LINGKUP
GENETIKA
Berdasarkan perkembangan
Cabang biologi yang mengacu studi tentang gen (Brown, 1989) genetika molekuler
Ilmu tentang pewarisan sifat struktur & fungsi gen & cara pewarisan
gen dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya (Russel, 1992)
inheritance
500-400 BC
Risalah Hipokrates
On the Seed
Around 5000 BC “humors” di
Penanaman beberapa bagian
berbagai macam tubuh pria
tumbuhan seperti berperan sebagai
gandum, jagung, pembawa sifat
beras, dan kurma hereditas
8000-1000 BC
Bukti arkeolog (fosil ditemukan di
berkaitan dengan Tehuacan Valley of
domestifikasi hewan Mexico bukti
ternak & selective manipulasi genetik)
breeding
Rich & Interesting History of Genetics
1859
Charles Darwin dan
evolusi natural
1600-1850 selection dalam The
Origin of Species
1. Teori epigenesis
(William Harvey,
1600s)
2. Teori sel (Matthias
Schleiden, 1830)
384-322 BC
3. Fixity of species
Aristotle “vital heat” semua organisme
sebagai kekuatan pada mempunyai bentuk
sperma yang memiliki yang tidak berubah
kapasitas memproduksi
keturunan
Three Great Milestones in Genetics
1970
Era DNA rekombinan
1953
Rediscovery publikasi
Mendel di tahun
1900an (Hugo de
Vries, Carl Correns &
Eric von Tschermak-
1860s Seysenegg
Penemuan pola –pola Penemuan struktur
hereditas suatu sifat DNA oleh James
pada organisme Watson & Francis Crick
(Gregor Mendel)
Development of Genetics Timeline
We live in the Age of Genetics
Nobel Prizes related to genetics more apparent
in the early and mid-twentieth century until now
2006
1933
Discovery that RNA 2007
Chromosome theory of 2002 2009
molecules play important Development of gene-
inheritance genetic Genetic regulation of The replication of DNA
roles in regulating gene targeting technology to
recombination, genes- organ development & sequences making up
expression & molecular mice animal model for
protein relationship, DNA’s programmed cell death telomeres
basis of eukaryotic human disease
structure & genetic code
tanscription
Kedudukan Genetika dalam Biologi
“nothing in biology is understandable except in the light of genetics” (Ayala et al., 2984)
PERTANIAN
o The use of herbicide-resistant crop plants will lead to dependence on chemical weed
management may eventually result in the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds
o Worry that traits in genetically engineered crops could be transferred to wild plants in a
way that leads to irreversible changes in ecosystem
o The ethic of patenting living organisms is a contentious issue. Critics argue that patents
for organisms such as crop plants will concentrate ownership of food production in the
hands of a small number of biotechnology companies farmers economically
dependent on seeds and pesticides produced by these companies and reducing genetic
diversity of crop plants as farmers discard local crops that might harbor important
genes for resistance to pests and disease
o Resolution of these and other issues raised by biotechnology and its uses will require
public awareness and education, enlightened social policy and carefully written
legislation
PETERNAKAN
KESEHATAN
(Klug & Cummings, 2000)
KONTRIBUSI GENETIKA DI BIDANG
LAINNYA
• DNA
microarrays/DNA
Chips to discover
whether someone
carries a mutation
GENE THERAPY
KESEHATAN • Clinicians transfer normal genes
(Klug & Cummings, 2000)
into individuals affected with
genetics disorder
KONTRIBUSI GENETIKA DI BIDANG
LAINNYA