Mulai, juta

Eon Era Periode[1] Kala/Seri tahun yang

lalu[2]

Fanerozoikum Akhir glasiasi dan 0.011430 ±

Holosen
kebangkitan peradaban manusia. 0.00013[4]

Berkembangnya dan selanjutnya punahnya

banyak mamalia besar (megafauna 1.806 ±
Pleistosen
Pleistosen). Evolusi manusia modern secara 0.005 *
anatomis. Awal Zaman Es terkini.

Neogen
[3]
Iklim dingin dan kering. Australopitheca;
5.332 ±
Pliosen banyak mamalia dan moluska yang saat ini
0.005 *
ada mulai muncul.Homo habilis muncul.

Iklim moderat; Orogeny di belahan

utara. Mamalia dan familia burung modern
23.03 ±
Miosen dikenali. Berbagai kuda dan
0.05 *
mastodon berkembang. Rumput tumbuh di
mana-mana. Kera pertama muncul.
Kenozoikum

Iklim hangat; Evolusi dan diversifikasi pada

fauna pesat, terutama mamalia. Evolusi dan
Oligosen 33.9±0.1 *
penyebaran utama berbagai jenis tumbuhan
berbunga modern.

Mamalia kuno
(mis. Creodont, Condylarth, Uintatheriidae, dll)
berkembang. Munculnya beberapa keluarga
Eosen 55.8±0.2 *
Paleogen mamalia "modern". Paus primitif
[3]
terdiversifikasi. Rumput pertama. Ice
cap berkembang di Antarktika.

Iklim tropis. Tumbuhan modern

muncul; Mamalia terdiversikasi menjadi
beberapa garis keturunan primitif
Paleosen 65.5±0.3 *
menyusul kepunahan dinosaurus. Mamalia
besar pertama (sampai seukuran beruang
atau kuda nil kecil).

Mesozoikum Kapur Atas/Akhir Tumbuhan berbunga berkembang, bersama 99.6±0.9 *

dengan jenis-jenis baru insekta. Ikan bertulang
sejati (Teleostei) modern mulai
bermunculan. Ammonita, Belemnoidea, Bivalvi
Bawah/Awal a rudist, Echinoidea dan Porifera umum 145.5 ± 4.0
ditemukan. Banyak jenis
baru dinosaurus (mis. Tyrannosauridae, Titano
 sauridae, Hadrosauridae, danCeratopsidae)
berkembang,
juga Crocodilia modern; mosasaurus dan hiu m
odern muncul di laut. Burungprimitif perlahan

Atas/Akhir Gymnospermae (terutama tumbuhan 161.2 ± 4.0

runjung, Bennettitales dan sikas) dan paku-
pakuan umum ditemukan. Banyak
jenis dinosaurus,
seperti sauropoda, carnosaurus, 175.6 ±
Tengah
and stegosaurus. Mamalia kecil umum 2.0 *
ditemukan. Burung pertama dan hewan
melata bersisik
Jura
(Squamata). Ichthyosaurus dan plesiosaurus
berkembang. Bivalvia, ammonita dan Belemno
idea juga banyak dijumpai. Bulu babi sangat
umum, juga lili laut, bintang
Bawah/Awal laut, Porifera, Brachiopoda, Terebratulida, 199.6 ± 0.6
dan Rhynchonellida.
Terpecahnya Pangaea menjadi
Gondwana dan Laurasia.

Atas/Akhir Dinosaurus mendominasi: Archosaurus di 228.0 ± 2.0

daratan, Ichthyosaurus dan Nothosaurus di
lautan, dan Pterosaurus di
udara. Cynodonta menjadi lebih kecil dan
Tengah lebih menyerupai 245.0 ± 1.5
Trias mamalia; mamalia dan crocodilia pertama
muncul. Dicrodium merupakan flora umum di
daratan. Banyak terdapat
amfibi Temnospondylus. Ammonita sangat 251.0 ±
Bawah/Awal umum. Koral modern dan ikan bertulang sejati 0.4 *
(Teleostei) muncul, dan juga banyak insekta.

Paleozoikum Perm Daratan bergabung menjadi 260.4 ±

Lopingian
superbenua Pangaea, 0.7 *
membentuk Pegunungan Appalachia. Akhir
tahap glasial Permo-
Carboniferous. Reptilia Synapsida (Pelycosaur
270.6 ±
Guadalupian us dan Therapsida) melimpah,
sementara parareptilia dan 0.7 *
[Amfibia Temnospondylia masih umum
ditemukan. Pada zaman Perm
pertengahan, flora zaman Karbon mulai
Cisuralian 299.0 ±
digantikan oleh tumbuhan runjung (tumbuhan
0.8 *
berbiji sejati pertama) dan tumbuhan
lumut sejati pertama. Kumbang dan serangga
bersayap dua berevolusi. Kehidupan laut
berkembang di bagian terumbu dangkal yang
hangat; Brachiopoda (Productida dan Spiriferi
da), Bivalva, Foraminifera, dan amonit
Orthocerida melimpah. Kepunahan
massal antara Perm dan Trias terjadi 251 juta
tahun yang lalu: 95 persen kehidupan di bumi
 pun, termasuk seluruh trilobita, graptolita,

Atas/Akhir 306.5 ± 1.0

Winged insects radiate suddenly; some
(esp. Protodonata and Palaeodictyoptera) are
quite large.Amphibians common and diverse.
Karbon[5]/
Tengah First reptiles and coal forests (scale trees, 311.7 ± 1.1
Pennsyl-
ferns, club trees, giant horsetails, Cordaites,
vanian
etc.). Highest-ever oxygen levels. Goniatites,
brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals
plentiful in the seas. Testate forams proliferate. 318.1 ±
Bawah/Awal
1.3 *

Atas/Akhir Large primitive trees, first land vertebrates, 326.4 ± 1.6

and amphibious sea-scorpions live amid coal-
forming coastalswamps. Lobe-
finned rhizodonts are big fresh-water
Tengah predators. In the oceans, early sharks are 345.3 ± 2.1
Karbon[5]/
common and quite
Missis-
diverse; echinoderms (esp. crinoids and blasto
sippian
ids) abundant. Corals, bryozoa, goniatites and
brachiopods (Productida, Spiriferida, etc.) very
common. 359.2 ±
Bawah/Awal
But trilobites and nautiloids decline. Glaciation 2.5 *
in East Gondwana.

First clubmosses, horsetails and ferns appear, 385.3 ±

Atas/Akhir
as do the first seed-bearing plants 2.6 *
(progymnosperms), firsttrees (the tree-
fern Archaeopteris), and first
(wingless) insects. Strophomenid and atrypid
brachiopods,rugose and tabulate corals, 397.5 ±
Tengah
and crinoids are all abundant in the 2.7 *
Devon
oceans. Goniatite ammonoids are plentiful,
while squid-like coleoids arise. Trilobites and
armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes
(placoderms,lobe-finned and ray-finned fish,
and early sharks) rule the seas. 416.0 ±
Bawah/Awal
First amphibians still aquatic. "Old Red 2.8 *
Continent" of Euramerica.

Silur First vascular plants (the whisk ferns and their 418.7 ±
Pridoli
relatives), first millipedes and arthropleurids on 2.7 *
land. Firstjawed fishes, as well as
many armoured jawless fish, populate the
seas. Sea-scorpions reach large
Atas/Akhir size.Tabulate and rugose corals, brachiopods ( 422.9 ±
(Ludlow) Pentamerida, Rhynchonellida, etc.), 2.5 *
and crinoids all
abundant.Trilobites and mollusks diverse; grap
tolites not as varied.
Wenlock 428.2 ±
2.3 *
 Bawah/Awal 443.7 ±
(Llandovery) 1.5 *

Invertebrates diversify into many new types 460.9 ±

Atas/Akhir
(e.g., long straight-shelled cephalopods). 1.6 *
Early corals,
articulatebrachiopods (Orthida, Strophomenid
a,
Tengah etc.), bivalves, nautiloids, trilobites, ostracods, 471.8 ± 1.6
Ordovisium
bryozoa, many types
of echinoderms (crinoids, cystoids, starfish,
etc.), branched graptolites, and other taxa all
common.Conodonts (early planktonic vertebra 488.3 ±
Bawah/Awal tes) appear. First green plants and fungi on 1.7 *
land. Ice age at end of period.

Atas/Akhir Major diversification of life in the Kambrium 501.0 ±

(Furongian) Explosion. Many fossils; most 2.0 *
modern animal phyla appear.
First chordates appear, along with a number of
extinct, problematic phyla. Reef-
Tengah building Archaeocyathaabundant; then 513.0 ± 2.0
vanish. Trilobites, priapulid worms, sponges,
Kambrium
inarticulate brachiopods (unhinged
lampshells), and many other animals
numerous. Anomalocarids are giant predators,
while many Ediacaran fauna die 542.0 ±
Bawah/Awal out.Prokaryotes, protists (e.g., forams), fungi a 0.3 *
nd algae continue to present
day. Gondwana emerges.

Prakam- Prot Good fossils of multi-celled animals. Ediacaran fauna

brium ero- (or Vendobionta) flourish worldwide in seas. Trace fossils of
[6]
zoik worm-like Trichophycus, etc. 630
Ediacaran
um First sponges and trilobitomorphs. Enigmatic forms include
[7]
oval-shaped Dickinsonia, frond-shapedCharniodiscus, and +5/-30 *
Neoprotero- many soft-jellied creatures.
zoikum
Possible "snowball Earth" period. Fossils still
Cryogenian 850 [8]
rare. Rodinia landmass begins to break up.
Rodinia supercontinent persists. Trace fossils of simple multi-
Tonian celled eukaryotes. First radiation of dinoflagellate- 1000 [8]
likeacritarchs.
Narrow highly metamorphic belts due to orogeny as
Stenian 1200 [8]
supercontinent Rodinia is formed.
Mesoprotero-
Platform covers continue to expand. Green algae colonies in
zoikum Ectasian 1400 [8]
the seas.
Calymmian Platform covers expand. 1600 [8]
Paleoprotero- First complex single-celled life: protists with
Statherian 1800 [8]
zoikum nuclei. Columbia is the primordial supercontinent.
Orosirian The atmosphere became oxygenic. Vredefort and Sudbury 2050 [8]
Basin asteroid impacts. Much orogeny.
 Rhyacian Bushveld Formation occurs. Huronian glaciation. 2300 [8]
Siderian Oxygen Catastrophe: banded iron formations result. 2500 [8]
Neoarkean Stabilization of most modern cratons; possible mantle overturn event. 2800 [8]
Stromatolit pertama (kemungkinan cyanobacteria yang hidup berkoloni).
Mesoarkean 3200 [8]
Arke Makrofosil tertua.
an Bakteri pertama yang menghasilkan oksigen. Mikrofosil tertua yang
[7] Paleoarkean 3600 [8]
berhasil didefinis.
Kehidupan Sel Tunggal Sederhana (kemungkinan bacteria dan
Eoarkean 3800
barangkali archaea). kemungkinan paling tua microfossils.
Had
ean Pembentukan bumi (4570 jtl). Zircon, mineral tertua yang diketahui (4400 jtl). c.4570
[7][9]