Sepsis Neonatal. Pedoman Pelayanan Medis. Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia 2010.
Risk Factor
Diagnosis
Stabilisasi ABC
Antibiotik
• Berdasarkan BBL
KMK : < persentil 10
SMK : persentil 10-90
BMK : > persentil 90
Kurva Lubchenco
How to differentiate?
Characteristic Preterm At Term
Posture More relaxed, limbs more extended, More subcutaneous fat
body size smaller, head larger in tissues, rest in a more
proportion, lanugo is abundant flexed attitude
Ear Cartilages are poorly developed Cartilage well formed
Sole More rigid, fine wrinkles Deeply creased
Female genital Clitoris prominent, labia major gaping Fully developed
Male genital Scrotum less pendulous, minimal Testes both in scrotal sac,
ruggae, may develop UDT well developed
Scarf sign + Resisting attempt
Reflex response Sluggish or incomplete Well developed
New Ballard Score
Age = (2*score+120) /5)
Lesi Features of Increases after Cross Suture Marked
external swelling birth Lines Blood Loss
Pneumoperitoneum
NEC
Bayi dengan NEC mempunyai variasi gejala klinis dan onset bisa secara
tersembunyi maupun tiba-tiba. Onset NEC biasanya muncul pada usia <
2 minggu pertama kelahiran sampai 3 bulan pada bayi yang
berat lahir sangat rendah.
• BBLR,
• Penyakit hemolisis karena inkompatibilitas
gologan darah ABO, RHESUS
• Asfiksia atau asidosis,
• Hipoksia, trauma serebral,
• Infeksi sistemik (sepsis neonatorum)
Bilirubin
IKTERUS NON FISIOLOGIS
• Awitan terjadi sebelum usia 24 jam TOO EARLY
• Tingkat kenaikan > 0,5 mg/dl/jam
• Tingkat cutoff indirect
> 12 mg/dl pada bayi cukup bulan TOO HIGH
> 15 mg/dl pada bayi prematur
• Ikterus bertahan TOO LONG
> 14 hari pada bayi cukup bulan
> 21 hari pada bayi prematur
• Direct bilirubin >20% or >1,5 mg/dL
• Kramer 5
• Tanda-tanda penyakit lain
Ikterus pada neonatus:
MENGAPA KITA KHAWATIR ?
Berhubungan
Early Onset
dengan breast
Jaundice
Bayi yang feeding
mendapat ASI
Late Onset Berhubungan
Jaundice dengan ASI
Hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed infants
Breast-feeding Jaundice Breast-milk Jaundice
Onset During the first week of life After the first week of life
Erythema Marginatum
Penyakit Jantung Bawaan –Tanda Gejala
Acyanotic vs Cyanotic
Heart auscultation sites –punctum
maximum?
Ejection systolic
Holosystolic
Early diastolic
Pandiastolic
Continuous murmur
Congenital Heart Typical Heart Sounds
Disease
ASD S1 normal/mengeras, S2 split lebar dan menetap. Daerah
pulmonal terdengar murmur ejeksi sistolik akibat stenosis
pulmonal relatif
VSD Pansistolik murmur, bisa didahului early systolic click.
Punctum maximum di SIC III-IV LPS sinistra.
PDA Murmur kontinu pada SIC II-III LPS sinistra
ToF S1 normal, S2 tunggal. Murmur ejeksi sistolik di daerah
pulmonal akibat stenosis pulmonal.
Coarctasio Aorta
• Right to left shunt (cyanosis)
Tanda Gejala
a. Sianosis
b. Dispnea: Terjadi bila penderita melakukan aktifitas fisik.
c. Serangan-serangan dispnea paroksimal (serangan-serangan anoksia
biru) umum pada pagi hari. Semakin bertambah usia, sianosis
bertambah berat. setelah melakukan aktivitas, anak selalu jongkok.
d. Keterlambatan dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
e. Denyut pembuluh darah normal
f. Bising sistolik
g. Bayi mengalami kesulitan untuk menyusu
h. Jari tangan clubbing
i. Serangan sianosis biasanya terjadi ketika anak melakukan aktivitas
(misalnya menangis atau mengedan), dimana tiba-tiba sianosis
memburuk sehingga anak menjadi sangat biru, mengalami sesak nafas
dan bisa pingsan.
“Tet Spell”
• “Tet spells” at 2-
3yo, child
becomes
cyanotic, may
experience
syncope
Chest radiograph will show
oligaemic lung fields. The
cardiac silhouette may be normal
size, or enlarged (in the case
above, this was from right atrial
enlargement due to poor
communication between right
and left atria via a restricted
foramen ovale). Fistulae from the
right ventricle to the coronary
circulation may be present,
particularly if the right ventricle
and tricuspid valve are small.
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Symptoms:
• cyanosis (pale blue or grayish skin due to decreased oxygen in the blood)
• dyspnea on exertion (shortness of breath with activity)
• shortness of breath at rest
• fatigue
• chest pain or chest tightness
• heart palpitations ("skipping beats" or "racing")
• headache
• dizziness or syncope (fainting)
• paresthesias (numbness and/or tingling of fingers and toes)
• blurred vision
Complications:
• blood clots (e.g., deep vein thrombosis in extremities)
• hemorrhage (bleeding)
• stroke
• brain abscesses
• gout
• kidney failure
PEDIATRIC RESPIROLOGY
Tuberculosis
Pathogenesis
Sistem Skoring TB Anak
klinis
0 - 5 mm : negatif
5 - 9 mm :
meragukan
> 10 mm : positif
Bila Negatif:
1. Tidak ada infeksi TB
2. Masa inkubasi
3. Anergi
Diagnosis TB
Anak
0 - - - -
1 + - - Profilaksis I
2 + + - Profilaksis II
3 + + + terapi
Profilaksis Primer
• Mencegah Infeksi TB
• Kontak (+), Infeksi (-) uji tuberkulin negatif
• Obat: INH 5 - 10 mg/kgBB/hari
• Selama kontak ada: kontak harus diobati
• 3-6 bulan
• Ulang uji tuberkulin:
– Negatif: berhasil, stop INH
– Positif: gagal, lacak apakah infeksi atau sakit ??
Profilaksis sekunder
• Mencegah sakit TB: paparan (?), infeksi (+), sakit (-)
• Uji tuberkulin positif
• Populasi risiko tinggi
– BALITA, Pubertas
– Penggunaan steroid yang lama
– Keganasan
– Infeksi khusus: campak, pertusis
• Obat: INH 5 - 10 mg/kgBB/hari
• Lama: 6-12 bulan
©Bimbel UKDI MANTAP
Wheezing on Children
Diagnosis Ciri
Derajat Serangan
Derajat Keparahan
•Ringan
KNAA:
•Episodik Jarang •Sedang
•Episodik Sering •Berat
•Persistent
WHO/GINA:
Level Kontrol
•Intermitent
•Persisten ringan •Terkontrol
•Persisten sedang •Partially controlled
•Persisten Berat •Tidak terkontrol
Asthma pattern (KNAA)
Asthma pattern (GINA)
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia DEMAM + batuk dan kesulitan Kotrimoksasol 2x4mg TMP/kgBB(3
Ringan bernafas, dapat ditemui nafas cepat hari) ATAU
Amoksisilin 2x25mg/kgBB (3 hari)
bisa rawat jalan
Pneumonia DEMAM + batuk dan kesulitan Ampisilin/amoksisilin 4x25-50
Berat bernafas, + minimal satu dari: mg/kgBB/kali IV atau IM DAN
- Kepala terangguk-angguk + Kloramfenikol 3x25mg/kgBB IM
- Pernafasan cuping hidung atau IV
- Retraksi subkostal ATAU
-Foto dada menunjukkan gambaran + Gentamisin 1x7,5mg/kgBB IM
pneumonia (infiltrat luas, konsolidasi,
dll) ATAU
- Tidak dapat menyusu, atau
memuntahkan semuanya Seftriakson 1x80-100 mg/kgBB IM
- Kejang, letargis. Atau tidak sadar atau IV
- Sianosis
-Distress nafas berat rawat inap
E.Colli Klebsiella pneumoniae
Diagnosis Gejala
Croup - Batuk Menggonggong
- Low grade fever
- Suara Serak
- Distress pernafasan
Benda Asing - Riwayat tiba-tiba tersedak
- Distres Pernafasan
Difteri - Imunisasi DPT tidak ada/tidak lengkap
- Sekret hidung bercampur darah
- Bull neck
- Tenggorokan merah / faringitis
- Membran putih keabuan di faring/tonsil -> pseudomembran
Laryngomalacia The most common cause of chronic stridor, esp in children < 2 y.o.
Laryngomalacia
Croup
Cause: Most commonly Parainfluenza Virus
Dexamethasone dose:
0,6 mg/kgBB single dose, PO/IM/IV
Croup
Klasifikasi Penanganan
Croup Ringan: Corticosteroid (Dexamethasone)
-Demam
-Suara Serak Edukasi, bila membaik -> rawat jalan
-Batuk Menggonggong
-Stridor Terdengar hanya jika anak gelisah
Croup Sedang: Corticosteroid (Dexamethasone)
-Batuk menggonggong lebih sering Monitor dalam 4 jam
-Stridor terdengar walaupun anak tenang Membaik -> Edukasi, rawat jalan
-Nafas cepat dan tarikan dinding dada bagian Jika tidak membaik, tangani sebagai Croup
bawah ke dalam Berat
Thumb sign
Epiglotitis: Halloween Sign (-)
Epiglotitis
Evaluasi. Perbaikan?
Ya Tidak
Lanjutkan pemberian
10 ml/KgBB/jam Kedua; atau pertimbangkan
pemberian koloid 10-
dalam 2-4 jam 20ml/kgBB/jam (max 30 ml.kgBB/24
jam
Evaluasi ketat Tidak teratasi
Syok teratasi
Klinis stabil Ht
turun naik
Stop cairan tidak >48 jam koloid
transfusi
setelah syok teratasi
Inotropik Tdk ada perbaikan
IV fluid rates – Holiday-Segar
Folikular Tonsilitis
Tonsilitis Akut Lakunar
Membranosa
• Komplikasi campak:
– Pneumonia
– Dehidrasi
– Gizi buruk
– Ensefalitis
– OMA
TRIAS RUBELLA CONGENITAL
1. Sensory neural deafness (58% of
patients)
2. Eye abnormalities—
especially retinopathy, cataract and
microphtalmia (43% of patients)
3. Congenital heart disease
Scarlet Fever
Group A Streptococcus
Strawberry tongue
Sandpaper texture,
pastia line
Erythema Infectiosum
“Slapped cheek”
Parvovirus B19
Terapi Thypoid
Mumps
Mumps is the classic virus known to cause parotitis. Mumps
parotitis is bilateral in 70% of cases and usually follows a 1-2 day
prodrome of fever, headache, emesis, and myalgias
Complications:
Deafness (SNHL), meningitis and/or
encephalitis, painful swelling of the
testicles or ovaries, and rarely sterility.
Enterobiasis
- Causa: Enterobius vermicularis
- Manusia adalah satu-satunya
host
- Sering menyerang anak pada
usia sekolah
- Symptom: gatal di area anus,
memburuk pada malam hari
- Drug of choice : Pirantel
Pamoat, albendazole
Diagnosis: Scotch tape test/Graham scotch test
PEDIATRIK IMMUNOLOGY
“Non-Toxic Adverse Food Reactions”
• Food Allergy
– Ingestion of food results in hypersensitivity
reactions mediated most commonly by IgE
• Food Intolerance
– Ingestion of food results in symptoms not
immunologically mediated, e.g: digestive and
absorptive limitations of host (e.g., lactase
deficiency)
Lactose Intolerance
• Inability to digest lactose
• Deficiency of the intestinal enzyme lactase that
splits lactose into two smaller sugars, glucose and
galactose,
• Diagnosed by
– eliminating lactose from the diet
– milk challenge
– breath test
– blood glucose test
– stool acidity test
– intestinal biopsy
Lactose Intolerance
• Is a common cause of diarrhea and abdominal
discomfort in older children/teenager
• Diarrhea
• Flatulence
• Abdominal pain
• Abdominal bloating,
• nausea
Type of Lactose Intolerance
•Lactose tolerance test. This test measures your blood sugar after you eat or
drink lactose. After midnight on the night before the test, you should not eat or
drink anything. On the day of your test, you will drink a liquid that contains
lactose, which may cause gas or pain in your belly. Then your blood will be tested
every 30 minutes for 2 hours. If your blood sugar levels do not rise, you may be
lactose-intolerant. This test is not done on people who have diabetes. And it is
usually not done on babies and very young children
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas
Food Allergy
Acute
Food Allergy
• Chronic manifestation:
– Diarrhea of variable severity
Px Penunjang
PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGI
Kejang Demam : Klasifikasi
MASIH KEJANG
MASIH KEJANG
National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. The diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and
children in primary and secondary care. 2012.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Appearance Opening Leukosit Dominansi Protein Glucose
Pressure leukosit
NORMAL Clear <18 cmH2O 0-3 (-) 15-45 45-80
sel/mm3
Pyogenic Yellowish, PMN
bacterial turbid
Meningitis
Viral Clear N Limfosit N/ N/
Meningitis
Tuberculous Yellowish N Limfosit
Menigitis and viscous
(N/slightly
cloudy)
Fungal Yellowish Limfosit N/
Meningitis and viscous
(fibrin web)
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
• A number of strains of bacteria can cause acute
bacterial meningitis. The most common include:
– Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)*
– Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)*
– Haemophilus influenzae (haemophilus)* -> children
– E. coli -> neonates
– Listeria monocytogenes (listeria)
*)tersedia vaksin
Meningeal Signs
Nuchal Rigidity
Kernig’s Sign
Brudzinski’s Contralateral Sign