Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL........................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS............................................. ii
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN.......................................................................... iii
KATA PENGANTAR...................................................................................... iv
HALAMAN PERNYAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI TUGAS
AKHIR UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS............................................ vii
DAFTAR ISI..................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK........................................................................................................ xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................ xiv
DAFTAR TABEL............................................................................................. xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN..................................................................................... xvi
SUMMARY...................................................................................................... xvii
PENGANTAR PARIPURNA........................................................................... 1
MAKALAH I BIOAKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN SALAM (Syzygium
polyanthum (Wight) Walp) UNTUK MENURUNKAN
RISIKO DIABETIK.................................................................. 3
Abstrak....................................................................................... 3
Pendahuluan............................................................................... 5
Metode Penelitian...................................................................... 8
A. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian............................................... 8
B. Alat dan Bahan...................................................................... 8
C. Daun Salam........................................................................... 9
D. Cara Kerja............................................................................. 9
1. Ekstraksi............................................................................10
2. Penapisan Fitokimia...........................................................10
2.1. Alkaloid.....................................................................10
2.2. Flavonoid..................................................................11
2.3. Saponin.....................................................................11
2.4. Tanin.........................................................................11
2.5. Kuinon......................................................................11
2.6. Terpenoid/Steroid......................................................12
3. Penentuan Kandungan Senyawa Fenol dan Flavonoid
dalam Ekstrak.................................................................12
4. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)..................................12
5. Uji Aktivitas......................................................................13
5.1. Inhibitor α-glucosidase (in vitro)..............................13
5.2. Uji Antioksidan.........................................................13
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Halaman
5.3. Uji Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)...................14
6. Fraksinasi Ekstrak EtOH 70%..........................................15
6.1 Ekstraksi, Penapisan Fitokimia, dan Fraksinasi........15
6.2 Uji Aktivitas Inhibitor α-glucosidase dan
antioksidan..............................................................16
6.3 Identifikasi dugaan kandungan senyawa pada
Fraksi etanol 70%...................................................17
Hasil dan Pembahasan..............................................................17
A. Ekstraksi...............................................................................17
B. Penapisan Fitokimia.............................................................19
C. Penentuan Kandungan Senyawa Fenol dan Flavonoid
dalam Ekstrak.......................................................................21
D. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR).....................................22
E. Uji Aktivitas.........................................................................23
1. Inhibitor α-glucosidase (in vitro)......................................23
2. Uji Antioksidan.................................................................23
3. Uji Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)...........................24
F. Fraksinasi Ekstrak EtOH 70%..............................................25
1. Ekstraksi, Penapisan, dan Fraksinasi................................25
2. Uji Aktivitas in vitro: Inhibitor α-glucosidase dan
antioksidan......................................................................26
3. Identifikasi dugaan kandungan senyawa pada isolat C1,
C3, dan C5......................................................................27
Kesimpulan...............................................................................30
Saran.........................................................................................30
Ucapan Terima Kasih................................................................30
Daftar Acuan.............................................................................31
x
A. Ekstraksi...............................................................................50
B. Uji Antidiabetes....................................................................51
C. Uji Penapisan fitokimia........................................................52
D. Kromatografi Lapis Tipis/ Thin Layer Chromatograhy
(TLC).....................................................................................56
E. Analisis Spektroskopi Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). 57
F. Analisis Spektroskopi Liquid Chromatography Tandem-
Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)..........................................58
Kesimpulan...............................................................................61
Saran.........................................................................................61
Ucapan Terima Kasih................................................................62
Daftar Acuan.............................................................................62
DISKUSI PARIPURNA...................................................................................66
RANGKUMAN KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN.............................................69
DAFTAR ACUAN............................................................................................70
xi
ABSTRAK
xii
ABSTRACT
An antidiabetic activity test has been carried out from bay leaves (Syzygium
polyanthum (Waigh) Walp, which comes from spice plantations in Puspiptek
Province Gardens, by maceration in 70% ethanol solvent and then partitioned
using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol solvents. Previously, observed that the
most active was the ethyl acetate fraction and isolation was carried out from ethyl
acetate fraction by slow column chromatography, using a gradient mobile phase
(chloroform - methanol). It was predicted that there were several compounds from
isolate 1 (Quercetagetin Lucialdehyde B; Valine and Isomaltose), from isolate 3
(Quercetagetin; Quercetin; 10-O-Acetylgeniposidic acid; Bergenin; Gallic acid),
and from isolate 5 (Feroxidin; Digiprolactone; Epianhydrobelachinal; 3,7-
Dimethyloctane-1,3, 1,3 6-triol; 5α, 8α) -Epidioxyer-gosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol;
Lucialdehyde B) which has been identified by UV-Vis, FT-IR, LCMSMS
spectrophotometer. These compounds have antidiabetic activity with inhibition
percentage in 100 ug/mL (IC50 values) respectively: C1 (90,46 ± 1,04), C3 (65,99
± 3,08), and C5 (49,00 ± 1,04). Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of C1, C2, and
C3 were 80,32 ± 0,83; 93,94 ± 0,81; and 34,37 ± 3,30 respectively. The
identification of chemical structure prediction obtained by NMR and other
instruments showed galic acid is one of the best candidate which also showed the
highest antioxidant value. Tests were also carried out on the originating bay leaf
water extracts from East Java (SJT), Central Java (SJTeng) and West Java (SJB),
where the highest activity results were greetings originating from Central Java
(SJTeng) and predicted greetings from the East Java region (SJT) containing
compounds (quercetin and coniferin) from Central Java (SJTeng) containing
(quercetin and juncusol) while West Java (SJB) containing (quercetin, and
retucine).
DAFTAR GAMBAR
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Halaman
I.1. Overlay analisa FTIR ekstrak air, etanol 70%, dan 96%........................22
I.2. Signal proton 1H-NMR bentuk singlet pada daerah aromatik
H 6.86 (s, 2H) dari isolat C3.................................................................. 28
I.3. Struktur asam galat dan nilai prediksi geseran kimianya (kiri), hasil
pengukuran (tengah), dan referensi (kanan)..........................................29
I.4. Signal proton 13C-NMR isolat C3 diduga asam galat.........................…29
II.1. Hasil skrining positif flavonoid pada S. polyanthum dari berbagai
Daerah................................................................................................... 52
II.2. Hasil penapisan positif alkaloid pada S. polyanthum dari berbagai
daerah.................................................................................................… 54
II.3. Hasil skrining: (a) positif saponin (b) negatif terpenoid pada
S. Polyanthum dari berbagai daerah..................................................… 55
II.4. Kromatogram lapis tipis pada fase gerak: klorofom : aseton
(3 : 2, v/v) dan (b) klorofom : metanol (4 : 1, v/v) pada
S. polyanthum dari berbagai daerah..................................................… 57
II.5. Pita-pita spesifik spektrum infrared (IR) senyawa kimia ekstrak daun
salam dari berbagai daerah................................................................… 58
II.6. Analisis Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/
MS) ekstrak air Salam Jawa Timur...................................................… 60
II.7. Analisis Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/
MS) ekstrak air Salam Jawa Tengah.................................................… 60
II.8. Analisis Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/
MS) ekstrak air SWJ.........................................................................… 60
II.9. Struktur kimia quercetin, coniferin, juncusol, dan retusine...............… 61
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DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
I.1. Rendemen ekstrak daun salam dengan air, etanol 70%, dan
etanol 96%..............................................................................................17
I.2. Hasil penapisan fitokimia ekstrak daun salam dengan pelarut
air, etanol 70%, dan etanol 96%.............................................................20
I.3. Hasil penentuan senyawa fenol dan flavonoid dalam ekstrak
air, etanol 70%, dan etanol 96% daun salam..........................................21
I.4. Hasil persentase penghambatan α-glucosidase pada ekstrak
daun salam..............................................................................................23
I.5. Hasil persentase penghambatan DPPH pada ekstrak daun
salam.......................................................................................................24
I.6. Hasil uji BSLT pada ekstrak daun salam.................................................24
I.7. Hasil uji antidiabetes dan uji antioksidan pada isolat C1, C3, dan C5....26
I.8. Hasil penentuan senyawa fenol dan flavonoid isolat C1, C3, dan C5.....26
II.1. Inhibisi α-glukosidase ekstrak air S.polyanthum dari berbagai daerah...51
II.2. Hasil penapisan fitokimia ekstrak daun salam dari berbagai daerah......53
II.3. Total senyawa fenol dan flavonoid ekstrak S.polyanthum dari
berbagai daerah.......................................................................................56
II.4. Quercetin dan Quercitrin dalam ekstrak salam dari berbagai daerah
berdasarkan gugus fungsi.......................................................................58
II.5. Hasil spektroskopi Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS) ekstrak daun salam dari berbagai daerah...................................59
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman
I.1. Hasil penapisan fitokimia positif alkaloid pada ekstrak etanol 70%
dan 96% daun salam..............................................................................38
I.2. Hasil penapisan fitokimia positif flavonoid pada ekstrak etanol 70%
dan 96% daun salam..............................................................................38
I.3. Hasil penapisan fitokimia positif saponin pada ekstrak etanol 70%
dan 96% daun salam..............................................................................39
I.4. Hasil penapisan fitokimia positif tannin pada ekstrak etanol 70%
dan 96% daun salam..............................................................................39
I.5. Hasil penapisan fitokimia positif kuinon pada ekstrak etanol 70%
dan 96% daun salam..............................................................................39
I.6. Hasil penapisan fitokimia positif terpenoid pada ekstrak etanol 70%
dan 96% daun salam..............................................................................39
I.7. Hasil analisis dugaan senyawa pada isolat C1 dengan LCMS/MS........40
I.8. Hasil analisis dugaan senyawa pada isolat C2 dengan LCMS/MS........40
I.9. Hasil analisis dugaan senyawa pada isolat C3 dengan LCMS/MS........41
I.10. Gambar struktur isolat C1......................................................................41
I.11. Gambar struktur isolat C3.......................................................................42
I.12. Gambar struktur isolat C5......................................................................43
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SUMMARY
xvii