PERMASALAHAN GEOTEKNIK SECARA UMUM

• Stabilitas lereng/ kelongsoran

• Kapasitas daya dukung (bearing capacity)
• Penurunan/settlement /heave, yang tidak seragam
• Erosi
 STABILITAS LERENG

Definisi Lereng:
Permukaan tanah dengan kemiringan tertentu terhadap
bidang horisontal

Mekanisme Longsor:

Gaya dorong yang timbul

telah melampaui gaya
perlawanan yang berasal
dari kekuatan geser tanah
di sepanjang bidang
longsor
STABILITAS LERENG
Macam-macam tipe keruntuhan lereng
STABILITAS LERENG
Macam-macam tipe keruntuhan lereng
 STABILITAS LERENG
CONTOH KELONGSORAN

 Falls
Tidak terdapat bidang gelincir

 Rotational slides
Umumnya circular
Slides
 Translation slides
Terjadi sepanjang bedding planes, fissures
yang sejajar dengan permukaan

 Flows
Material terurai kemudian bergerak “mengalir”
Rotational Slides:
Translational Slides:
Flows:
STABILITAS LERENG
Macam-macam tipe keruntuhan lereng
(Aliran material akibat longsor jenis Flow di Chengdu, Tiongkok 2013)
STABILITAS LERENG
Macam-macam tipe keruntuhan lereng
(Aliran material akibat longsor di Chengdu, Tiongkok 2013)
STABILITAS LERENG
(Sensor kelongsoran yang dipasang pada beberapa lereng yang diduga
mengalami pergerakan di Chengdu, Tiongkok 2013)
STABILITAS LERENG
LONGSORAN TIMBUNAN JALAN (FICO)
STABILITAS LERENG
LONGSORAN TIMBUNAN JALAN (FICO)
Sangatta-Perdau
Sangatta-Perdau
Tenggarong
Tenggarong
Tenggarong
Tenggarong
Muara Jawa
Muara Jawa
Bentuas – Muara Jawa KM 52+000
Lateral Spreading (Gempa Palu 2018)
Rotational Slide (Gempa Palu 2018)
PENYEBAB KELONGSORAN
Kelongsoran terjadi karena perubahan tegangan geser.
Berkurangnya
Kekuatan Geser
(yang menahan keruntuhan)
• Kenaikan tegangan air pori
• Adanya retakan (cracking)
• Tanah mengembang (swelling)
• Proses pelapukan (weathering)
• Creep akibat beban konstan
• Proses penguraian tanah
(decomposition)
Bertambahnya
Tegangan Geser
(beban yang meruntuhkan)
• Pertambahan beban pada bagian
atas lereng
• Kenaikan tekanan air pada
rekahan di bagian atas lereng
• Kenaikan berat volume tanah
akibat kenaikan kadar air
• Kegiatan galian pada dasar
lereng
• Beban seismik
STABILITAS LERENG
DEFINISI FAKTOR KEAMANAN TERHADAP LONGSOR:

𝜏𝑓 FS : faktor keamanan
𝐹𝑆 = f : tahanan geser tanah
𝜏𝑑
d : tegangan geser kerja

Tegangan Kerja:

W = berat tanah
N = W . cos 
T = W . sin 
  𝑁 T 𝑇 𝜏
T =𝜎 =𝜏 = = tan 𝛼
𝑁 𝜎
𝐴 A

W N
𝜏 = 𝜎.tan𝛼  Tegangan Kerja
 STABILITAS LERENG

Kekuatan Geser Tanah (granular, -soil)



f  =  . tan


d 

Bila kemiringan geometri  variabel dan sudut geser tanah  konstan,

bisa diamati tiga kejadian di bawah:
𝜏𝑓 𝜎. tan 𝜑
1.  <  → 𝐹𝑆 = =
𝜏𝑑 𝜎. tan 𝛼
> 1
stabil

2.  =  → FS = 1 labil/kritis

3.  >  → FS < 1 longsor

STABILITAS LERENG
PRINSIP PENINGKATAN FAKTOR KEAMANAN:

Dari definisi Faktor Keamanan di atas, apabila faktor keamanan

suatu lereng akan ditingkatkan, maka 2 prinsip dasar yang harus
dilakukan adalah:

1. Mengurangi beban kerja bidang longsor

2. Meningkatkan kuat geser tanah
STABILITAS LERENG

a) Pengurangan Beban
Kepala lereng
STABILITAS LERENG

b) Pemberian
Counterweight

c) Pembuatan Subdrain
Muka air
tanah asli

Muka air tanah

dengan subdrain
STABILITAS LERENG

d) Pemasangan Retaining Wall

e) Pemasangan Turap
(dengan Angker)
STABILITAS LERENG

f) Perkuatan Geotextile

Timbunan

Geotextile

g) Soil Nailing
Perbaikan tanah longsor di jalan lintas Padang, Sumbar
Perbaikan tanah longsor di jalan lintas Padang, Sumbar
Perbaikan kelongsoran dengan Terramesh
Perbaikan kelongsoran dengan Terramesh
CONTOH KEGAGALAN KONSTRUKSI

Kelongsoran Timbunan yang Diperkuat dng Geotextile

di Km 111 Ciganea-Sukatani
The Objectives of Slope Stability Analysis

 Evaluating long and short term stabilities

 Evaluating the possibility of landslide
 Solving how to mitigate slope that has failed
Slope Stability Analysis

• Infinite slope:
1.With seepage
2.Without seepage

• Finite slope:
1.Planar slip surface
2.Circular slip surface
FINITE Slope Stability Analysis
• Planar slip surface (Mass):
1.Culmann Method
• Circular slip surface (Mass):
1.Swedish Circle Method
2.Friction Circle Method
• Circular slip surface (Slice):
1.Ordinary Method of Slice (Fellenius/Swedish Slice)
2.Bishop Method
3.Spencer Method
4.Janbu Method Also for NON-circular
5.Morgenstern-Price Method
Factor of Safety Concept
 How big is the permitted Factor of Safety

Uncertainty in Soil
Risk and cost Strength Parameter
Small Large
Cost of restoration and cost of
construction are comparable.
1.25 1.5
No loss of lives and material if slope
fails.

Cost of restoration is much higher than

cost of construction are comparable.
High number of loss of lives and
material if slope fails.
1.5 ≥ 2.0

*FOS for earthquake loading can be different

Factor of Safety (1)

𝑠 = 𝑐′ + 𝜎′ tan 𝜑 ′

1. FOS againts shear strength = Fs

2. FOS against cohesion = Fc
3. FOS against angle of internal friction = F
4. Mobilization of cohesion = c’d
5. Mobilization of angle of internal friction = ’d
6. Mobilization of shear strength = required
7. Max. shear strength = su
Factor of Safety (1)

 f c'+ ' tan  ' 𝑐′ + 𝜎′ tan 𝜑 ′

Fs = = 𝐹𝑠 = ′
d d 𝑐𝑑 + 𝜎′ tan 𝜑𝑑′

Aspek lain terhadap angka keamanan:

𝑐′ tan 𝜑 ′
𝐹𝑐 = ′ and 𝐹𝜑′ =
tan 𝜑𝑑′
𝑐𝑑

𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝜑′ = 𝐹𝑠
with and without Seepage
 Soil element:
L
W=.L.H
H Na = W . cos =  . L . H . cos

Ta = W . sin =  . L . H . sin
W F
A = L/cos → Base area of soil element
Na

F Ta

𝑁𝑎 𝛾. 𝐿. 𝐻. cos 𝛽
𝜎= = = 𝛾. 𝐻. cos 2 𝛽
TR 𝐴 𝐿/ cos 𝛽
 

R NR
𝑇𝑎 𝛾. 𝐿. 𝐻. sin 𝛽
𝜏= = = 𝛾. 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽
𝐴 𝐿/ cos 𝛽
 Soil element:

L NR = R cos  = W cos
TR = R sin  = W sin 
H

 F TR /A =  H sin cos 
W
Na

F Ta

𝑁𝑎 𝛾. 𝐿. 𝐻. cos 𝛽
𝜎= = = 𝛾. 𝐻. cos 2 𝛽
TR 𝐴 𝐿/ cos 𝛽
 

R NR
𝑇𝑎 𝛾. 𝐿. 𝐻. sin 𝛽
𝜏= = = 𝛾. 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽
𝐴 𝐿/ cos 𝛽
Factor of Safety:

𝜏𝑑 = 𝑐𝑑′ + 𝜎′ tan 𝜑𝑑′ 𝜎′ = 𝛾𝐻 cos 2 𝛽

𝜏𝑑 = 𝑐𝑑′ + 𝛾𝐻 cos 2 𝛽 tan 𝜑𝑑′
𝜏 = 𝛾𝐻 cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽

Thus:
𝛾𝐻 sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑑′ + 𝛾𝐻 cos 2 𝛽 tan 𝜑𝑑′
or:
𝑐𝑑′
= sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽 − cos2 𝛽 tan 𝜑𝑑′
𝛾𝐻
= cos2 𝛽 tan 𝛽 − tan 𝜑𝑑′
tan 𝜑 ′ 𝑐′
tan 𝜑𝑑′ = 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑑′ =
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠
 Factor of Safety:
𝑐′ tan 𝜑 ′
𝐹𝑠 = +
𝛾. 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽 tan 𝛽

For non-cohesive soil, c = 0, Thus

tan 𝜑 ′
𝐹𝑠 =
tan 𝛽

For cohesive soil, critical soil thickness can be estimated where FOS = 1, Thus:

𝑐′ 1
𝐻𝑐𝑟 =
𝛾 cos2 𝛽 (tan 𝛽 − tan 𝜑 ′)
 L

H


H.cos2 
W
Na

Seepage direction Ta

 TR For saturated soil ’ =  - u, thus:



R NR
f = c + ’.tan = c + ( - u) tan
 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐿. 𝐻

𝑁𝑎 = 𝑊. cos 𝛽 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐿. 𝐻. cos 𝛽

𝑇𝑎 = 𝑊. sin 𝛽 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐿. 𝐻. sin 𝛽

𝐴 = 𝐿/ cos 𝛽 (elemen base area)

Na 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐿. 𝐻. cos 𝛽
𝜎= = = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 2 𝛽
A 𝐿/ cos 𝛽

Ta
𝜏𝑎 = = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽
𝐴

𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 . 𝐻. cos 2 𝛽 (from piezometer)

Factor of Safety:
𝜏𝑓 𝑐′ + (𝜎 − 𝑢) tan 𝜑 ′
𝐹= =
𝜏𝑑 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽

c′ (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 2 𝛽 − 𝛾𝑤 . 𝐻. cos2 𝛽) tan 𝜑 ′

= +
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽

c′ (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 ) cos 𝛽 . tan 𝜑 ′

= +
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . sin 𝛽

c′ 𝛾′. tan 𝜑 ′
= +
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . 𝐻. cos 𝛽 . sin 𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 . tan 𝛽
Limited Height : Hcr  H

Type of Analysis : 1. Planar Slip Surface (Bidang longsor rata)

2. Circular Slip Surface
Culmann Method

1 1
𝑊 = . 𝐻. 𝐵𝐶. 𝛾 = . 𝐻. (𝐻. cot 𝜃 − 𝐻. cot 𝛽). 𝛾
2 2
1 2 sin( 𝛽 − 𝜃)
= .𝐻 .𝛾
2 sin 𝛽 . sin 𝜃

𝑁𝑎 = 𝑊. cos 𝜃 Ta = 𝑊. sin 𝜃

𝑁𝑎 𝑊. cos 𝜃
𝜎= =
𝐴𝐶 𝐻Τsin 𝜃
1 sin( 𝛽 − 𝜃)
= . 𝛾. 𝐻. cos 𝜃 . sin 𝜃
2 sin 𝛽 . sin 𝜃

1 sin( 𝛽 − 𝜃)
𝜏𝑓 = 𝑐 + 𝜎. tan 𝜑 = 𝑐 + . 𝐻. 𝛾. . cos 𝜃 . sin 𝜃 . tan 𝜑
2 sin 𝛽 . sin 𝜃
𝜏𝑓
𝐹𝑆 =
𝜏
𝑇𝑎 1 sin( 𝛽 − 𝜃) 2
𝜏= = . 𝛾. 𝐻. sin 𝜃
𝐴𝐶 2 sin 𝛽 . sin 𝜃
Culmann Method

Critical condition FS = 1, or f = .
𝜏𝑓
𝐹𝑆 = =1 → 𝜏 = 𝜏f ⇒ 𝜃kritis dan Hkritis
𝜏

1 sin( 𝛽 − 𝜃) 2 1 sin( 𝛽 − 𝜃)
. 𝛾. 𝐻. sin 𝜃 = 𝑐 + . 𝐻. 𝛾. . cos 𝜃 . sin 𝜃 . tan 𝜑
2 sin 𝛽 . sin 𝜃 2 sin 𝛽 . sin 𝜃

1 sin( 𝛽 − 𝜃)(sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 . tan 𝜑)

𝑐 = . 𝛾. 𝐻
2 sin 𝛽
𝜕𝑐 𝛽+𝜑
c = max → 𝜕𝜃
=0 ⇒ 𝜃𝑐𝑟 =
2
𝛾H 1 − cos( 𝛽 − 𝜑)
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑐𝑟 → c=
4 sin 𝛽 cos 𝜑

4𝑐 sin 𝛽 . cos 𝜑
𝐻𝑐𝑟 =
𝛾 1 − cos( 𝛽 − 𝜑)
Circular Slip Surface

Factor of Safety Evaluation Methods:

1. Mass Procedure:
• Soil Mass on Slip surface is considered unity
• Good for homogenous soil

2. Slice Method:

• Soil Mass on fail surface plane is divided into slices and stability of each slice is calculated separately
• Good for non-homogenous with water pore pressure
For cohesive Soil (=0):

Cohesive Soil → =0  f = cu

Driving Moment: Resisting Moment:

W1 = (luas FCDEF) . 
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑐𝑑 . AED. 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑑 (𝜃. 𝑟). 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑑 . 𝜃. 𝑟 2
W2 = (luas ABFEA) . 
Md = W1 . l1 - W2 . l2
Equilibrium:

𝑀𝑅 = 𝑀𝑑
𝑊1 . 𝑙1 − 𝑊2 . 𝑙2
𝑐𝑑 . 𝜃. 𝑟 2 = 𝑊1 . 𝑙1 − 𝑊2 . 𝑙2 → 𝑐𝑑 =
𝜃. 𝑟 2

Factor of Safety:
𝑀𝑟 𝑐. 𝜃. 𝑟 2
𝐹𝑆 = =
𝑀𝑑 𝑊1 . 𝑙1 − 𝑊2 . 𝑙2

Notes:
• Failure curve AED is arbiritarly determined
• Critical failure curve is the minimum factor of safety
• Try to check whether the equation using degree or radian
Slope circle

Toe circle

Midpoint circle
 Finite Extent Slope
Critical failure plane

Fellenius (1927) and Taylor (1937)

𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝐻𝑚
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑠 = 1 → 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐𝑟 ; 𝑐𝑑
= 𝑐𝑢
𝑐𝑢
𝐻𝑐𝑟 =
𝛾𝑚

This graph is only for:

⚫ Saturated clay
⚫ undrained condition (=0)
For  > 53o

Mode of slope failure is

Toe circle (lingkaran ujung)
For  < 53o

Failure surface:
Toe, slope or Midpoint circle → It depends
on distance to hard layer below

Midpoint circle
For  < 53o

n  (deg) 1(deg) 2(deg)

1.0 45 28 37

Toe circle 1.5

2.0
33.68
26.57
26
25
35
35
3.0 18.43 25 35
5.0 11.32 25 37
Mass Procedure for cohesive soil (=0) with earthquake force:

1. Berat tanah, W= (luas ABCDEA)()

2. Gaya inersia horisontal:

horizontal component of earthquake acceleration
𝑘ℎ =
𝑔
(𝑔 = acceleration from gravity)

Resisting Moment :
𝑀𝑟 = (𝐴𝐸𝐷)(𝑐𝑢 )𝑟

Driving Moment:
Md = W . l1 + kh . W . l2

Factor of Safety:
𝑀𝑟 (𝐴𝐸𝐷)(𝑐𝑢 )𝑟 𝑐𝑢
𝐹𝑠 = = = 𝑀
𝑀𝑑 𝑊𝑙1 + 𝑘ℎ 𝑊𝑙2 𝛾𝐻
Mass Procedure for cohesive soil (=0) with earthquake force:

M = Stability number

For  < 50o

𝑐𝑢
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑀
𝛾𝐻
Mass Procedure for cohesive soil (=0) with earthquake force:

For  > 55o

𝑐𝑢
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑀
𝛾𝐻
For homogenous soil with c>0 dan >0; f = c’ + ’ tan ’

FRICTION-CIRCLE METHOD

This method is approach to

solve slope stability problem
graphically and mathematically

Intersection of arbiritarly vector,

that represents force between
grain, with failure plane will form
an angle ’. This vector must be
tangential to friction circle.

 > 3 → critical failure is toe circle

Forces in consideration:
- Soil weight above slip surface, W
- Inter grain particle force, P
- Cohesive force, C
Cohesive force C

• Arc length AB = L

Chord AB = Lc
•

Cohesion Force Resultant

𝐶 = 𝑐𝑚 𝐿𝑐
𝑐
𝑐𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚 𝐿𝑅 = 𝑐𝑚 𝐿𝑐 𝑙𝑎
𝐹𝑐
𝐿
𝑙𝑎 = 𝑅
𝐿𝑐
Inter granular Particle Force P

Arc AB is divided into small

elements, namely P1, P2,
P3, etc. These Ps are inter
granular particle force
work in each element.
Soil shear strength:
𝜏𝑓 = 𝑐 + 𝜎 tan 𝜑

Weight of Soil ABC = W= (Area of ABC)():

Cohseive force resultant:

𝐶𝑑 = 𝑐𝑑 (𝐴𝐶)

𝐶𝑑 (𝑎) = 𝑐𝑑 (𝐴𝐶)𝑟 𝐶𝑑 //𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐶

𝑐𝑑 (𝐴𝐶)𝑟
𝑎=
𝐶𝑑
 𝐶𝑑
2. 𝑐𝑑 =
𝐴𝐶
𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝐻 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃, 𝜑)

For critical case:

𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝜑 = 𝐹𝑠
= 1,
𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐𝑟 , Taylor chart
𝑐𝑑 = 𝑐

𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝐻𝑐𝑟 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃, 𝜑)
𝑐
= 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃, 𝜑) = 𝑚
𝛾𝐻𝑐𝑟
3. tan 𝜑 ′
𝐹𝑆𝜑′ =
tan 𝜑𝑑′
𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝐻 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝜃, 𝜑)
𝑚
𝑐′
𝐹𝑐′ = ′
𝑐𝑑

Graph:
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝜑 = 𝐹𝑠
SOAL:

Suatu timbunan memiliki

kemiringan  = 45o. Timbunan
tersebut terbuat dari tanah  = 18 kN/m3
dengan kohesi c’ = 2,5 t/m2, cu = 25 kN/m2
sudut geser dalam ’ = 30o dan H = 10 m  = 30o
berat volume 1,8 t/m3.  = 45o
Hitung FS!
1st trial: Considering φ is fully mobilized, thus φ = 30°
Calculating FS based on φ
Obtaining m from the following graph

 = 18 kN/m3
cu = 25 kN/m2
H = 10 m  = 30o

 = 45o

Calculating the corresponding c based on m

𝑐
𝑚=
𝛾𝐻
Calculating FS based on c
Checking FS based on φ and c. Do another trial if they are not the same
If you already have several trials you can plot them on a graph showing relationship between FS based on c and φ
 v : h = 1 : 0,5 v : h = 1 : 0,75

Singh (1970) based on Taylor chart

v:h=1:1 v : h = 1 : 1,5

v:h=1:2 v : h = 1 : 2,5 v:h=1:3

FINITE Slope Stability Analysis
• Planar slip surface (Mass):
1.Culmann Method
• Circular slip surface (Mass):
1.Swedish Circle Method
2.Friction Circle Method
• Circular slip surface (Slice):
1.Ordinary Method of Slice (Fellenius/Swedish Slice)
2.Bishop Method
3.Spencer Method
4.Janbu Method Also for NON-circular
5.Morgenstern-Price Method
Factor of Safety Concept
 R
3

6
R W3 5
4

1 2 3

Dx Dx Dx Dx Dx Dx

Vka
W3 zkia
Pka

zki V N3 3
ki T3
Pki
3

Dl3

Dx

Δ𝑙𝑖 = Δ𝑥 Τcos 𝛼𝑖
 𝜏𝑓 σ( resisting moment againts O) σ 𝑀𝑅
𝐹𝑆 = 𝐹𝑆 = =
𝜏 σ(d𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 moment againts O) σ𝑀

for   0 dan c  0:

σ 𝑀𝑅 σ 𝑅. 𝑐. Δ𝑙 + (𝑊𝑖 . cos 𝛼𝑖 ). tan 𝜑

𝐹𝑆 = =
σ𝑀 σ 𝑅. (𝑊𝑖 . sin 𝛼𝑖 )

Total Stress Effective Stress

σ 𝑐 ∙ Δ𝑙 + 𝑊𝑖 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝑖 . tan 𝜑 σ 𝑐′ ∙ Δ𝑙 + (𝑊𝑖 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝑖 − 𝑢 ∙ Δ𝑙). tan 𝜑′
𝐹𝑆 = 𝐹𝑆 =
σ 𝑊𝑖 . sin 𝛼𝑖 σ 𝑊𝑖 . sin 𝛼𝑖
 Wi Total
σ 𝑐 ∙ Δ𝑙 + 𝑊𝑖 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝑖 . tan 𝜑
Ni i 𝐹𝑆 =
Ti σ 𝑊𝑖 . sin 𝛼𝑖

i

Dli

Dx

W cos α
Slice W φ tanφ c b α Δl cos α sin α c Δl W sin α
tanφ
1
2
3
…
n
Σ
• Moment equilibrium
• Neglecting interslice normal and shear forces
• Moment equilibrium
• Interslice forces are neglected
Wi

Ni
Ti
 R
3

6
R W3 5
4

1 2 3

Dx Dx Dx Dx Dx Dx

Vka
W3 zkia
Pka

zki V N3 3
ki T3
Pki

3

Dl3

Dx
 1
σ𝑛=𝑝
𝑛=1 𝑐′𝑏𝑛 + 𝑊𝑛 tan 𝜑 ′ + Δ𝑉 tan 𝜑 ′ 𝑚𝛼(𝑛)
𝐹𝑠 =
σ𝑛=𝑝
𝑛=1 𝑊𝑛 sin 𝛼𝑛

tan 𝜑 ′ sin 𝛼𝑛
𝑚𝛼(𝑛) = cos 𝛼𝑛 +
𝐹𝑠
 Variation of m(n) due to n and ’/Fs

tan 𝜑 ′ sin 𝛼𝑛
𝑚𝛼(𝑛) = cos 𝛼𝑛 +
𝐹𝑠

For DT = 0, then:

1
σ𝑛=𝑝 𝑐′𝑏𝑛 + (𝑊𝑛 −𝑢𝑏𝑛)tan 𝜑 ′
𝑛=1 𝑚𝛼(𝑛)
𝐹𝑠 =
σ𝑛=𝑝
𝑛=1 𝑊𝑛 sin 𝛼𝑛
 1
σ𝑛=𝑝 𝑐′𝑏𝑛 + (𝑊𝑛 −𝑢𝑏𝑛)tan 𝜑 ′
𝑛=1 𝑚𝛼(𝑛)
𝐹𝑠 =
σ𝑛=𝑝
𝑛=1 𝑊𝑛 sin 𝛼𝑛

Wi
tan 𝜑 ′ sin 𝛼𝑛
Ni i 𝑚𝛼(𝑛) = cos 𝛼𝑛 +
𝐹𝑠
Ti

i

Dli Assume an FS for initiating iteration process 1

𝑐′𝑏𝑛 + (𝑊𝑛 −𝑢𝑏𝑛)tan 𝜑 ′
𝑚𝛼(𝑛)
Dx

Slice W φ tanφ c b α ub ma sin α W sin α

1
2
3
…
n
Σ
𝑏 = Δ𝑥
• Moment equilibrium
• Vertical force equilibrium
Wi
Pka

• Interslice normal force is considered Ni

Ti
Pki
• Horizontal and vertical force equilibriums are satisfied Wi
Pka

• Interslice normal force is considered Ni

Ti
• A constant interslice force function is assumed Pki

• FS for horizontal force is computed

• Moment equilibrium is satisfied Vka

• Force equilibrium is satisfied Wi

Pka

• Interslice normal and shear forces are considered Vki Ni

Ti
• A constant interslice force function is assumed Pki

• FS for moment and force are computed

• Moment equilibrium is satisfied
• Force equilibrium is satisfied Vka

• Interslice normal and shear forces are considered Wi

Pka

• A interslice force function is assumed Vki Ni

Ti
(not constant and can be selected) Pki

• FS for moment and force are computed