AKREDITASI : SK 187/AU1/P2MBI/08/2009
REDAKSI
Kata kunci: Lapisan piringan katup buang, Material tahan aus berbasis kobalt, Fenomena sliding wear, Patah
lelah
Fracture was detected on exhaust valve plate coating layer of engine diesel. These fractures are showed as a
crack, loss of exhaust valve coating layer and deposit content on the face of exhaust valve. Fracture surface
exhibits several indications of wear failure modes. In order to identify cause of failure, several examinations
are carried out such as macro visual, chemical analysis, vicker’s micro hardness, metallography, fractography
by SEM and deposit analysis by EDX qualitatively. The results of chemical composition present that material
for exhaust valve coating layer is made from Stellite-1 cobalt alloy, whereas exhaust valve plate is heat
resistant cast steel of Cr-Ni-Mn alloy. Fractography on surface fracture area visually showed wear damage,
while by SEM demonstrates that sliding wear was occurred on the coating layer of exhaust valve plate. Further
this phenomenon can also lead to the fatigue fracture on that area.
Keywords: Exhaust valve plate, Wear resistant material of cobalt base alloy, Sliding wear phenomena, Fatigue
fracture
Abstrak | xxix
METALURGI
(Metallurgy)
ISSN 0126 – 3188 Vol 25 No. 3 Desember 2010
Kata Kunci bersumber dari artikel. Lembar abstrak ini boleh diperbanyak tanpa izin dan biaya.
Kata kunci : Baja tahan karat feritik, Oksidasi, Aniling, Temperatur tinggi, Perlakuan panas
One of Ni free austenitic stainless steel fabrication methods involves high temperature annealing process in
nitrogen atmosphere, however the formation of oxide compound during the process on ferritic stainless steel
Fe-Cr-Mo surface is able to prevent nitrogen to diffuse into the steel. For ferritic stainless steel, the most
dominant oxide compound form is Cr 2 O 3 . This compound is able to form at high temperature along with the
presence of oxygen at certain level of pressure. The behaviour of this oxide compound follows parabolic law.
In this experiment, the maximum average thickness formed by the oxide compounds on Steel A (27 w%t Cr)
was achieved when the steel processed for 24 hours, afterwards the thickness decrease as the process time
increase, this behaviour also found in Steel B (21 wt% Cr). The significant difference between these steels laid
on their oxide thickness, during 8 hours process, Steel A oxide thickness is higher than that of Steel B, the
longer the process hour applied to both steels, Steel B has higher oxide thickness than Steel A, this is for 12
hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours processing time. This might happened due to the formation of volatile
species in Steel A during longer processing time, such as CrO 3 gas or other volatile oxide compounds of
chromium.
Keywords : Ferritic stainless steel, Oxidation, Annealing, High temperature, Heat treatment
Kata kunci: MRI, NMR, Kawat superkonduktor, Internal tin, Nb-Sn, Cu-Nb-Sn
The quality of Cu-Nb-Sn superconductor wire is mainly measured from its current density (Jc). The more
Nb 3 Sn is formed, the higher Jc is. This research study departs from the problem on Nb 3 Sn formation, which
has been so far anticipated by increasing the number of monofilaments inside the wire. However this situation
yields in high production cost. This research activity is aimed to that can depict the phase evolution among Nb,
and Sn within the Cu-Nb-Sn superconducting system. The results can be used to predict the intensity as well as
quantity of Nb 3 Sn formation. Such prediction can be used to decide which ingot design and manufacturing path
shall be chosen, therefore the cost of production can be made efficientIn. In this research study, the ingot design
with the basis of Cu-Nb-Sn will be developed as supercondctor wire.
Abstrak | xxxi
METALURGI
(Metallurgy)
ISSN 0126 – 3188 Vol 25 No. 3 Desember 2010
Kata Kunci bersumber dari artikel. Lembar abstrak ini boleh diperbanyak tanpa izin dan biaya.
Pembuatan Material CaMnO 3 Sebagai Themoelektrik Type-N dari Bahan CaCo 3 dan MnCo 3 untuk Pembangkit
Listrik Tenaga Panas
Penerapan bahan thermoelektrik sangat luas, dapat digunakan sebagai penghemat bahan bakar pada kendaraan
bermotor, penyedia listrik dari panas matahari, panas tungku pembakar sampah dan lain-lain. Pembuatan
material CaMnO 3 thermoelectric type-n dari bahan CaCO 3 dan MnCO 3 pada kondisi pemampatan bahan yang
telah dihaluskan 200 Mpa dan dipanaskan pada temperatur 1300 °C selama 12 jam, kemudian hasilnya di analisa
menggunakan XRD, XRF dan SEM. Dengan keberhasilan pembuatan material material CaMnO 3 thermoelectric
type-n ini disamping dapat memanfaatkan bahan baku lokal juga mendukung upaya mengurangi ketergantungan
energi kita pada bahan bakar fosil.
Application materials thermoelectric very broad, can be used as a fuel saver in the motor vehicle, a provider of
solar thermal electricity, heat furnaces and other junk. Making material CaMnO 3 n-type thermoelectric material
and MnCO 3 CaCO 3 on the condition that the material has been smoothed squishing 200 MPa and heated at a
temperature of 1300 °C for 12 hours, then the results were analyzed using XRD, XRF and SEM. With the
success of manufacturing materials thermoelectric materials CaMnO 3 type-n in addition to utilizing local raw
materials also support efforts to reduce our energy dependence on fossil fuels.
Kata kunci : Paduan Al-17Mg-1Si, Proses pembekuan cepat dengan twin roll pengecor, Fasa eutektik Mg 2 Si,
Rapuh panas, Retak
There are several advantages to produce aluminum alloys strip by using twin roll caster such as rapidly
solidification process, low equipment cost and reduce production cost. In the study of manufacturing of Al-
17Mg-1Si alloy strip from rapid solidification by twin roll caster, fracture was occurred along side of strip.
Product of strip has a thickness approximately around 1 mm and 50 mm of wide. Vickers hardness result on
strip thickness area shows an average hardness around 175.1 HVN. Metallography examination using SEM
shows α – Al dendritic phase as a matrix and Mg 2 Si eutectic particles which are attributed to brittleness.
Mg 2 Si particles show segregate along edge and angle of α-Al matrix. Chemical composition analysis by EDX
on the surface of thickness area of Al-17Mg-1Si alloy strip obtains high content of Mg and Si elements. Highly
solidify of Mg and Si elements leads to form Mg 2 Si eutectic phase, which has lower melting point compared to
α–Al matrix. Therefore, eutectic phase would rapidly solidify than α–Al matrix. Hot shortness phenomena will
occur and perform cracking along edge area of Al-17Mg-1Si alloy strip throughout rapid solidification process
by twin roll caster.
Keywords : Al-17Mg-1Si alloy, Rapid solidification process by twin roll caster, Mg 2 Si eutectic phase, Hot
shortness, Cracking
Abstrak | xxxiii
METALURGI
(Metallurgy)
ISSN 0126 – 3188 Vol 25 No. 3 Desember 2010
Kata Kunci bersumber dari artikel. Lembar abstrak ini boleh diperbanyak tanpa izin dan biaya.
Kata kunci : Co-Cr-Mo , Korosi, Toksisitas in vitro, Kultur sel endotel CPAE
Analysis of corrosion and toxicity of Co-Cr-Mo as implant materials has been performed. The alloy
composition was 30 - 35% Cr, 5% Mo, 0.5 - 0.6% Mn, 0.2 - 0.3% Si, 1.5 - 1.6% N, and Co as the balance.
Characterization of phase analysis by XRD through its diffraction patterns indicates that phase ε does not
appear as a consequence of the addition of N. Microstructure observations of the samples by optical
microscope showed that the structure of Co-Cr-Mo cast was not porous. Corrosion analysis showed that the
corrosion rate in demineralized water was 0.0249 mpy and in simulated body fluid (SBF) was 0.036 mpy. In
vitro toxicity assay in 24 hours endothelial cell CPAE (ATCC CCL-209) showed that there were no
morphologic changes or cell death after 72 up to 144 hours of sample incubation. It concludes that Co-Cr-Mo
material was not toxic to endothelial cell culture for at least six days.
Ika Kartika, Budi Priyono, Cahyo Sutowo, Eddy P. Utomo dan T. Arini
Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi-LIPI
Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong Tangerang Selatan 15314
E-mail : ika.kartika@lipi.go.id
Intisari
Kerusakan telah terdeteksi pada lapisan piringan katup buang mesin diesel. Kerusakan teramati berupa retak,
terlepasnya lapisan piringan katup buang serta adanya deposit pada permukaan dasar katup buang. Permukaan
patahan memperlihatkan beberapa indikasi yang menunjukkan terjadinya aus. Untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab
kerusakan beberapa pengujian telah dilakukan seperti pengamatan visual secara makro, analisa komposisi kimia,
kekerasan mikro dengan vickers, metalografi, fraktografi patahan dengan SEM dan analisa kualitatif deposit
dengan EDX. Hasil analisa komposisi kimia menunjukkan bahwa lapisan katup buang terbuat dari paduan kobalt
Stellite-1, sedangkan piringan katup buang terbuat dari baja cor tahan panas paduan Cr-Ni-Mn. Fraktografi pada
permukaan area patahan menunjukkan lapisan piringan katup buang telah mengalami keausan sliding. Fenomena
ini lebih jauh dapat mengakibatkan patah lelah pada area tersebut.
Kata kunci : Lapisan piringan katup buang, Material tahan aus berbasis kobalt, Fenomena sliding wear, Patah
lelah
Abstract
Fracture was detected on exhaust valve plate coating layer of engine diesel. These fractures are showed as a
crack, loss of exhaust valve coating layer and deposit content on the face of exhaust valve. Fracture surface
exhibits several indications of wear failure modes. In order to identify cause of failure, several examinations are
carried out such as macro visual, chemical analysis, vicker’s micro hardness, metallography, fractography by
SEM and deposit analysis by EDX qualitatively. The results of chemical composition present that material for
exhaust valve coating layer is made from Stellite-1 cobalt alloy, whereas exhaust valve plate is heat resistant
cast steel of Cr-Ni-Mn alloy. Fractography on surface fracture area visually showed wear damage, while by
SEM demonstrates that sliding wear was occurred on the coating layer of exhaust valve plate. Further this
phenomenon can also lead to the fatigue fracture on that area.
Keywords : Exhaust valve plate, Wear resistant material of cobalt base alloy, Sliding wear phenomena, Fatigue
fracture
PENDAHULUAN
Metalografi
Metalografi dilakukan pada potongan
melintang tegak lurus permukaan patahan
katup buang. Pengamatan dilakukan
dengan mikroskop optik metalografi merk
Olympus tipe PME. Sampel dipotong,
(b) digerinda dengan kertas amplas kasar dan
halus, kemudian dipoles dengan alumina
Gambar 3. (a) komponen katup buang yang rusak,
(b) daerah yang rompal pada lapisan piringan katup dan dietsa. Larutan etsa yang digunakan
buang. Penandaan dilakukan untuk pengujian adalah larutan Kalling’s [12].
metalografi dan SEM
Unsur C Si P Mn Ni Cr Mo Fe
Kadar
(% 0,33 0,72 0,02 2,75 8,57 28,34 0,18 Bal.
Berat)
Fraktografi
Hasil fraktografi dengan SEM pada
permukaan patahan di area lapisan
piringan katup buang ditunjukkan pada
Gambar 7-10. Gambar 7 menunjukkan
fraktografi permukaan patahan yang
akan diamati. Penandaan pada Gambar 7
bertujuan untuk membedakan jenis (a)
material pada area patahan dari lapisan
piringan katup buang. Garis putih
menandakan area patahan yang masih
mengandung material pelapis berupa
paduan berbasis kobalt, sedangkan area
diluar garis tersebut adalah material
RETAK MIKRO
(b)
POROSITAS
(a)
(b)
A I
Andika WP 163 Ika Kartika 119, 155
Irma Suparto 163
B
Bambang Sriyono 129 L
Bintang Adjiantoro 153 Lusiana 147
Budi Priyono 119
P
C Pius Sebleku 139
Cahyo Sutowo 119
S
E Saefudin 115
Eddy P. Utomo 119 Sigit DY 147
Edi Herianto 147 Silmi Mariya 163
Sulistioso GS 163
F
Fatayalkadri Citrawati 129 T
T. Arini 119
Indeks |
| Majalah Metalurgi, V 25.3.2010, ISSN 0126-3188
Indeks
Kawat superkonduktor 139, 140, 142,
A 143
Aniling 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, Korosi 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127,
135, 136, 137, 138 154, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167
Annealing 129 Kultur sel endotel CPAE 163, 164, 165,
Al-17Mg-1Si alloy 155 166, 167
B L
Baja tahan karat feritik 129, 130, 137 Lapisan piringan katup buang 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127
C
CaMnO 3 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, M
153, 154 Material tahan aus berbasis kobalt 119,
Cracking 125, 155 123
Co-Cr-Mo 163, 164, 165, 167 MRI 121, 128, 129, 130
Cu-Nb-Sn 139, 140, 144 Mg2Si eutectic phase 155
Corrosion 121, 138, 163, 167
N
E Nb-Sn 139, 140, 141, 143, 144
Energi 120, 123, 147, 148 NMR 139, 140
Energy 123, 147 n- type 147
Exhaust valve plate 119
Endothelial cell culture CPAE 163
O
Oksidasi 121, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137,
F 143, 165
Fasa eutektik Mg 2 Si 155, 160 Oxidation 129, 138
Fenomena sliding wear 119, 126, 127
Fatigue fracture 119
Ferritic stainless steel 129, 138 P
Paduan Al-17Mg-1Si 155, 156, 158, 159
Patah lelah. 119, 124, 126, 128
H Perlakuan panas 129
High temperature 128, 129, 138, 139 Proses pembekuan cepat dengan twin roll
Heat treatment 128, 129, 142, 144 pengecor 155, 156, 158, 159
Hot shortness 155
R
I Rapuh panas 155
Internal tin 139, 140, 143 Retak 119, 121, 124, 125, 128, 155, 156,
In vitro toxicity 163 157, 158, 159, 160, 161
Rapid solidification process by twin roll
caster 155
K
Indeks |
Toksisitas in vitro 163
S Type-n 147, 153
Sliding wear phenomena 119 Thermoelectric 147, 148, 154
Superconductor wire 139, 145
W
T Wear resistant material of cobalt base alloy
Temperatur tinggi 119, 120, 123, 124, 119
129, 130
Thermoelectrik 147
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