1

TK3205 PROSES INDUSTRI

KIMIA
Kilang Minyak Bumi dan Industri Turunannya
 2

INDUSTRI PETROKIMIA
• Industri petrokimia secara umum dapat didefinisikan sebagai ”industri yang berbahan baku utama produk
minyak bumi dan gas (naphta, kondensat, gas alam), batubara, serta biomassa; yang mengandung
senyawa-senyawa olefin, aromatik, gas sintesa, dan organik lainnya yang dapat diturunkan dari bahan-
bahan tersebut, untuk menghasilkan produk-produk yang memiliki nilai tambah lebih tinggi daripada bahan
bakunya.”
• Industri petrokimia hulu (dasar)
Memproses bahan baku berupa naphta dan/atau kondensat menjadi olefin, aromatik, dan parafin.
Contoh : industri olefin (ethylene, propiline, butadiane, dll), industri aromatik (benzene, toluene, xylene, dll),
industri berbasis C-1 (ammonia, methanol).
• Industri petrokimia antara
Memproses bahan baku olefin, aromatik (produk industri petrokimia hulu) menjadi produk- produk
turunannya seperti vinyl chloride, styrene, ethylene glycol, dll.
• Industri petrokimia hilir
Mengolah bahan yang dihasilkan oleh industri petrokimia antara menjadi berbagai produk akhir yang
digunakan oleh industri atau konsumen akhir (industrial dan consumer goods).
Contoh: Polietilena (HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE); Polipropilena (PP); Polistirena (PS); Polivinilkhlorida (PVC); PET, karet
sintetis (ABS), serat sintetis (polyester, nilon), dll.
 3

INDUSTRI MINYAK BUMI

 4

MINYAK BUMI DI INDONESIA

 5

KILANG MINYAK BUMI DI INDONESIA

• Untuk tahun 2015, kapasitas kilang
Indonesia diperkirakan sebesar
1,167 juta barel per hari
• Produksi minyak yang bisa diolah
Indonesia hanya sebesar 719.000
barel per hari.
• Kilang Pertamina terletak di Dumai,
Sungai Pakning, Plaju, Cepu,
Balikpapan, Kasim, Cilacap dan
Balongan.
• Kilang TPPI (Trans Pacific
Petrochemical Indotama) diakuisisi
Pertamina dan TWU (Tri Wahana
Universal) akan direlokasi dari Cepu
ke Batam.
 6

CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISTICS

141,5
- API Gravity: − 131,5
𝑆𝐺
- Light Crude: API > 31.1
- Medium Crude: API = 22.3 - 31.1
- Heavy Crude: API < 22.3
- Extra Heavy Crude: API <10

- Crude oil consists of paraffinic, naphtanic, aromatic

- Crude oil compositions is expressed as crude assay (TBP cut point, ASTM-2892,
ASTM-5236), sulfur content, pour point, wax content, metlas (Ni, Va, etc.)
 7

CRUDE OIL
CHARACTERISTICS
(ASSAY)
 8

OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Pour point: A lower pour point means paraffinic content is low. It is a measure of ease or
difficulty of a fraction to be pumped in cold conditions.
Viscosity: It is usually measured in centi Stokes or Saybolt seconds at 37.8 and 99 oC.
These two points are used to find viscosity index of the fraction.
Aniline point: It is an indication of the amount of the aromatic content in a given fraction.
Flash point: It is important for gasoline and naphtha.
Octane number: Motor octane number (MON) is the test carried out at high speed (900
rpm). Research octane number (RON) is measured at low speed (600 rpm). PON (posted
octane number is the arithmetic average of RON and MON). Can be boosted using MTBE

RON 90 → equivalent to knocking characteristics of 90%-iso-octane and 10% heptane.

 9

OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Reid vapor pressure: Vapor pressure determined in a volume of air four times the liquid
volume at 37.8 °C (100 °F). It indicates vapor lock characteristics and explosion hazards.
Carbon residue: It indicates the soot forming characteristics of a fuel.
Smoke point: It is a measure of the burning qualities of kerosene and jet fuels. It is
measured in terms of the maximum height in mm of a smokeless flame of fuel.
Refractive index: It is the ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of light in
the oil. It is a used to characterize a petroleum fraction.
Cetane number: It measures the ability for auto-ingnition in diesel (compression ignition)
engines. It is the percentage of pure cetane (n- hexadecane) in a blend of cetane and alpha
methyl naphthalene which corresponds to the ignition characteristics of a given diesel
sample.
 10

OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Freezing point: It is the temperature at which the hydrocarbon liquid solidifies at

atmospheric pressure. It is one of the important property specifications for kerosene and
jet fuels due to the low temperatures encountered at high altitudes in jet planes.
Sediments: These are solid materials that are not soluble in the hydrocarbon or water and
can be comprised of sand, drilling mud, rock or minerals, particles from erosion of metal
pipes, tanks, and other process equipments.
 11

OIL REFINERY
 12

CRUDE OIL REFINERY

 13

CDU
• Atmospheric distillation is the fractional distillation unit already described. In
actual designs, it is combined with vacuum distillation. Raw crude cannot be
heated to more than 370-380 °C. It is often called the Crude Oil Distillation
Unit (CDU)
• The column operates generally at a pressure greater than atmospheric
pressure. This may be done for pressure drop considerations, to flow the
vapors from one location to the desired location, and/or cooling water to be
used for the overhead condenser. A higher pressure increases the bubble
point
• Nearly 50–60% of the crude oil is vaporized in the flash zone of the tower [3].
• A preflash tower is sometimes added before the atmospheric column, if the
crude oil contains appreciable amounts of lighter products.
 14

CDU
• The superheated steam required to boil off the crude bottoms is usually at
about 600 °F
• The steam consumption is usually 5–10 lb/bbl of stripped product
• Overflash: 5 to 10% of the bottoms that acts as an internal reflux to better
fractionate the few trays above the flashzone.
• Pumparound reflux is used to remove heat from the column. A stream at a
higher temperature in a column is taken out of the column, exchanges heat
with the crude oil feed and heats it, and then returns back to the column at
some higher position in the column (lower temperature).
• Most atmospheric towers contain 25–35 trays between the flash zone and
the top tower.
The allowable pressure drop for trays is approximately 0.1–0.2 psi per tray.
 15

CDU
 16

VDU
• Vacuum distillation unit
(VDU) further distills the
black oils into fuel oils and
residual bitumen and coke
to avoid overheating the
crude and to extract
additional valuable product
that could be upgraded.
 17

VDU
• The temperature required at the furnace outlet for atmospheric distillation
unit (ADU) will be excessive if the heavier fractions will be distilled in the ADU.
This will be resulted in thermal cracking and loss of the product and fouling of
the equipment. This necessitates the use of vacuum distillation column where
the distillation occurs under sub-atmospheric conditions.
• Furnace outlet temperatures are usually in range of 730– 850 °F (388–454 °C).
• The pressure in the flash zone is around 25–40 mm Hg
• The effective pressure for hydrocarbon vaporization is reduced by using
stripping steam in the furnace as well as at the tower bottom.
• The steam consumption is usually 10–50 lb/bbl of feed [1]. •The lower
pressure in the tower increases the diameter of column. A higher pressure
increases the boiling temperatures and difficulty of separation. Vacuum
distillation columns have large diameters and the diameter may easily reach
40 ft
 18

CDU & VDU

 19

CONVERSION PROCESSES
• Alkylation, polymerization, and isomerization
• Hydrotreating (hydrodesulfurization)
• Catalytic reforming
• Catalytic cracking (fluid catalytic cracking)
• Hydrocracking
• Coking (delayed coking) • Visbreaking
 20

OPERATING CONDITIONS OF VARIOUS

CONVERSION PROCESSES
 21

ALKYLATION
• An alkylation unit produces high-octane components for gasoline blending.
The main use is to convert isobutane (C4H10, but arranged differently than n-
butane) to alkylates, mainly isooctane or isoheptane by adding an alkyl
group such as propene or butene over a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric
or hydrofluoric acid.
• The volume of catalyst (acid) and liquid
hydrocarbon feed are used in equal
amounts and isoparaffin to olefin ratios
are: 4:1 to 15:1.
 22

ISOMERIZATION
• Isomerization units convert linear molecules to higher-octane branched
molecules by rearranging the same atoms arranged in a different way. For
example, C4H10 n-butane has the carbon atoms in a chain, while isobutane
has a central carbon with one hydrogen and three CH3 groups attached.
The isobutane can then be fed to the alkylation unit.
• Isomerization is used to improve the octane number of the n- paraffinic
feeds by converting them into isoparaffins. As an example, n-pentane has
RON (research octane number) of 61.7 while isopentane has a rating of 92.3.
• Reaction temperature = 95–205 oC ; Reaction pressure = 1725–3450 kPa.
• Hydrogen to hydrocarbon molar ratio = 0.05:1.
• Catalyst is usually platinum supported on an acidic catalyst such as zeolite or
chlorinated metal oxide support.
 23

ONCE-THROUGH ISOMERIZATION
 24

HYDROTREATING
• Hydrotreating is the removal of impurities from a petroleum fraction.
• “Hydrotreating refers to a relatively mild operation whose primary purpose is
to saturate olefins and/or reduce the sulfur and/or nitrogen content (and not
to change the boiling range) of the feed”
• The process is used to stabilize (converting unsaturated hydrocarbons such
as olefins and diolefins to paraffins) a petroleum fraction and to remove
sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, halides, and trace metals from the petroleum
fraction. Hydrotreating is applied to a wide variety of feedstocks (naphta,
kerosene, diesel, residue).
• Nickel/Cobalt and molybdenum oxides on alumina are widely used
catalysts.
 25

HYDROTREATING
 26

HYDROTREATING
 27

HYDROTREATING
 28

CATALYTIC REFORMER
• A catalytic reformer unit is used to convert the naphtha molecules (C5-C12)
into higher octane reformate (reformer product). These are mixed with raw
gasoline to achieve a higher octane product.
• The process creates more aromatics (ring formed hydrocarbons) by
dehydrocyclization or more complex hydrocarbons with double bonds or
side groups by dehydrogenation.
• These processes release hydrogen which is recovered and can be reused in
hydrotreaters or hydrocrackers.
 29

CATALYTIC REFORMER
 30

CATALYTIC REFORMER
LICENSORS:
• Platforming by UOP
• Powerforming by Exxon
• Magna forming by Engelhard
• Catalytic eforming by IFP
• Rheniforming by Chevron
• Ultraforming by Amoco.

• The catalyst for the reforming process is a bifunctional catalyst Pt/Al2O3 with
Pt content usually of 0.2 to 0.6% by weight.
 31

CATALYTIC REFORMER
Four major reactions involved in catalytic reforming:
 32

CATALYTIC REFORMER
Four major reactions involved in catalytic reforming:
 33

CATALYTIC REFORMER
Four major reactions involved in catalytic reforming:
 34

CATALYTIC REFORMER
Depending upon the catalyst regeneration processing, reforming processes
may be:
• Semi-regenerative: requires shutdown of the process and then regeneration
of the catalyst.
• Cyclic: modification of the semi- regenerative process in which an extra
reactor is installed and regeneration is carried out in parallel so that the shut
down is avoided. Initial cost is higher.
• Continuous : 95% of new installations are continuous. The catalyst flows (in a
moving bed fashion) from one reactor to the other under gravity and
continuously regenerated in the regenerator. Initial cost is higher. Rather
frequent shutdown is avoided, so more production.
 35

CATALYTIC REFORMER
 36

FCC
• Fluid catalytic crackers (FCC) units upgrade heavier fractions into lighter,
more valuable products.
• Long chain molecules (high carbon numbers) are split into shorter molecules
to achieve more of the high value fuel components.
• A typical design uses a reactor and a regenerator. A fine powdered porous
catalyst with zeolite (silicate and alumina) is fluidized in the hydrocarbon
vapor, where a reaction takes place at 535 °C and 0.172 MPa.
• The catalytic reaction takes place within a few seconds, after which the
reformate and catalyst is separated in a cyclone. The spent catalyst then
goes back to a regenerator that heats it to 715 °C at 0.241 MPa and releases
flue gas. The catalyst powder can then be reused. The reformates go to a
distillation column for separation into fractions.
 37

FCC
• Catalytic cracking is used to convert heavy fractions such as vacuum gas oil
to gasoline range and lighter products.
• Catalytic cracking has advantages over thermal cracking as more gasoline
having higher octane rating and less heavy fuel oils and light gases (olefins
and LPG) are produced. Also light gases contain more olefins.
• The FCC catalyst is a powder with an average particle size of 75 μm. It is
zeolite (crystalline aluminosilicates) type catalyst. Y-zeolite and ZSM-5 zeolite
are common in catalytic cracking.
 38

FCC
 39

FCC
The high volume of products caused by the
cracking of larger molecules requires low
operating pressure (1-5 bar). The high
endothermic nature of cracking reactions
requires that the reactor operates at high
temperatures 480-550 oC
 40

HYDROCRACKING
• A hydrocracker unit performs essentially the same function as the FCC when
more saturated hydrocarbons are desirable in the product. This means alkane
carbon chains with single bonds, not double bonds or cyclic rings like
aromatics, or more complex molecules. Thus, additional hydrogen is needed.
• Vacuum gas oil is the feedstock for hydrocrackers, however a variety of
feedstocks may be applied and variety of products may be obtained.
• The catalyst used in hydrocracking is a bifunctional catalyst.
• The relative market need for diesel, kerosene and gasoline will influence the
choice of FCC versus hydrocracker. In the US, with a higher relative volume of
gasoline, more FCC capacity is needed, while in Europe and Asia, with higher
diesel consumption, more hydrocracking is used.
 41

HYDROCRACKING
• Hydrocracking involves hydrotreating and cracking (hydrocracking) reactions.
An example hydrocracking reaction is

• The reactions such hydrodealkylation, aromatics saturation,

dehydrocyclization, etc., also occur.
• The hydrogen partial pressure ranges between 85-170 bar and reactor
temperature 300-450 oC.
• The acidic function is provided by the support which is usually a amorphous
oxide such as silica-alumina/zeolite. The metal function for hydrocracking may
be obtained from a combination of Group VIA (Mo, W) and Group VIIIA (Co,
Ni) metal sulfides.
 42

HYDROCRACKING
 43

HYDROCRACKING
 44

VISBREAKER
• Visbreaking units upgrade heavy residual oils by thermally cracking them into
lower viscosity product that can be blended into lighter more valuable
products.
• Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking carried out to reduce the viscosities
and pour points of atmospheric and vacuum tower bottoms. The objective is
to produce a fuel oil stock of improved viscosity characteristics.
• Visbreaking is characterized by its thermal severity, ranging from mild
cracking at 425 °C to severe cracking at 500 °C. Depending on the residual
oil, as much as 15-25% lighter fractions like diesel, kerosene and gasoline
could be obtained. The residue is tar and coke.
 45

VISBREAKER
• Visbreaking is either coil breaking when the
residue is broken in the furnace coil and
soaker breaking when soaked in the
reactor for few minutes.
• The feed residue feedstock is heated and
then mildly cracked in the visbreaker
furnace. Reaction temperature range from
850 to 900 oF and operating pressures vary
from as low as 3 bar to as high as 10 bar.
Coil furnace visbreaking is used and the
visbroken products are immediately
quenched to stop the cracking reaction.
The quenching step is essential to prevent
coking in the fractionation tower.
 46

COKING
• Coking is a severe thermal cracking process which is carried out to convert
heavy fractions into solid coke and lighter hydrocarbons.
• Coking units (delayed coking, fluid coker, and flexicoker), like the visbreaker,
uses thermal cracking of very heavy residual oils (from VDU, FCC, visbreaker)
into gasoline and diesel fuel. The residue is green coke, and is further
processed to fuel coke or, if too low in sulfur and contaminants, to anode
coke for the metallurgic industries.
• Coke may be used as a fuel, to make anodes for the electrolytic cells, to
manufacture graphite, and in the production of chemicals.
 47

COKING
• Delayed coking is the most widely used process to carry out a coking operation.
• Steam is injected in the furnace to inhibit the coke formation. The feed is heated
higher than 482 oC and a vapor-liquid mixture leaving the furnace flows to the
coking drum.
 48

STEAM REFORMING
• Steam reforming produces hydrogen for the hydrotreaters or hydrocracker.
Typical is the steam methane reformer (SMR), where steam reacts with
Methane at 425 °C with a nickel catalyst to produce syngas, which is a
source for many different reactions:
CH4 +H2O↔CO+3H2

• If more hydrogen is needed, followed by a gas shift reaction with CO:

CO+H2O↔CO2 +H2
 49

AMINE GAS TREATER

• Amine gas treater, Claus unit, and tail gas treatment converts hydrogen
sulfide from hydrodesulfurization into elemental sulfur, which is a valuable
traded product.
• The Claus process is the most common with the overall reaction:
2H2S+O2 →S2 +2H2O
• The reactor runs at 1,000° C and 0.15 MPa, with three steps: one thermal and
two catalytic to improve yield.
 50

AMINE GAS TREATER (CLAUS)

 51

BLENDING AND DISTRIBUTION

• After the refining processes, the
various fractions are stored in
intermediate tanks, then
blended into marketable
products for loading onto
railcars, trucks or ships, and
distribution to gas stations or
industries.
• Each product is blended to a
specification of up to 25
parameters such as octane
rating, energy content, volatility
and sulfur content. The task is to
achieve the specification (and
not exceed)
 52

PETROCHEMICALS
• Petrochemicals are chemicals made from petroleum or natural gas. Primary
petrochemicals are divided into three groups, depending on their chemical
structure:
• Olefins include ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Ethylene and propylene are
important sources of industrial chemicals and plastics products. Butadiene is used in
making synthetic rubber. Olefins are produced by cracking.
• Aromatic petrochemicals include benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Benzene is used in
the manufacture of dyes and synthetic detergents. Toluene is used in making
explosives. Manufacturers use xylenes in making plastics and synthetic fibers.
Aromatics are produced by reforming.
• Synthesis gas (SynGas) is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and is used
to make the petrochemicals ammonia and methanol. Ammonia is used in making
fertilizers and explosives, where methanol serves as a source for other chemicals.
53
 54

AROMATICS
Aromatics, so called because of their distinctive perfumed smell, are a group of
hydrocarbons that include benzene, toluene and the xylenes. These are basic chemicals
used as starting materials for a wide range of consumer products. Almost all aromatics come
from crude oil, although small quantities are made from coal.
 57

AROMATICS – TOLUENE & BENZENE

 60

AROMATICS – BENZENE & STYRENIC CHAIN

 62

AROMATICS MARKET - INDONESIA

• Diperkirakan hingga 2019, Indonesia akan mengalami surplus benzene.
Penyediaan (supply) paraxylene oleh produsen dalam negeri saat ini sudah
tidak mencukupi, terlebih untuk tahun-tahun mendatang. Pada tahun 2019,
kekurangan pasok paraxylene sudah menyamai kapasitas industri yang ada.
• Meski tidak ada penambahan kapasitas produksi ortho-xylene, namun karena
industri pemakai produk petrokimia ini masih terbatas, maka di tahun-tahun
mendatang diperkirakan akan terjadi kelebihan pasok orthoxylene bilamana
produsen yang ada beroperasi pada kapasitas penuh.
• Setelah PT. TPPI memutuskan untuk tidak memproduksi toluene di tahun 2007,
maka kebutuhan toluene di Indonesia tiap tahun harus dipasok dan impor.
 63

OLEFINS
Olefins are petrochemical derivatives produced by cracking feed stocks from raw materials such as
natural gas and crude oil. Lower olefins have short chains with only two, three or four carbon atoms, and
the simplest one is ethylene. The higher olefins have chains of up to twenty or more carbon atoms. The
main olefin products are ethylene, propylene, butadiene and C4 derivatives. They are used to produce
plastics, as chemical intermediates, and, in some cases, as industrial solvents.
64
TEKNOLOGI PRODUKSI POLIPROPILENA 65

Proses Produksi PoliPropilena

Bulk (Liquid
Slurry Based Gas Phase Solution Based
Pool)

LyondellBasell Fluidized Bed

CSTR
Spheripol Reactor

CB & I LyondellBassell
Novolen Spherilene

INEOS - LyondellBassell
Innovene Spherizone

Grace UNIPOL
 68

OLEFINS – PROPYLENE
 71

OLEFINS – BUTADIENE
 74

OLEFINS MARKET - INDONESIA

• Sepanjang kurun waktu 2015-2019 diperkirakan Indonesia akan mengalami
kekurangan supply ethylene dalam jumlah yang cukup besar. Berdasarkan data
Direktorat Industri Kimia Dasar Kementerian Perindustrian, pada tahun 2013
kekurangan supply (shortage) ethylene sudah lebih dari maksimum kapasitas industri
didalam negeri saat ini dan tahun 2019 shortage tersebut diperkirkan akan
mencapai 1,5 kali kapasitas maksimum industri ethylene yang sebesar 600.000 ton
per tahun.
• Industri dalam negeri diperkirakan akan mengalami kekurangan pasokan (shortage)
propylene, tetapi dalam jumlah mendekati 200.000 ton.
• Pembangunan pabrik butadiene yang dilakukan oleh CAP dengan kapasitas
100.000 ton per tahun dan telah beroperasi sejak kuartal IV 2013 dengan utilisasi
sebesar 75% telah membangkitkan industri antara dan hilir dari produk butadiene,
yaitu karet sintetis. Diharapkan, dengan dibangunnya pabrik ini dapat memenuhi
permintaan akan produk butadiene terutama untuk industri dalam negeri yang
diperkirakan akan terus meningkat hingga 2019.
 75

SYN GAS
• Synthesis gas (syngas) is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It can be
created from coal or methane reacting with steam at high temperatures:
• From coal: C+H2O→H2 +CO
• Or from methane: CH4 + 1/2O2 → CO + 2H2 Lean combustion
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 Steam reforming

• Syngas is used for production of methanol or ammonia. It is also used for

production of synthetic fuels, both diesel (Fischer–Tropsch process) and
gasoline
 76

SYN GAS
• Today, the most well known large-scale steam reforming process is ICI's
which was first operated in 1962. Hydrocarbon feeds with boiling points up to
ca. 200°C (naphtha) can be employed in this process.
• Three process steps:
• Hydrodesulfurizationusing CoO-MoO3/Al2O3 or NiO-MoO3/Al2O3 at 350-450°C
until S content < 1 ppm (olefins are simultaneously hydrogenated)
• Catalytic reforming in primary reformer with Ni-K20/Al2O3 at 700- 830°C and 15-
40 bar. The reforming tubes are heated by burning natural gas or distillates.
• Autothermal reforming of residual CH, in the secondary reformer i.e., another
partial combustion of gas due to high heat requirement
• The tube furnace is called the 'primary reformer' and the lined chamber
reactor the 'secondary reformer'. The sensible heat from the resulting
synthesis gas is used for steam generation.
 77

SYN GAS
• Adjustment of required
CO/H2 ratio in synthesis gas
possible:
• during gasification by
altering amount of
H2Oand O2
• after gasification by CO
conversion CO +H2O+
CO2+H2 and removal of
CO2
 78

SYN GAS
 79

METHANOL SYNTHESIS
• Syngas yang menjadi umpan reaktor sintesis
metanol terlebih dahulu dialirkan menuju kompresor
(f).
• Syngas tersebut kemudian dicampurkan dengan
aliran recycle dari gas yang belum bereaksi dalam
reaktor dan dialirkan menuju kompresor (e).
• Sebelum diumpankan ke dalam reaktor sintesis
metanol (a), umpan gas mengalami pertukaran
panas pada heat exchanger (b) dengan produk
panas reaktor (reaksi eksotermis).
• Produk hasil reaktor dialirkan menuju cooler (c)
sebelum diumpankan menuju kolom pemisahan (d).
• Pada kolom pemisahan, produk metanol terpisah
dari gas-gas yang belum bereaksi pada reaktor
 80

METHANOL DEMAND

Methanol

Fuel Non-fuel Gasoline

Acetic Formalde Direct

DME Biodiesel MTBE TAME MTO MTG
Acid hyde Blending
 81

METHANOL DEMAND
 82

METHANOL SYNTHESIS
Parameter ICI Lurgi Kellog Nissui-Topsoe MGC
Tekanan operasi (atm) 50-100 50-60 100-150 150 50-150
Temperatur operasi (oC) 225-275 250-260 200-280 200-310 200-280
Jenis Reaktor Adiabatik Quasi- Adiabatik Adiabatik Quasi-isothermal
Quench converter isothermal Quench Quench Double-walled
Shell & tube converter converter tubes
Unggun katalis Single bed Tube reaktor Beberapa Single bed Annulus reaktor
bed disusun radial
aksial-seri
Katalis Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Basis Cu Basis Cu Cu/Zn/Cr Basis Cu
Media Pendingin Cold quench Cooling water Intermediate Intermediate Cooling water
(shell) cooler cooler (outertube)
 86

SYN GAS MARKET - INDONESIA

• Peluang pasar Ammonia
Saat ini beberapa produsen pupuk urea tengah merencanakan untuk melakukan
optimasi dan juga pembangunan unit baru. Perluasan kapasitas urea tersebut sudah
pasti diikuti dengan perluasan kapasItas industri ammonia. Diperkirakan tanpa
penambahan kapasitas saat ini, maka di tahun-tahun mendatang tetap saja
Indonesia akan mengalami over supply ammonia, jika produsen ammonia beroperasi
pada kapasitas penuh.
• Peluang pasar Methanol
Kebutuhan metanol di Indonesia pada 2020 diprediksi mencapai 1297 ribu ton per
tahun. Kebutuhan metanol di Indonesia hanya disuplai oleh PT. Kaltim Metanol
Indonesia yang hanya memproduksi sebesar sekitar 660.000 ribu Ton per tahun. Pada
tahun 2020 diperkirakan akan terjadi defisit sebesar sekitar 637.000 MT per tahun.
Pemerintah saat ini sedang merencanakan pembangunan pabrik metanol di Teluk
Bintuni (Papua), selain itu PKT berencana membangun pabrik metanol di Bontang.
 87

REFERENCES
• Gary, J.H.; Handwerk, G.E. 2001. Petroleum refining: Technology and economics. 4th ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
• Fahim, M.A.; AlSahhaf, T.A.; Elkilani, A. 2010. Fundamentals of petroleum refining. Elsevier.
• Parkash, S. 2003. Refining processes handbook. Gulf professional publishing, Elsevier. Singapore.
• Wauquier, J.-P. (ed.). 1998. Petroleum refining: Separation processes. Vol. 2. Technip.
• Myers, R.A. 2004. Handbook of petroleum refining processes. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill.
• Stan Jones, D.S.J.; Pujadó, P.R. 2006. Handbook of petroleum processing. Springer.
• Seader, J.D.; Henley, E.J.; Roper, D.K. 2011. Separation process principles: Chemical and biochemical operations.
3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Usman, M.R. 2015. Comprehensive dictionary of chemical engineering. Lulu Publishing.
• Speight, J.G.; Ozum, B. 2002. Petroleum refining processes. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
• Sequeiri, A. 1994. Lubricating base oil and wax processing. Marcel Dekker.
• Refining Processes Handbook. Hydrocarbon Processing.
• Parakash, S. 2010. Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing Handbook: Including specialty products and sustainable
manufacturing techniques. McGraw-Hill. New York.
• Brown, G.G.; Foust, A.S.; Katz, D.L.V.; Schneidewind, R.; White, R.R.; Wood, W.P.; Brown, G.M.; Brownell, L.E.;
Martin, J.J.; Williams, G.B.; Banchero, J.T. 1950. Unit operations. John Wiley & Sons.
• Hagen, J. 2006. Industrial catalysis. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.