Pertanian (F-G204).
2 Praktikum dilaksanakan 4 kali dalam 1 minggu (Selasa,
2. (Selasa Rabu,
Rabu Kamis,
Kamis dan Jum
Jumat)
at).
3. Pelaksanaan praktikum secara kelompok/grup yang terdiri atas 6-7 mahasiswa.
4. Pertanyaan sebelum praktikum wajib dijawab dan diserahkan kepada dosen/asisten
dosen.
5 Praktikum
5. P ktik h
harus selalu
l l dihadiri.
dih di i Jika
Jik berhalangan
b h l harus
h mendapatkan
d tk suratt izin
i i dari
d i
departemen.
6. Setelah praktikum dilaksanakan, buatlah laporan sementara berisi data hasil
pengukuran yang dilengkapi dengan daftar anggota grup/kelompok.
7 Laporan
7. L perseorangan dand ditulis
dit li dengan
d tangan
t pada
d kertas
k t ukuran
k A4,
A4 kemudian
k di
penyerahannya paling lambat sebelum praktikum dimulai pada minggu berikutnya.
8. Laporan berisi :
Pendahuluan yang berisi teori singkat dan tujuan praktikum
Bahan dan Metode
Hasil dan Pembahasan
Kesimpulan dan Saran
Daftar Pustaka
9. Segala bentuk pelanggaran dapat diberikan sanksi akademik berupa : skorsing
praktikum, tidak diperkenankan mengikuti ujian, dan lain sebagainya.
10. Pada akhir semester akan diadakan ujian praktikum oleh dosen.

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 6

 PENILAIAN & PUSTAKA
Praktikum : 30%
UTS : 30%
Ujian Akhir : 40%

Streeter, V.L. dan E.B. Wylie. 1999. Mekanika Fluida. Penerbit

Erlangga. Jakarta.
Giles Ranald,
Giles, Ranald V.
V 1994.
1994 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics.
Hydraulics
Schaums Outline Series. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York
Hughes, W.F dan J.A. Brighton. 1967. Theory and Problem of
Dynamic Schaum
Fluid Dynamic. Schaumss Outline Series.
Series McGraw Hill Book Co.
Co
New York
Vennard, J.K dan R.L. Street. 1976. Elementary Fluid
Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons. New York
Erizal dan Panjaitan, N.H. 2007. Pedoman Praktikum Mekanika
Fluida. IPB.

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 7

 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Fred Stern,
Stern Tao Xing,
Xing Jun Shao,
Shao Surajeet Ghosh

AFD EFD CFD

(Analytical Fluid Dynamics) (Experimental Fluid Dynamics) (Computational Fluid Dynamics)

U = 0
DU 1 2
= p + U + ui u j
Dt Re

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 8

 Fluid
u d Mechanics
a
Fluids essential to life
Human body 95% water
/ water
Earths surface is 2/3
Atmosphere extends 17km above the earths surface
Historyy shaped
p byy fluid mechanics
Geomorphology
Human migration and civilization
Modern scientific and mathematical theories and methods
Warfare
Touches every part of our lives

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 9

 History
Faces of Fluid Mechanics

Archimedes Newton Leibniz Bernoulli Euler

(C. 287-212 BC) (1642-1727) (1646-1716) (1667-1748) (1707-1783)

Navier Stokes Reynolds Prandtl Taylor

(1785-1836) (1819-1903) (1842-1912) (1875-1953) (1886-1975)
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 10
 Significance
Fluids omnipresent
p
Weather & climate
Vehicles: automobiles
automobiles, trains
trains, ships
ships, and
planes, etc.
Environment
E i t
Physiology and medicine
Sports & recreation
Many other examples!

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 11

 Weather & Climate
Tornadoes Thunderstorm

Global Climate Hurricanes

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 12

 Vehicles
Aircraft Surface ships

High-speed rail Submarines

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 13

 Environment

Air pollution Ri
River hydraulics
h d li

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 14

 Physiology and Medicine

Blood pump Ventricular assist device

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 15

 Sports & Recreation

Water sports Cycling Offshore racing

Auto racing Surfing

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 16

 Fluids Engineering
Engineers have different kinds of tools
available for solving fluids engineering
systems
Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD)
Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
This class provides an introduction to all three
tools: AFD through lecture and CFD and EFD
through labs

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 17

 Analytical Fluid Dynamics
The theory of mathematical physics
problem formulation
Control volume & differential analysis
Exact solutions only exist for simple
geometry and d conditions
di i
Approximate
pp solutions for practical
p
applications
Linear
Empirical relations using EFD data

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 18

 Analytical Fluid Dynamics
Lecture Part of Fluid Class
Definition and fluids properties
Fluid statics
Fluids in motion
Continuity momentum,
Continuity, momentum and energy principles
Dimensional analysis and similitude
Surface resistance
Flow in conduits
Drag and lift

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 19

 Analytical
a y a Fluid
u d Dynamics
y a
Example: laminar pipe flow
Assumptions:
A i F ll developed,
Fully d l d Low
L Re = UD < 2000
Approach: Simplify momentum equation,
integrate, apply boundary conditions (no- Schematic
slip wall) to determine integration
constants and use energy equation to
calculate head loss 0
Du 0 p 2u 2u 0
= + 2 + 2 + gx
Dt x x y
Exact solution :
u(r) = 1 ( p)(R2 r 2)
4 x
8 du
= 8 w = dy w = 64
Friction factor: f
V 2 V 2 Re
p1 p2 L V 2 32 LV
Head loss: + z1 = + z2 + h f hf = f =
D 2g D2
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 20
 Analytical
y Fluid Dynamics
y
Example: turbulent flow in smooth pipe( Re > 3000)
Three layer
y concept
p (using
( g dimensional analysis)
y )
u + = u u* y + = yu * u* = w
1. Laminar sub-layer (viscous shear dominates)
u+ = y+ 0 < y+ < 5
2. Overlap layer (viscous and turbulent shear important)
1
u+ = ln y + + B 20 < y + < 105 (R=0.41, B=5.5)

U u r +
3
3. Outer
O t layer
l (turbulent
(t b l t shear
h dominates)
d i t ) *
= f 1 y > 10
5

u r0

Assume log-law is valid across entire pipe: u (r ) 1 ( r0 r ) u *

= ln +B
u*

Integration for average velocity and using EFD data to adjust constants:

2l ( Re
R f 1 2 ) .88
1
= 2log
f
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 21
 Analytical Fluid Dynamics
Example: turbulent flow in rough pipe
Both laminar sublayer and overlap layer
are affected by roughness
Inner layer: u+ = u+ ( y k )
Outer layer: unaffected
+ y1
Overlap
O e ap layer:
aye u = ln + constant
k
Three regimes of flow depending on k+
1. K+<5,, hydraulically
y y smooth (no
( effect of roughness)
g )
2. 5 < K+< 70, transitional roughness (Re dependent)
3. K+> 70, fully rough (independent Re)
For 3, using EFD data to adjust constants:
1 y 1 k D
u+ = ln + 8.5 f ( Re ) Friction factor: = 2log
k f 3.7

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 22

 Analytical Fluid Dynamics
Example: Moody diagram for turbulent pipe flow
Composite Log-Law for smooth and rough pipes is given by the Moody diagram:

1 k D 2.51
1
= 2log + 12
f 2 3.7 Re f

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 23

Experimental
p Fluid Dynamics
y (EFD)
( )
Definition:
Use of experimental methodology and procedures for solving fluids
engineering systems, including full and model scales, large and table
top facilities, measurement systems (instrumentation, data acquisition
and data reduction), uncertainty analysis, and dimensional analysis and
similarity.
similarity

EFD philosophy:
Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the ability of the
expected test outcome, to achieve the test objectives within allowable
uncertainties.
Integration of UA into all test phases should be a key part of entire
experimental program
test design
determination of error sources
estimation of uncertainty
documentation of the results

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 24

 Purpose

Science & Technology: understand and investigate a

phenomenon/process, substantiate and validate a
theory (hypothesis)
Research & Development: document a process/system,
provide benchmark data (standard procedures,
procedures
validations), calibrate instruments, equipment, and
facilities
Industry: design optimization and analysis, provide data
for direct use, product liability, and acceptance
Teaching: instruction/demonstration

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 25

 Applications of EFD

Application in science & technology Application in research & development

Pi t
Picture off K
Karman vortex
t shedding
h ddi Tropic
T i Wind
Wi d Tunnel
T l has
h the
th ability
bilit to
t create
t
temperatures ranging from 0 to 165 degrees
Fahrenheit and simulate rain

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 26

 Applications
pp of EFD (contd)
( )

Example of industrial application

NASA's cryogenic wind tunnel simulates flight

conditions for scale models--a critical tool in
designing airplanes.

Application
pp in teaching
g

Fluid dynamics laboratory

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 27
 Full
u and
a d model
od scale
a

Scales: model, and full-scale

Selection of the model scale: governed by dimensional analysis and similarity

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 28

 Measurement systems
Instrumentation
Load cell to measure forces and moments
Pressure transducers
Pitot tubes
H t i anemometry
Hotwire t
PIV, LDV
Data acquisition
Serial port devices
Desktop PCs
Plug-in
l d
data acquisition boards
b d
DA software - Labview
Data analysis and data reduction
Data reduction equations
Fast Fourier Transform

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 29

 Instrumentation
u a o

Pitot tube

Load cell

Hotwire 3D - PIV
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 30
 Data
a a acquisition
a qu o system
y
Hardware

Software - Labview

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 31

 Data reduction methods
r = F(T )
w w
ra = F(Ta )
Q = F(Dz DM )
2
gp D
5 rw
f = F(r , r , z , Q) = (z - z )
w a SM 8LQ
2 ra SM i SM j Fast Fourier Transform
FFT: Converts a function from amplitude as function
Example of data reduction
of time to amplitude as function of frequency
equations

Example of FFT
application
li ti F
Free-surface
f wave elevation
l ti contours
t
0.15

0.1

A(f)
0.05

0
Aim: To
Ai T analyze
l the
th natural
t l unsteadiness
t di off 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
the separated flow, around a surface piercing f [Hz]
strut, using FFT. Typical amplitude spectra
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics of the wave elevations 32
 Uncertainty analysis
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment
using statistical and engineering concepts

ELEMENTAL
ERROR SOURCES

INDIVIDUAL
1 2 J MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS

X X X MEASUREMENT
1 2 J OF INDIVIDUAL
B ,P B ,P B,P VARIABLES
1 1 2 2 J J

DATA REDUCTION
r = r (X , X ,......, X ) EQUATION
1 2 J

r EXPERIMENTAL
B, P RESULT
r r

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 33

 Dimensional analysis
Definition : Dimensional analysis is a process of formulating fluid mechanics problems in
in terms of non-dimensional variables and parameters.
Whyy is it used :
Reduction in variables ( If F(A1, A2, , An) = 0, then f(1, 2, r < n) = 0,
where, F = functional form, Ai = dimensional variables, j = non-dimensional
parameters, m = number of important dimensions, n = number of dimensional variables, r
= n m ). Thereby the number of experiments required to determine f vs. F is reduced.
Helps in understanding physics
Useful in data analysis and modeling
Enables scaling of different physical dimensions and fluid properties
Example Drag = f(V, L, r, m, c, t, e, T, etc.)
From dimensional analysis,

Examples of dimensionless quantities : Reynolds number, Froude

Vortex shedding behind cylinder
Number, Strouhal number, Euler number, etc.

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 34

 Similarity and model testing
Definition : Flow conditions for a model test are completely similar if all relevant
dimensionless parameters have the same corresponding values for model and prototype.
i model = i prototype i = 1
Enables
E bl extrapolationl i from
f model
d l to full
f ll scale
l
However, complete similarity usually not possible. Therefore, often it is necessary to
use Re, or Fr, or Ma scaling, i.e., select most important and accommodate others
as best possible.
Types of similarity:
Geometric Similarity : all body dimensions in all three coordinates have the same
linear-scale ratios.
Kinematic Similarity : homologous (same relative position) particles lie at homologous
points at homologous times.
Dynamic Similarity : in addition to the requirements for kinematic similarity the model
and prototype forces must be in a constant ratio
ratio.

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 35

 EFD process
p
EFD process is the steps to set up an experiment and
take data
1. Setup facility
2 Install
2. I t ll model
d l
3. Setup equipment
4. Setup Data Acquisition using LabView
5. Perform calibrations
6. Data Analysis and Data Reduction
7 Uncertainty
7. U t i t AAnalysis
l i
8. Comparison with CFD results
9. Documentation and Reporting
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 36
 EFD hands
a d on
o experience
p

Lab1: Measurement of
ki
kinematic
ti viscosity
i it off a fluid
fl id Lab2: Measurement of
flow rate, friction factor and
velocity profiles in smooth and
rough pipes.

Lab3: Measurement of surface pressure

distribution and lift coefficient for an airfoil

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 37

 Computational Fluid Dynamics
CFD is use of computational methods for
solving fluid engineering systems,
systems including
modeling (mathematical & Physics) and
numerical methods (solvers,
(solvers finite differences,
differences
and grid generations, etc.).
Rapid
R id growth h in
i CFD technology
h l since
i advent
d
of computer

ENIAC 1, 1946 IBM WorkStation

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 38

 Purpose
The objective of CFD is to model the continuous fluids
with Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and
discretize PDEs into an algebra problem, solve it,
validate it and achieve simulation based design
g
instead of build & test

Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are

difficult to be measured by experiments: scale
simulations
i l ti (f ll
(full-scale
l ships,
hi airplanes),
i l ) hazards
h d
(explosions,radiations,pollution), physics (weather
prediction planetary boundary layer,
prediction, layer stellar evolution).
evolution)

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 39

 Modeling
g
Mathematical physics problem formulation of fluid
engineering
g g system
y
Governing equations: Navier-Stokes equations (momentum),
continuity equation, pressure Poisson equation, energy
equation ideal gas law
equation, law, combustions (chemical reaction
equation), multi-phase flows(e.g. Rayleigh equation), and
turbulent models (RANS, LES, DES).
Coordinates:
C di t C t i
Cartesian, cylindrical
li d i l andd spherical
h i l coordinates
di t
result in different form of governing equations
Initial conditions(initial
( guess
g of the solution)) and Boundaryy
Conditions (no-slip wall, free-surface, zero-gradient,
symmetry, velocity/pressure inlet/outlet)
Flow conditions: Geometry approximation
approximation, domain,
domain Reynolds
Number, and Mach Number, etc.

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 40

 Modeling (examples)
Developing flame surface (Bell et al., 2001)
Free surface animation for ship in
regular waves

Evolution of a 2D mixing layer laden with particles of Stokes

Number 0.3 with respect to the vortex time scale (C.Narayanan)

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 41

 Modeling (examples, contd)

3D vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder (Re

(Re=100,DNS,J.Dijkstra)
100,DNS,J.Dijkstra)

DES,
Re=105,
vorticity
magnitude of
turbulent flow
around
NACA12 with
angle of attack
60.

LES of a turbulent jet. Back wall shows a slice of the dissipation rate and the
bottom wall shows a carpet plot of the mixture fraction in a slice through the jet
centerline, Re=21,000 (D. Glaze).
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 42
 Numerical methods
y
x
Finite difference methods: jmax
using numerical scheme to j+1
approximate the exact derivatives j
in the PDEs y
j-1
2P Pi + 1 2 Pi + Pi 1
=
x 2 x2
2P P j +1 2 P j + P j 1 o i-1 i i+1 imax x
=
y 2 y2
Grid generation: conformal
mapping, algebraic methods and
differential equation methods
Solvers: direct methods (Cramers
rule, Gauss elimination, LU
decomposition) and iterative
methods (Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel,
SOR)

Slice of 3D mesh of a fighter aircraft

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 43
 CFD process
CFD process is the steps to set up a problem
and run the code
1. Geometry: Create the geometry you want
2 Physics: fluid properties,
2. properties viscous modeling and
boundary conditions
3. Mesh: coarse, medium and fine meshes
4. Solve: different solvers and numerical
methods
5. Report: time history of convergence of
variables
6. Post-Processing: visualizations (contours,
vectors), validation and verification

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 44

 Commercial software
CFD software
1. FLUENT: http://www.fluent.com
h // fl
2. CFDRC: http://www.cfdrc.com
3 STAR-CD:http://www.cd-adapco.com
3. STAR-CD:http://www cd-adapco com
4. CFX/AEA: http://www.software.aeat.com/cfx
Grid Generation software
1. Gridgen: http://www.pointwise.com
2 GridPro: http://www.gridpro.com
2. http://www gridpro com
Visualization software
1. Tecplot: http://www.amtec.com
2. Fieldview: http://www.ilight.com

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 45

Hands-on experience using FlowLab 1.1
(pipe template)

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 46

Hands-on experience using FlowLab 1.1
( i f il template)
(airfoil t l t )

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 47

 57:020 Fluid Mechanics
Lectures cover basic concepts in fluid statics, kinematics,
and dynamics,
dynamics control
control-volume
volume, and differential
differential-equation
equation
analysis methods. Homework assignments, tests, and
complementary
p y EFD/CFD labs
EFD/CFD lab materials

Lecture Other Docs Lab 1: Lab 2: Pipe Lab 3: Airfoil

Viscosity Flow
EFD EFD UA Report Pre EFD Lab1 Pre EFD Lab2 Pre EFD lab3
Lecture Lab Report instructions EFD 1 EFD 2 EFD 3
Lab 1_UA Lab2_UA Benchmark Data
Instructions_UA Instructions_UA Instructions_UA
CFD Lab report instructions None Pre CFD lab1 Pre CFD lab2
Lecture CFD lab1 CFD lab2

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics 48