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REAKSI ORGANOLOGAM
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Associative ligand substitution
L' -L
LnM LnM L' Ln-1M L'
16 e 18 e 16 e
18-e PdII
Dissociative ligand substitution
Contoh:
L'
LnM CO LnM + CO LnM L'
18 e 16 e 18 e
Disosiasi CO
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Dissociative substitution in ML6
16-e ML5 complexes biasanya fluxional;
reaksi berjalan dengan inversi parsial
or
18-e 16-e
oct SP distorted
TBP
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Disosiasi Phosphine
Tolman’s cone angle : kerucut yang memotong jari-jari van der waals dari atom terluar suatu
ligan
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Cis-Mo(CO)4L2 + CO → Mo(CO)5L + L L = phosphine
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B. ADISI OKSIDATIF / Oxidative Addition
Basic reaction:
X X
LnM + LnM
Y Y
Ikatan M-X dan M-Y baru terbentuk menggunakan:
Pasangan elektron dari ikatan X-Y
Satu lone pair pada logam
Bilangan oksidasi bertambah (+2)
X-Y biasanya tereduksi jadi X-, Y-
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B. OXIDATIVE ADDITION REACTIONS
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B. OXIDATIVE ADDITION REACTIONS
Requirements for the Metal Complex
Contoh Bimolecular
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REAKSI ADISI OKSIDATIF
∆ I2
Fe(CO)5 → Fe(CO)4 → cis-I2Fe(CO)4
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Mekanisme reaksi adisi oksidatif (Non-Assesable)
Concerted Mechanism
Characteristics:
• Involves a 3-centre Transition State, with side on approach of the
incoming molecule.
• Molecule X—Y attaches to the reaction centre and simultaneously or
subsequently undergoes electron rearrangement from X—Y bond to
M—X and M—Y bonds.
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Mekanisme reaksi adisi oksidatif (Non-Assesable)
concerted mechanism
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Mekanisme reaksi adisi oksidatif (Non-Assesable)
Nucleophillic Attack
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Features of nucleophilic Attack
• Trans addition
• Rates faster in polar solvents
• Large –ve DS‡ , due to solvent organisation arround the dipolar
Transition State.
• Rates sensitive to nature of other ligands (L)
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Mekanisme reaksi adisi oksidatif (Non-Assesable)
Ionic Mechanism
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Mekanisme reaksi adisi oksidatif (Non-Assesable)
Radical Reactions
1 Alkyl (not methyl), vinyl, aryl halides react with Vaska's complex by
radical chain reaction.
RATE depends on; (1) initiators
(2) inhibitors
(3) radical spin traps
Typical initiators include O2, Ir(II) or hν
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B. Adisi Oksidatif
satu reaksi, berbagai aplikasi
Oxidative addition adalah kunci dari berbagai reaksi
terkatalisis logam transisi
Ada perkecualian: olefin polymerization
Mudahnya adisi (atau eliminasi) dapat diatur dengan
mengatur sifat sterik dan elektronik dari ligan
pendukungnya
Aplikasi paling umum meliputi:
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Ar
"Pd"
ArX + + HX
The Heck reaction R R
Pada berbagai sistem, H+
Ar
kita tidak tahu bagaimana ArX
Pd
lingkungan Pd saat katalisis R
ox add
H + Ar
Setidaknya kita dapat Pd
Ar
Pd
mendeteksi X
Satu atau lebihresting states. subst
R
+
β-elim R
Dari variasi ligan diketahui Ar
+ Pd X-
Setidaknya satu ligan ins
Terikat ke Pd pada setidaknya Pd
Satu tahap siklus Ar R
R
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The Heck reaction
Works well with aryl iodides, bromides
Slow with chlorides
Hardly any activity with acetates etc
Challenges for "green chemistry"
Pt is ineffective
Probably gets "stuck" somewhere in the cycle
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Catalytic olefin hydrogenation (1)
Usually with platinum H
metals. H H M
e.g. Wilkinson's catalyst
For achiral red elim coord
hydrogenation,
heterogeneous catalysts H H
("Pd black") are often a H H M
good alternative. M
For early transition
metals, ins
σ-bond metathesis ox add
H2
instead of H
oxidative addition. M
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Catalytic olefin hydrogenation (2)
Alternative mechanism
for metals not forming M H2
a "stable" hydride.
ox add
coord
Requires oxidative addition,
not observed for
early transition metals. M M
H
H
Distinguish between red elim ins
mechanisms using
H H
H2/D2 mixtures. M
H H
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C Reductive elimination
dn →dn+2
Mm+ →M(m-2)+
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C. REDUKSI ELIMINASI
oks ad
(η5-C5H5)2Ta(III)H + H2 (η5-C5H5)2Ta(V)H3
red el
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C Reductive elimination
Laju sangat bergantung pada tipe gugus yang dieliminasi
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Cis disposition
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D. NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
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Synthetis Menggunakan Fe(CO)42-
.serangan nu- Fe(CO)42- pada halida RX membentuk [RFe(CO) 4] - yang
dapat diubah ke alkana, keton dan asam karboksilat, aldehid, asam
halida dan produk lainnya
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2 REAKSI YANG MELIBATKAN MODIFIKASI LIGAN
2A REAKSI INSERSI
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2 A. Insertion reactions
Jika pada logam pusat ada
a) gugus σ-bound (hydride, alkyl, aryl)
b) Ligan yang mengandung π-system (olefin,
alkyne, CO)
maka gugus yang mengandung ikatan σ- dapat
bermigrasi ke π-system.
R R
M M M M
CO R
R
O
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Insertion reactions
Gugus ikatan σ- termigrasi ke π-system.
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Insertion in MeMn(CO)5
insertion agostic
TS
CO
CO adduct
η2-acyl
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INSERTION CARBONYL (ALKYL MIGRATION)
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MEKANISME RX KEBALIKAN UTK MIGRASI CO & INSERSI
ALKIL
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MEKANISME RX KEBALIKAN UTK MIGRASI CO & INSERSI ALKIL
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.
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Two Main Types
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1,1 insertions
Pada 1,1-insertion, metal dan gugus X “bergerak"
ke atom yang sama dengan substrat yang
terinsersi.
Atom substrat yang terikat logam menambah
valensinya.
CO, isonitriles (RNC) and SO2 often undergo 1,1-
insertion.
Me M Me M
M
Me
M S Me
CO O SO2 O O
Me
M M M
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1,2-insertion of olefins
Insersi olefin ke suatu ikatan metal alkil membentuk alkil
baru.
Maka, reaksi tersebut membentuk terjadinya oligomer
atau polymer dari olefin.
Best known polyolefins:
polyethene (polythene)
Polypropene
1,2-insersi C─C
M─H + C=C M H
β-eliminasi
L L
Cl─Pt─H + CH2=CH2 Cl─Pt─CH2
L L CH2─H
L L CF3
│
Cl─Pt─H + CF3C≡CCF3 Cl─Pt C
L L C─CF3
│
H
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Kenapa olefin terpolimerisasi?
Driving force: konversi π-bond ke σ-bond
One C=C bond: 150 kcal/mol
Two C-C bonds: 2×85 = 170 kcal/mol
Pelepasan energi: sekitar 20 kcal per mole of monomer
(independent of mechanism!)
CH2P
M M M M
CH2P CH2P
H H
P
Interaction with an α C-H bond could facilitate tilting of the migrating alkyl
group
The "fixed" orientation suggested by this picture is probably incorrect
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Repeated insertion
M Et
kprop
kCT
M Bu M H +
kprop
kCT
M Hx M H +
kprop
kCT
M Oc M H +
kprop
etc
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Applications of oligomers and
polymers
Ethene and propene come directly from crude oil
"crackers"
Primary petrochemical products, basic chemical feedstocks
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General Features of Insertion
Reactions
(1) No change in formal oxidation state of metal centre, except if inserting ligand
(Y) is M=C or MC
(2) Groups must be adjacent (cis) to each other.
(3) Vacant coordination site is created during the forward reaction.
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Specific Examples of Migration Reactions
(1) Hydride Migrations
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REAKSI ELIMINASI HIDRIDA
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β-Hydride Elimination
Note that in order to have a β-hydride elimination you MUST have a empty
orbital on the metal cisoidal (next) to the alkyl ligand. You also must have
β-hydrogens present on the alkyl.
Penting dalam dekomposisi
kompleks logam alkil
M M M
H H H
M
H
ABSTRAKSI
Reaksi eliminasi dimana bilangan koordinasi dari logam tidak berubah
Abstraksi melibatkan substitusi ligan, biasanya karena pengaruh asam Lewis
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